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Iowa: North American Indian people of Siouan linguistic stock who migrated southwestward from north of the Great Lakes to the general area of what is now Iowa before European contact with ... [1 Related Articles]
Iowa: constituent state of the United States of America. As a north central state, it forms a bridge between the forests of the east and the grasslands of the high Prairie ... [14 Related Articles]
Iowa City: city, seat (1839) of Johnson county, east-central Iowa, U.S., on the Iowa River, 27 miles (43 km) south of Cedar Rapids. Founded as territorial capital of Iowa in 1839, it ...
Iowa Great Lakes: popular resort area in Dickinson county, northwestern Iowa, U.S., just south of the Minnesota border. Included are Spirit (or Big Spirit), West Okoboji, East Okoboji, and Silver lakes, all of ...
Iowa River: river flowing through the centre of Iowa, U.S. It rises as two headstreams, the East Branch Iowa and West Branch Iowa rivers, in the north-central part of the state; the ...
Iowa State University: public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Ames, Iowa, U.S. The university comprises colleges of agriculture, business, design, education, engineering, family and consumer sciences, liberal arts and sciences, and veterinary ... [3 Related Articles]
Iowa Tests: (from the article "Laboratory Schools of the University of Iowa") ...development and to serve as model schools for Iowa. Over the next several decades the schools exercised national and international influence through their pioneer studies in educational testing. The Iowa ...
Iowa, flag of: U.S. state flag consisting of vertical blue, white, and red stripes bearing a flying bald eagle and a blue ribbon above the name of the state.
Iowa, University of: public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Iowa City, Iowa, U.S. It comprises colleges of business administration, dentistry, law, public health, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, education, engineering, and liberal arts and ... [3 Related Articles]
Ipameri: city, southeastern Goias estado (state), south central Brazil. Lying in rolling uplands between the Verissimo and Corumba rivers, tributaries of the Paranaiba, it is primarily a cattle-shipping ...
Ipatieff, Vladimir Nikolayevich: Russian-born U.S. chemist who was one of the first to investigate high-pressure catalytic reactions of hydrocarbons and who developed a process for manufacturing high-octane gasoline.
IPC: (from the article "weed") ...control superseded both plant-disease and insect-pest control in economic impact. The year 1945 marked the beginning of a new era in chemical weed control. Introduced then were 2,4-D, 2,4,5,-T and ...
ipecac: (from the article "Rubiaceae") Economically important products of the family Rubiaceae include quinine, which is derived from the bark of Cinchona species; coffee, from the seeds of Coffea species; ipecac, obtained from the roots ...
Ipet-Isut: (from the article "Karnak") ...3100 BCE), when a small settlement was founded on the wide eastern bank of the Nile floodplain. Karnak contains the northern group of the Theban city temples, called in ancient ...
Iphicrates: Athenian general known chiefly for his use of lightly armed troops (peltasts); he increased the length of their weapons and improved their mobility by reducing defensive armour.
Iphigeneia: in Greek mythology, eldest daughter of Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, and his wife Clytemnestra. Her father had to sacrifice her to the goddess Artemis in order that the Achaean fleet, ... [2 Related Articles]
iPhone: a multipurpose handheld computing device combining mobile telephone, digital camera, music player, and personal computing technologies. After more than two years of development at Apple Inc., the device was first ... [2 Related Articles]
Ipiales: city, southwestern Colombia. It is located in the Andes Mountains on the banks of the Guaitara River, at 9,505 feet (2,897 metres) above sea level, and is known as the ...
Ipiutak culture: Eskimo culture of northwestern Alaska, probably dating from the 2nd to the 6th century AD. A Siberian origin has been suggested, based on similarities in burial practices and ceremonialism, animal ...
