| | - Ibrahim Index for African Governance
- (from the article "Mauritius") ...losses for both industries. The country was recognized for its strong record on human rights, its anticorruption legislation, and its progressive programs on health, education, and poverty when the Ibrahim ...
- Ibrahim Katkhuda
- (from the article "'Ali Bey") 'Ali Bey was an enslaved Caucasian who was made a gift to Ibrahim Katkhuda, an emir who was the virtual ruler of Egypt. 'Ali earned the confidence of his master, ...
- Ibrahim Lodi
- last Afghan sultan of Delhi of the Lodi dynasty, a suspicious tyrant who increasingly alienated his nobles during his reign. [5 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim Muteferrika
- Ottoman diplomat known for his contributions to the 18th-century reform movement in the Ottoman Empire; he sponsored the introduction of printing into the Turkish domains.
- Ibrahim Pasa
- Ottoman grand vizier (1523-36) who played a decisive role in diplomatic and military events during the reign of Sultan Suleyman I (1520-66). [1 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim Pasa
- (from the article "Safiye Sultan") ...of the heir to the throne), and after 1595 as valide sultan, she wielded great influence at the Ottoman court. Among those who enjoyed her favour was the thrice grand ...
- Ibrahim Pasa
- (from the article "Nedim, Ahmed") The son of a judge, Nedim was brought up as a religious scholar and teacher and, winning the patronage of the grand vizier, Nevsheherli Ibrahim Pasa, received an appointment as ...
- Ibrahim Pasha
- viceroy (vali) of Egypt under Ottoman rule and a general of outstanding ability. [9 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim Pasha, mosque of
- (from the article "Hufuf, Al-") ...stables. The agricultural, veterinary, education, and management faculties of King Faysal University are located near Al-Hufuf. It is the site of the early 19th-century domed mosque of Ibrahim Pasha. To ...
- Ibrahim Qutb Shah
- (from the article "India") ...its intervention in Golconda politics through encouragement to the rebel Nayakas under Krishna Deva Raya and his successors ceased after the Talikota debacle in 1565. Consolidation was achieved by Ibrahim ...
- Ibrahim Sharqi
- (from the article "India") Meanwhile, the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur developed into a power equal to Delhi during the reign (1402-40) of Ibrahim Sharqi. Ibrahim's successor, Mahmud, conducted expansionist campaigns against Bengal and Orissa ...
- Ibrahim Zakiyul Kalbi
- (from the article "Katagum") town and traditional emirate, Bauchi State, northern Nigeria, on the north bank of the Jamaare River (a tributary of the Hadejia). It was the seat of an emirate founded c. ...
- Ibrahim, Anwar bin
- In August 2008 veteran Malaysian politician and moderate Islamist Anwar bin Ibrahim, the main opposition leader, won election to Malaysia's parliament, a major step in the rehabilitation of his political ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim, Karam
- (from the article "Wrestling") In Greco-Roman competition, Russia claimed the unofficial team title with four medals, followed by Turkey and Kazakhstan with two each. The highlight was Egyptian Karam Ibrahim's victory in the 96-kg ...
- Ibrahim, Sun'Allah
- (from the article "Literature") ...books was Nawal Sa'dawi's Suqut al-imam (1987; The Fall of the Imam, 2002). The action came on the heels of a controversy after the writer Sun 'Allah Ibrahim had rejected ...
- Ibrahim, Wadi
- (from the article "Mecca") Mecca is situated at an elevation of 909 feet (277 metres) above sea level in the dry beds of the Wadi Ibrahim and several of its short tributaries. It is ...
- Ibrahimi, Ahmed Taleb
- (from the article "Algeria") ...was generally accepted as reflecting popular choice. In the run-up to the elections, the complex procedures for candidate registration were effectively used to exclude Bouteflika's major rival, Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi, ...
- Ibrow, Salim Aliyow
- (from the article "Somalia") ...under President Abdiqassim Salad Hassan was barely functioning in 2007; a new transitional government comprised President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, assisted by Prime Ministers Ali Muhammad Ghedi, Salim Aliyow Ibrow (acting) ...
