Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

International Table Tennis Federation ... interstellar gas

International Table Tennis Federation: (from the article "table tennis") ...England outside London and by the 1920s was being played in many countries. Led by representatives of Germany, Hungary, and England, the Federation Internationale de Tennis de Table (International Table ...
International Telecommunication Union: specialized agency of the United Nations that was created to encourage international cooperation in all forms of telecommunication. Its activities include maintaining order in the allocation of radio frequencies, setting ... [3 Related Articles]
International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee: (from the article "telephone and telephone system") ...that allowed their machines to communicate with one another, but there was no worldwide standard that enabled American machines, for example, to connect to European fax machines. In 1974 the ...
International Telegraph Union: (from the article "telegraph") Because of worldwide interest in applications of the telegraph, the International Telegraph Union was formed in 1865 to establish standards for use in international communication. In the following year the ...
International Tennis Federation: (from the article "Davis Cup") ...awarded to a player or team whenever the opponent fails to correctly return the ball within the prescribed dimensions of the court. Organized tennis is played according to rules sanctioned ...
International Theological Commission: (from the article "Religion") Pope Benedict stirred controversy in 2007 with several actions that affected Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. In January he approved the findings of the International Theological Commission, a Vatican advisory ...
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor: (from the article "fusion reactor") ...The presence of alpha particles can alter the behaviour of the plasma in ways not easily simulated in nonburning plasmas. It is anticipated that this will occur in a planned ...
International Time Bureau: (from the article "Paris Observatory") The observatory was enlarged in 1730, 1810, 1834, 1850, and 1951. The Paris building now houses the headquarters of the International Time Bureau, which standardizes the time determinations of the ...
International Towing Tank Conference: (from the article "ship") ...The friction coefficient was the subject of intense research, especially during the first half of the 20th century, but since that time most ship designers have employed values standardized by ...
international trade: economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and ... [114 Related Articles]
International Trade and Industry, Ministry of: (from the article "industrial design") After World War II, Japanese design benefited from an active reconnection to Europe and the United States. Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), formed in 1949, sent Japanese ...
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Convention on: (from the article "environmental law") Another type of activity regulated by command-and-control legislation is environmentally harmful trade. Among the most-developed regulations are those on trade in wildlife. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species ...
International Triathlon Union: (from the article "triathlon") While triathlons were initially sponsored by local clubs, the more important races, including the Hawaiian Ironman, soon began to garner corporate sponsorships. In 1989 the International Triathlon Union (ITU), the ...
International Typographic Style: (from the article "graphic design") After World War II, designers in Switzerland and Germany codified Modernist graphic design into a cohesive movement called Swiss Design, or the International Typographic Style. These designers sought a neutral ...
International Typographical Union: (from the article "organized labour") ...the National Typographical Union, was formed in 1852 in the United States. Like other national unions that followed, it chartered locals in Canada as well; this led to its renaming ...
International Ultraviolet Explorer: astronomical research satellite built in the 1970s as a cooperative project of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Science and Engineering Research Council of the United Kingdom, ... [3 Related Articles]
International Union for Conservation of Nature: (from the article "The Environment") ...in October that it would resume commercial whaling. Iceland planned an annual take of up to 30 minke whales and 9 fin whales. The fin whale was classified as an ...
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: (from the article "geoid") ...are capable of yielding a value of the equatorial radius of the Earth, but satellite measurements are greatly superior for determining the flattening. After 10 years of satellite observations, the ...
International Union of Geological Sciences: (from the article "Devonian Period") During the last half of the 20th century, the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) defined the boundaries and subdivisions of the Devonian System using a series of Global Stratotype ...
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: (from the article "IUPAC names of unbranched alkanes") As with other types of organic compounds, alcohols are named by both formal and common systems. The most generally applicable system is that adopted at a meeting of the International ...
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics: (from the article "Celebrating the Centennial of Einstein's "Miraculous Year"") ...commemorate the centennial of Einstein's remarkable achievement, the year 2005 was celebrated as the World Year of Physics throughout the world. Under the endorsement of the United Nations and the ...
International Unit: in pharmacology, quantity of a substance, such as a vitamin, hormone, or toxin, that produces a specified effect when tested according to an internationally accepted biological procedure. For certain substances, ...
International Unitisation Agreement: (from the article "East Timor") ...Minister Alexander Downer welcomed the new ambassador, Jorge Teme, and pledged help to build a peaceful and prosperous future for the East Timorese people. Dili, however, refused to ratify the ...
International Vegetarian Union: (from the article "vegetarianism") ...ethically inclined individuals, special institutions grew up to express vegetarian concerns as such. The first vegetarian society was formed in England in 1847 by the Bible Christian sect, and the ...