Ipnops: (from the article "salmoniform") ...of the shaft and one in the normal position at the base. The two sets of retinas function to enlarge the field of vision. A most unusual modification of the ...
iPod: portable media player developed by Apple Inc. and released in 2001 for the company's Macintosh platform. A version for the Microsoft Corporation's Windows operating system was released in 2002. The ... [9 Related Articles]
iPod Nano: (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...At midyear the iPod accounted for about three-fourths of the digital music players sold in the United States, analysts said. Apple continued to roll out a steady stream of advances, ...
iPod Touch: (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Apple also took advantage of the Wi-Fi trend with its new iPod Touch (essentially an iPhone without the cellular-telephone capability), which for the first time allowed an iPod to download ...
Ipoh: city, Peninsular (West) Malaysia, on the Kinta River. Surrounded by steep hills, except to the south, it lies on a flat alluvial plain in the Kinta Valley. The name comes ... [1 Related Articles]
Ipomoea: genus of about 500 mostly warm-climate trees, shrubs, and twining and trailing herbaceous plants of the family Convolvulaceae with funnel-shaped flowers. [1 Related Articles]
Ippen: (from the article "Buddhism") A third Pure Land sect grew up around the itinerant teacher Ippen. He traveled throughout Japan, advocating the chanting of Amida's name at set intervals throughout the day; hence, his ...
Ippitsusai Buncho: Japanese artist in the ukiyo-e school, which depicted subjects drawn from everyday life.
Ippolitov-Ivanov, Mikhail: Russian composer of orchestral works and operas, of which the most popular were influenced by Caucasian and Georgian folk music.
iproniazid: the first drug of the monoamine-oxidase inhibitor series to be introduced into medicine (1958). It was employed as an antidepressant until it was found to cause liver damage. Prior to ... [2 Related Articles]
Ipsarion, Mount: (from the article "Thasos") ...(379 square km) and a total coastline of 59 miles (95 km). Thasos is an outlier of the Macedonian crystalline massif, with intercalations of horizontally inclined white marble. The highest ...
Ipsen, Bodil: Danish actress who, with her frequent stage partner, the character actor Poul Reumert, reilluminated the dramas of Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg. [1 Related Articles]
Ipsilanti, Alexandru: (from the article "Romania") ...(nobles) and churchmen. Yet many of the Phanariot princes were capable and farsighted rulers: as prince of Walachia in 1746 and of Moldavia in 1749, Constantin Mavrocordat abolished serfdom, and ...
Ipsus, Battle of: military engagement fought at Ipsus, Phrygia, in 301 BC between two camps of the "successors" (diodochoi) of Alexander the Great, part of a struggle that accelerated the dismemberment of Alexander's ... [4 Related Articles]
Ipswich: (from the article "Ipswich") North Sea port town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Suffolk, England, at the head of the Orwell estuary. Ipswich prospered as a port for the export of ...
Ipswich: North Sea port town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Suffolk, England, at the head of the Orwell estuary. Ipswich prospered as a port for the export of ...
Ipswich: town (township), Essex county, northeastern Massachusetts, U.S. It lies along the Ipswich River (there bridged since 1764), 28 miles (45 km) north-northeast of Boston. Settled in 1633 as Agawam, it ...
Ipswichian Interglacial Stage: (from the article "Pleistocene Epoch") ...of Germany, which is subdivided into the Drenthe and the Warthe; these probably correlate with oxygen-18 stages 8 and 6, respectively. Deposits and soils of the last interglaciation, the Eemian ...
Ipueira: (from the article "Sao Francisco River") ...The upper rapids are navigable during periods of high water, but below Petrolina the river is impassable. The broken course-during which the Sao Francisco receives the Sao Pedro, Ipueira, and ...
Ipuwer: ancient Egyptian sage who is known because of the discovery of one poorly preserved manuscript relating his speech to the king and the royal court. Ipuwer's manuscript, often called "The ...