- Ibsen, Henrik
- major Norwegian playwright of the late 19th century who introduced to the European stage a new order of moral analysis that was placed against a severely realistic middle-class background and ... [13 Related Articles]
- Ibshihi, Al-
- (from the article "encyclopaedia") ...al-a'sha ("The Dawn for the Blind"), that covered geography, political history, natural history, zoology, mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement. Al-Ibshihi (1388-c. 1446) compiled a very individual encyclopaedia, the Mustatraf fi ...
- Ibuka, Masaru
- Japanese businessman (b. April 11, 1908, Nikko, Japan--d. Dec. 19, 1997, Tokyo), was the cofounder and leading engineer of the Sony Corp. His development of the tape recorder, transistor radio, ... [1 Related Articles]
- ibuprofen
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of minor pain, fever, and inflammation. Like aspirin, ibuprofen works by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, body chemicals that sensitize nerve endings. The ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibuse Masuji
- Japanese novelist noted for sharp but sympathetic short portraits of the foibles of ordinary people. [2 Related Articles]
- Ibycus
- Greek lyric poet, one of the nine lyric poets in the official list, or canon, drawn up by the scholars of Alexandria in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, who ...
- Ica
- (from the article "Native American art") Closely related to, and extending from, the Nazca work is the art of the Ica civilization (AD 1000-1500). These people produced fine textiles, the designs of which were often reproduced ...
- Ica
- city, southern Peru. It is located about 30 miles (48 km) from the Pacific Ocean and 170 miles (275 km) southeast of Lima in the extremely arid and intensively irrigated ...
- Icadyptes salasi
- (from the article "Life Sciences") Two new fossil penguin species-a 1.5-m (5-ft) giant penguin, Icadyptes salasi, and a smaller species, Perudyptes devriesi-from Peru challenged traditional ideas about the role of climate change in penguin evolution. ...
- Icahn, Carl C.
- (from the article "Trans World Airlines, Inc.") ...sold TWA to the public in 1984 in the course of defending itself against a threatened hostile takeover. By then TWA was experiencing financial troubles, and in late 1985 the ...
- ICANN
- nonprofit private organization incorporated in California on Sept. 18, 1998, and tasked with taking over from the U.S. government various administrative duties associated with running the Internet. ICANN's functions include ... [3 Related Articles]
- Icarian
- (from the article "Cabet, Etienne") ...Seeking to put his ideas into practice, he and several hundred followers landed in New Orleans in 1848 and 1849. He purchased the old Mormon settlement at Nauvoo and led ...
- Icarius
- (from the article "Erigone") in Greek mythology, daughter of Icarius, the hero of the Attic deme (township) of Icaria. Her father, who had been taught by the god Dionysus to make wine, gave some ...
- Icarosaurus
- (from the article "Triassic Period") Some of the earliest lizards may have been the first vertebrates to take to the air. Gliding lizards, such as the small Late Triassic Icarosaurus, are thought to have developed ...
- Icarus
- (from the article "Icarus") in Greek mythology, son of the inventor Daedalus who perished by flying too near the Sun with waxen wings. See Daedalus.association with Daedalus
- Icarus
- asteroid that has a more eccentric orbit and also approaches nearer the Sun (within 30 million km [19 million miles]) than does any other known body in the solar system ...
- Icaza, Jorge
- Ecuadorean novelist and playwright whose brutally realistic portrayals of the exploitation of his country's Indians brought him international recognition as a spokesman for the oppressed. [1 Related Articles]
- ice
- solid substance produced by the freezing of water vapour or liquid water. At temperatures below 0° C (32° F), water vapour develops into frost at ground level and snowflakes (each ... [32 Related Articles]
- ice age
- any geologic period during which thick ice sheets cover vast areas of land. Such periods of large-scale glaciation may last several million years and drastically reshape surface features of entire ... [7 Related Articles]
- ice albedo feedback
- (from the article "global warming") Another important positive climate feedback is the so-called ice albedo feedback. This feedback arises from the simple fact that ice is more reflective (that is, has a higher albedo) than ...
- ice bug
- any of approximately 25 species of rare and primitive insects found in the mountains of Japan, western North America, and eastern Siberia. A pale, wingless creature 15 to 30 mm ... [3 Related Articles]
- ice cap
- (from the article "Water masses at the Earth's surface") ...and are treated here in terms of their sources: ice shelves with ice sheets, piedmont glaciers with mountain glaciers. A complex of mountain glaciers burying much of a mountain range ...
- ice cave
- cavity in ice or an underground cave that has permanent ice deposits. The two types of ice cave are wholly unrelated.
- ice colour
- (from the article "dye") ...of ingrain dyeing, whereby the dye is synthesized within the fabric (see above Dyeing techniques: Azo dyeing techniques). Since the process was done at ice temperature, some dyes were called ice ...
- ice core
- long cylinder of glacial ice recovered by drilling through glaciers in Greenland, Antarctica, and high mountains around the world. Scientists retrieve these cores to look for records of climate change ... [6 Related Articles]
- ice cream
- frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavourings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. Hundreds of flavours have been devised, the most popular ... [1 Related Articles]
- ice crystal
- (from the article "Ice crystal shape and temperature at formation") ...falls below the dew point, upon which the air becomes supersaturated such that water vapour condenses onto cloud condensation nuclei or tiny water droplets (or deposits onto ice nuclei or ...
- Ice Cube
- (from the article "gangsta rap") In Oakland, Too $hort had become a major regional force, and his profane and sexually explicit style influenced N.W.A. member Ice Cube's early writing. It was N.W.A.'s controversial album Straight ...
- ice dam
- (from the article "ice in lakes and rivers") ...larger, deeper rivers, frazil produced in upstream reaches may be carried downstream and be transported beneath the fixed ice cover, where it may deposit and form large accumulations that are ...
- ice dancing
- (from the article "Ice Skating") Russia scored another pair of Olympic gold medals when Tatyana Totmyanina and Maksim Marinin beat their rivals in the pairs competition, and Tatyana Navka and Roman Kostomarov were judged best ...
- ice draft
- (from the article "sea ice") ...the edge. Together, the Beaufort Gyre and Transpolar Drift strongly influence the Arctic Ocean ice thickness distribution, which has been determined largely from submarine sonar measurements of the ice draft. ...
- ice fishing
- (from the article "fishing") Ice fishing through holes cut in frozen lakes is particularly popular in the northeastern United States and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Valley region of the U.S. and Canada. Equipment is ...
- ice fog
- (from the article "Arctic") ...refinery and other plants in the Kola Peninsula. American scientists in Alaska have detected nickel particles in the air emanating from Norilsk. The unpleasant and unhealthy phenomenon known as ice ...
- ice formation
- any mass of ice that occurs on the Earth's continents or surface waters. Such masses form wherever substantial amounts of liquid water freeze and remain in the solid state for ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ice Giant World
- (from the article "ice cave") ...where air currents deflect the freezing water. The splendid ice deposits formed in the lava caves of the northwestern United States are dwarfed by the limestone ice-cave systems of the ...
- ice glass
- (from the article "glassware") ...(vetro di trina). Other methods of decoration at this time were mold blowing and dipping a vessel while hot into water or rolling it on a bed of glass fragments ...
- ice hockey
- game between two teams, each usually having six players, who wear skates and compete on an ice rink. The object is to propel a vulcanized rubber disk, the puck, past ... [25 Related Articles]
- ice in lakes and rivers
- a sheet or stretch of ice forming on the surface of lakes and rivers when the temperature drops below freezing (0° C [32° F]). The nature of the ice formations ...
- ice island
- (from the article "iceberg") The Arctic Ocean's equivalent of the classic tabular iceberg of Antarctic waters is the ice island. Ice islands can be up to 30 km (19 miles) long but are only ...
- ice jam
- (from the article "flood") ...the floods of Paris (1658 and 1910), of Warsaw (1861 and 1964), of Frankfurt am Main (1854 and 1930), and of Rome (1530 and 1557). Potentially disastrous floods may, however, ...
- ice lens
- (from the article "permafrost") 2. Segregated, or Taber, ice includes ice films, seams, lenses, pods, or layers generally 0.15 to 13 centimetres (0.06 to 5 inches) thick that grow in the ground by drawing ...