IQ: (from "intelligence quotient"), a number used to express the relative intelligence of a person. It is one of many intelligence tests. [11 Related Articles]
iqa'at: in Islamic music, rhythmic modes-i.e., patterns of strong, intermediate, and weak beats, separated by pauses of various lengths. A well-developed system of such modes was described by medieval theorists. Although ... [3 Related Articles]
Iqaluit: town, capital of Nunavut territory and headquarters of Baffin region, Canada. It lies at the head of Frobisher Bay, on southeastern Baffin Island. Iqaluit is the largest community in the ... [3 Related Articles]
Iqbal, Javed: Pakistani serial killer who murdered some 100 boys. His case attracted international attention not only because he was one of the deadliest serial killers in history but because, upon his ... [1 Related Articles]
Iqbal, Sir Muhammad: Indian poet and philosopher, known for his influential efforts to direct his fellow Muslims toward the establishment of a separate Muslim state, an aspiration that was eventually realized in the ... [9 Related Articles]
iqta': in the Islamic empire of the Caliphate, land granted to army officials for limited periods in lieu of a regular wage. It has sometimes been erroneously compared to the fief ... [3 Related Articles]
Iquique: city, northern Chile. It is located on a rocky peninsula in the rainless Atacama Desert, overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Its anchorage is protected from the open sea by the low, ... [1 Related Articles]
Iquique, Battle of: (from the article "Peru") At the Battle of Iquique (then in Peru, now in Chile), on May 21, 1879, the Peruvians suffered the loss of one of their best warships, the
Iquitos: Amazon River port, northeastern Peru. It is located about 2,300 miles (3,700 km) upstream from the Atlantic Ocean and 640 miles (1,030 km) north-northeast of Lima. It was founded in ... [2 Related Articles]
IR-8: (from the article "Los Banos") ...forces on February 23, 1945. It is the site of the College of Agriculture of the University of the Philippines. In the 1960s the International Rice Research Institute, headquartered there, ...
irad-i cedid: (from the article "Ottoman Empire") ...different European powers that were competing for the sultan's support. In order to avoid disrupting the established Ottoman institutions, it was financed by an entirely new treasury, called the irad-i ...
Iradah-yi milli: (from the article "Tabataba'i, Sayyid Zia od-Din") ...after the abdication of Reza Shah in September 1941, he returned to Iran. In 1942 he was elected to the Iranian Parliament, and in 1943 he founded the pro-British, anticommunist ...
Iraklion: largest city, principal port of the Greek island of Crete, and capital of the nomos (department) of Iraklion. The city lies on the north coast just northwest of the ancient ... [1 Related Articles]
IRAM Pico Veleta Observatory: (from the article "Some important radio telescopes") ...A 45-metre (148-foot) radio dish near Nobeyama, Japan, is used for observations at wavelengths as short as 3 mm (0.12 inch). The French-Spanish Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) in ...
Iran: a mountainous, arid, ethnically diverse country of southwestern Asia. Much of Iran consists of a central desert plateau, which is ringed on all sides by lofty mountain ranges that afford ... [121 Related Articles]
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act: (from the article "Iran") ...fear postimperial entanglements-and sanctions imposed by the international community, particularly the United States, which accuses Iran of supporting international terrorism. The Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996 expanded an ...
Iran hostage crisis: international crisis (1979-81) in which militants in Iran seized 66 American citizens at the U.S. embassy in Tehran, holding 52 of them hostage for more than a year. The crisis, ... [11 Related Articles]
Iran Mountains: (from the article "Kalimantan Timur") An uninterrupted mountain range, the Iran Mountains, runs north-south, parallel to the western boundary of Kalimantan Timur. The range has spurs that run northeastward in the central and northern parts ...
Iran, ancient: historic region of southwestern Asia that is only roughly coterminous with modern Iran. The term Persia was used for centuries, chiefly in the West, to designate those regions where Persian ... [30 Related Articles]
Iran, flag of: horizontally striped green-white-red national flag with a red design (a stylized coat of arms) in the centre and Arabic inscriptions along the edges of the stripes. The flag has a ...