- ice milk
- (from the article "Nutrient composition of dairy products") ...fat content, ranging from 10 to 20 percent. Frozen custard, or French ice cream, is basically the same formula as ice cream but contains added eggs or egg solids (usually ...
- ice nucleus
- (from the article "atmosphere") Aerosols that are effective for the conversion of water vapour to ice crystals are referred to as ice nuclei. In contrast to cloud condensation nuclei, the most effective ice nuclei ...
- ice plant
- (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), low-growing annual plant, of the carpetweed family (Aizoaceae), and one of 25 species commonly called fig-marigolds, constituting the genus Mesembryanthemum. Most are fleshy-leaved desert herbs. Ice plant is ...
- ice point
- (from the article "ocean") ...and the lake becomes stably stratified with regard to temperature-controlled density. Only a relatively shallow surface layer is cooled below 4° C. When this surface layer is cooled to the ...
- ice sheet
- (from the article "glacier") Two great ice masses, the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, stand out in the world today and may be similar in many respects to the large Pleistocene ice sheets. About ...
- ice shelf
- thick mass of floating ice that is attached to land, formed from and fed by tongues of glaciers extending outward from the land into sheltered waters. Where there are no ... [3 Related Articles]
- ice show
- (from the article "figure skating") Ice shows are professional skating spectacles that combine the colourful movement of huge casts of skaters with all the arts of the theatre-brilliant lighting, elaborate costumes, special musical scores and ...
- ice skating
- the recreation and sport of gliding across an ice surface on blades fixed to the bottoms of shoes (skates). The activity of ice skating has given rise to two distinctive ... [17 Related Articles]
- Ice Skating Australia
- (from the article "figure skating") Ice Skating Australia is the ISU member organization governing figure skating in Australia. The country is divided into five skating regions, each with its own regional championships. The top four ...
- Ice Skating Institute
- (from the article "figure skating") ...competitions are held throughout the year for skaters of all levels. These competitions are sanctioned by the USFSA, and the participants and their coaches must be members of that organization. ...
- ice stream
- (from the article "glacier") ...and Greenland ice sheets is not directed radially outward to the sea. Instead, ice from central high points tends to converge into discrete drainage basins and then concentrate into rapidly ...
- ice wedge
- (from the article "permafrost") 3. Foliated ground ice, or wedge ice, is the term for large masses of ice growing in thermal contraction cracks in permafrost.
occurrence in permafrost
- ice-ax
- (from the article "mountaineering") ...able to detect hidden crevasses, be aware of potential avalanches, and be able to safely traverse other tricky or dangerous concentrations of snow or ice. In snow-and-ice technique, the use ...
- ice-rafted debris
- (from the article "iceberg") ...ran, whereas both Arctic and Antarctic bergs carry stones and dirt on their underside. Stones are lifted from the glacier bed and later deposited out at sea as the berg ...
- ice-wedge cast
- (from the article "permafrost") Ice wedges may be classified as active, inactive, and ice-wedge casts. Active ice wedges are those that are actively growing. The wedge may not crack every year, but during many ...
- iceberg
- floating mass of freshwater ice that has broken from the seaward end of either a glacier or an ice shelf. Icebergs are found in the oceans surrounding Antarctica, in the ... [7 Related Articles]
- iceboating
- a winter sport of sailing and racing on ice in modified boats. An iceboat is basically a sailboat that travels on thin blades, or runners, on the surface of the ...
- icebreaker
- (from the article "Arctic Regions") ...to the Northwest Passage. The U.S. and the EU, however, held that the route was an international passage. In February Russia launched the 50 Let Pobedy, an Arktika-class nuclear-powered icebreaker, ...
- iced soft drink
- (from the article "soft drink") The first iced soft drink consisted of a cup of ice covered with a flavoured syrup. Sophisticated dispensing machines now blend measured quantities of syrup with carbonated or plain water ...
- icefish
- any of several different fishes, among them certain members of the family Channichthyidae, or Chaenichthyidae (order Perciformes), sometimes called crocodile icefish because of the shape of the snout. They are ... [1 Related Articles]
- Iceland
- island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. [43 Related Articles]
- Iceland moss
- fruticose (branched, bushy) lichen with an upright thallus usually attached in one place. It varies in colour from deep brown to grayish white and may grow to a height of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Iceland poppy
- (from the article "poppy") ...developed from the corn poppy (P. rhoeas). The long-headed poppy (P. dubium) is an annual similar to the corn poppy but with narrower, tapering capsules and smaller, paler flowers. The ...
- Iceland spar
- (from the article "Iceland spar") a transparent calcite used for polariscope prisms. See calcite.
- Iceland watercress
- (from the article "marsh cress") ...species of the genus Rorippa of the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Most members of the genus are found in the Northern Hemisphere. Rorippa includes the former genus Nasturtium. Iceland watercress, or ...
- Iceland, flag of
- national flag consisting of a blue field incorporating a white-bordered red cross. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 18 to 25.
- Iceland, history of
- (from the article "Iceland") Historydevelopment of democracydemocracyContinental Europe...the Vikings realized that to deal with certain larger problems they needed more-inclusive associations, and in Norway, ...
- Iceland, University of
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...trawlers were acquired. The country was connected by telegraph cable with Europe. School attendance was made compulsory for children in towns and villages, and a number of schools were built. ...
- Icelandair
- (from the article "Iceland") Featuring a breathtaking natural landscape-in particular, hot springs, geysers, and volcanoes-the country has become a major tourist destination. Icelandair (Flugleidir), a major international air carrier, has helped make the tourist ...
- Icelanders' sagas
- the class of heroic prose narratives written 1200-20 about the great families who lived in Iceland from 930 to 1030. Among the most important such works are the Njals saga ... [6 Related Articles]
- Icelandic eruption
- (from the article "volcano") The Icelandic type is characterized by effusions of molten basaltic lava that flow from long, parallel fissures. Such outpourings often build lava plateaus.
- Icelandic Federation of Labour
- (from the article "Iceland") Like most countries of Scandinavia, unionization is very high. Nearly seven-eighths of employees belong to a labour union. Iceland's largest labour union, the Icelandic Federation of Labour, was established in ...
- Icelandic language
- national language of Iceland, spoken by the entire population, some 300,000 at the turn of the 21st century. It belongs (with Norwegian and Faroese) to the West Scandinavian group of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Icelandic literature
- body of writings in Icelandic, including those from Old Icelandic (also called Old Norse) through Modern Icelandic. [2 Related Articles]
- Icelandic low
- large, persistent, atmospheric low-pressure centre that forms between Iceland and southern Greenland. It often causes strong winter winds over the North Atlantic Ocean. In winter, the ocean is considerably warmer ... [2 Related Articles]
- Icelandic saga
- (from the article "Iceland") ...its physical isolation some 500 miles (800 km) from Scotland-its nearest European neighbour-Iceland has remained throughout its history very much a part of European civilization. The Icelandic sagas, most of ...
- Icelus
- (from the article "Hypnos") ...Lethe, the river of forgetfulness and oblivion. Hypnos lay on his soft couch, surrounded by his many sons, who were the bringers of dreams. Chief among them were Morpheus, who ...
- Iceman
- an ancient mummified human body. It was found by a German tourist, Helmut Simon, on the Similaun Glacier in the Tirolean Otztal Alps, on the Italian-Austrian border, on September 19, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Iceni
- in ancient Britain, a tribe that occupied the territory of present-day Norfolk and Suffolk and, under its queen Boudicca (Boadicea), revolted against Roman rule. [2 Related Articles]
- ich
- parasitic disease that affects a variety of freshwater fish species and that is caused by the ciliated protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Ich is one of the most common ...
- Ichan-Kala
- (from the article "Khiva") ...one million Persians, as well as an unknown number of Russians, were enslaved and transported there before being sold. Many of them were set to work on the construction of ...
- Ichazo, Oscar
- (from the article "state") In the wake of the destruction produced by the nationalistically inspired world wars, theories of internationalism like those of Hans Kelsen and Oscar Ichazo appeared. Kelsen put forward the idea ...
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