Iran, history of: (from the article "Iran") This article discusses the history of Iran from AD 640 to the present. For the history of the region before the 7th century, see Iran, ancient.ancient
Iran-Contra Affair: U.S. political scandal in which the National Security Council (NSC) became involved in secret weapons transactions and other activities that either were prohibited by the U.S. Congress or violated the ... [7 Related Articles]
Iran-Iraq War: (1980-88), prolonged military conflict between Iran and Iraq during the 1980s. Open warfare began on Sept. 22, 1980, when Iraqi armed forces invaded western Iran along the countries' joint border, ... [24 Related Articles]
Iranian architecture: (from the article "art and architecture, Iranian") the art and architecture of ancient Iranian civilizations.ancient IranIran, ancientArt...a scale the world had not seen before. Materials and artists ...
Iranian highlands: (from the article "Asia") The Iranian highlands comprise mountain arcs (the Elburz, the Kopet-Dag, the mountains of Khorasan, the Safid Range, and the western Hindu Kush in the north; the Zagros, Makran, Soleyman, and ...
Iranian languages: subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. Iranian languages are spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and parts of Iraq, Turkey, Pakistan, and scattered areas of the Caucasus ... [11 Related Articles]
Iranian literature: body of writings in the Iranian languages produced in an area encompassing eastern Anatolia, Iran, and parts of western Central Asia as well as Afghanistan and the western areas of ...
Iranian plateau: (from the article "Iran") Iran's climate ranges from subtropical to subpolar. In winter a high-pressure belt, centred in Siberia, slashes west and south to the interior of the Iranian plateau, and low-pressure systems develop ...
Iranian religion: diverse beliefs and practices of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the Iranian Plateau and its borderlands, as well as areas of Central Asia from ... [23 Related Articles]
Iranian Revolution: (from the article "Iran") Outwardly, with a swiftly expanding economy and a rapidly modernizing infrastructure, everything was going well in Iran. But in little more than a generation, Iran had changed from a traditional, ...
Irapuato: city, west-central Guanajuato estado (state), north-central Mexico. Situated in the fertile Bajio, a valley of the central plateau, the city lies along the Irapuato River, a tributary ...
Iraq: country of southwestern Asia. [217 Related Articles]
Iraq Petroleum Company: (from the article "Iraq") ...progress during the 1950s, thanks to a new oil agreement that increased royalties and to the establishment of the Development Board. The original oil agreement between the Iraqi government and ...
Iraq Study Group: (from the article "United States") ...the administration's Iraq policy had failed. Bush appointed as Rumsfeld's replacement former director of central intelligence Robert M. Gates. (See Biographies.) A bipartisan Iraq Study Group of ...
Iraq Survey Group: (from the article "Bush, George W.") ...As the search continued without success into the following year, Bush's critics accused the administration of having misled the country into war by exaggerating the threat posed by Iraq. In ...
Iraq War: conflict in Iraq beginning in 2003 and consisting of two phases. The first of these was a brief, conventionally fought war (March-April 2003), in which a combined force of troops ... [108 Related Articles]
Iraq, flag of: national flag consisting of three equal horizontal stripes of (from top to bottom) red, white, and black with the inscription in Kufic script "Allahu akbar" ("God is great") arranged horizontally ...
Iraq, history of: (from the article "Iraq") This discussion surveys the history of Iraq since the 7th century AD. For the earlier history, see Mesopotamia.ancient MesopotamiaMesopotamiaCentral Treaty Organization
Iraqi: one of the most outstanding poets of 13th-century Persia. [1 Related Articles]
Iraqi Accord Front: (from the article "Iraq") Among the Sunni, the situation was not much better. The main Sunni group in the government, the Iraqi Accord Front, announced in August that it was withdrawing its six ministers ...
Iraqi Communist Party: (from the article "Iraq") ...though the Qasim government came to depend on Soviet weapons and received some economic aid, it retained lively commercial ties with the West. Further, because Qasim recruited among the Iraqi ...
Iraqi Company for Oil Operations: (from the article "Iraq") ...Iraqi Oil Tankers Company was established to deliver oil to several foreign countries. Also in 1972 the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) was nationalized (with compensation), and a national company, the ...
Iraqi Council of Representatives: (from the article "Iraq, flag of") ...Iraqi government adopted a new flag, which differed from the 1991-2004 flag only in its width-to-length ratio and in the form of the script used for the inscription. On Jan. ...
Iraqi Governing Council: (from the article "Iraq") ...projects were halted; and the flow of passengers and goods to and from Syria and Jordan was disrupted. Among the prominent casualties of car-bomb attacks was Izz al-Din Salem, the ...
Iraqi High Tribunal: (from the article "Law") ...law during 2006 were two trials of former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, who stood accused of having committed war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. The trials were held before ...
Iraqi National Accord: (from the article "Iraq") ...election, but six main groups emerged. Four were pro-American-the Kurdistan Democratic Party; the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan; the Iraqi National Congress, headed by Ahmed Chalabi; and the Iraqi National Accord, ...
Iraqi National Congress: (from the article "Iraq") ...Many of these aimed to compete in the January 2005 general election, but six main groups emerged. Four were pro-American-the Kurdistan Democratic Party; the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan; the Iraqi ...
Iraqi National Museum: (from the article "Iraq") Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003, the Iraqi National Museum, which once housed a wealth of treasures from ancient Mesopotamia, had lost some 15,000 items of antiquity owing to ...
Iraqi Special Tribunal: (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") On Oct. 19, 2005, the trial of former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein began. The Iraqi Special Tribunal had been established by the United States in 2003, when Iraq was first ...
Irazu Volcano: active volcano, in the Cordillera Central, east-central Costa Rica. Its name originates from the indigenous word for "thunder." The highest mountain in the Cordillera Central, Irazu reaches an elevation of ... [1 Related Articles]
Irbid: town, northern Jordan. The town was built on successive Early Bronze Age settlements and was possibly the biblical Beth Arbel and the Arbila of the Decapolis, a Hellenistic league of ...
Irbil: ancient town, northern Iraq. It is situated 48 miles (77 km) east of Mosul in the foothills of the mountains that rise to the east. It is a trade centre ... [5 Related Articles]
IRC: (from the article "Sailing") ...correction to hit" mechanism when practice proved the prediction inaccurate. The ISAF had appointed a committee to develop an entirely new system. The English members of the committee favoured IRC, ...
Iredell, James: associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1790-99).
Ireland: country of western Europe occupying five-sixths of the westernmost island of the British Isles. [81 Related Articles]
Ireland, Church of: independent Anglican church within both Ireland and Northern Ireland. It traces its episcopal succession from the pre-Reformation church in Ireland. [3 Related Articles]
Ireland, Donation of: (from the article "Adrian IV") Adrian then marched to Benevento, during which time he received John of Salisbury, secretary to the archbishop of Canterbury, and granted him the Donation of Ireland (known as the bull ...
Ireland, flag of: vertically striped green-white-orange national flag. Its width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.
Ireland, George: American basketball coach (b. June 15, 1913, Madison, Wis.-d. Sept. 14, 2001, Addison, Ill.), served at Loyola University (Chicago) for 24 seasons beginning in 1951 and retired with a 321-255 ...
Ireland, history of: (from the article "Ireland") Ireland, lying to the west of Britain, has always been to some extent cut off by it from direct contact with other European countries, especially those from Sweden to the ...
Ireland, John: Scottish writer, theologian, and diplomatist, whose treatise The Meroure of Wyssdome is the earliest extant example of original Scots prose.
Ireland, John: English composer known for his songs and his programmatic orchestral works.