International Weightlifting Federation: (from the article "Weightlifting") The 2005 International Weightlifting Federation world championships were held in Doha, Qatar, on November 9-17, together with the IWF's centenary celebration. A total of 281 athletes (169 men and 112 ...
International Whaling Commission: an intergovernmental organization that regulates whaling, a competitive industry based on the hunting of a common global resource. The commission was created after World War II by the Allied Powers, ... [8 Related Articles]
International Women's Cricket Council: (from the article "cricket") ...Women's Cricket Association was founded, and in 1934-35 it sent a team to Australia and New Zealand. Australia paid a return visit in 1937, and, since World War II, tours ...
International Women's Day: day (March 8) honouring the achievements of women and promoting women's rights. A national holiday in numerous countries, it has been sponsored by the United Nations (UN) since 1975. [2 Related Articles]
International Working Union of Socialist Parties: (from the article "Labour and Socialist International") ...1921 delegates from the "centre" and "left" Socialist parties that had refused to join either the Second or the Third International met in a congress at Vienna and formed the ...
International Yacht Racing Union: (from the article "yacht") ...in a number of countries throughout the world. The North American Racing Union was formed in 1925. A need for a body to set international racing rules and classes resulted ...
International Year of Deserts and Desertification: (from the article "The Environment") The UN designated the year 2006 as the International Year of Deserts and Desertification, and the effect of climate change on desert wildlife and biodiversity and the exacerbation of desertification ...
International Youth Hostel Federation: (from the article "youth hostel") Youth hostels were common in Germany in the early 1900s. After World War I they spread rapidly through Europe and other areas of the world. The International Youth Hostel Federation ...
International, First: federation of workers' groups that, despite ideological divisions within its ranks, had a considerable influence as a unifying force for labour in Europe during the latter part of the 19th ... [7 Related Articles]
International, Fourth: a multinational body composed of Trotskyist organizations that was first formed in opposition to the policies of the Stalin-dominated Third International, or Comintern.
International, Second: federation of socialist parties and trade unions that greatly influenced the ideology, policy, and methods of the European labour movement from the last decade of the 19th century to the ... [7 Related Articles]
International, Third: association of national communist parties founded in 1919. Though its stated purpose was the promotion of world revolution, the Comintern functioned chiefly as an organ of Soviet control over the ... [17 Related Articles]
international-system analysis: (from the article "international relations") Whereas foreign-policy analysis concentrates on the units of the international system, international-system analysis is concerned with the structure of the system, the interactions between its units, and the implications for ...
Internationale Nederlanden Groep NV: (from the article "Baring family") ...was called, declared bankruptcy in 1995 after an employee lost almost $1,500,000,000 on unauthorized futures and options transactions. Barings was purchased by a Dutch banking and insurance company, Internationale Nederlanden ...
Internationale, L': former official socialist and communist song. It was the anthem of the First, Second, and Third Internationals and, from 1918 to 1944, the national anthem of the Soviet Union.
internationalism: (from the article "international relations") American planners envisioned postwar reconstruction in terms of Wilsonian internationalism but were determined to avoid the mistakes that resulted after 1918 in inflation, tariffs, debts, and reparations. In 1943 the ...
Internationalists, the: (from the article "eugenics") ...and economic strength would begin to crumble. The maintenance of world peace by fostering democracy, capitalism, and, at times, eugenics-based schemes was central to the activities of "the Internationalists," a ...
Internet: a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a "network of networks," the ... [100 Related Articles]
Internet addiction: (from the article "The Virtual World of Online Gaming") ...however. A number of Korean players died of exhaustion after marathon gaming sessions, and a 2005 South Korean government survey showed that more than half a million Koreans suffered from ...
Internet Archive: (from the article "Redefining the Library in the Digital Age") The nonprofit Internet Archive was founded in 1996 by Internet entrepreneur Brewster Kahle as an online collection of Web and multimedia resources. The archive operated the Wayback Machine, which offered ...
Internet bubble: (from the article "Silicon Valley") The year 2000 marked the end of the "Internet bubble," a five-year period when the paper value of publicly traded stock in Internet-based companies rose far above the real earning ...
Internet casino: (from the article "casino") In 1995 Internet Casinos, Inc., operating out of the Turks and Caicos Islands, premiered as the first "virtual" casino. Competitors, including traditional casinos, soon offered their own online gambling games, ...
Internet Chess Club: (from the article "chess") A new arena of competition developed in the early 1990s with the introduction of commercial games clubs on the Internet. The Internet Chess Club, founded in 1992 and incorporated in ...
Internet domain name: (from the article "ICANN") ...duties associated with running the Internet. ICANN's functions include overseeing the top-level domains (e.g., .com, .net, .org, .edu, .us), registering and maintaining the directory of domain names (e.g., www.britannica.com) used ...
Internet Explorer: World Wide Web (WWW) browser and set of technologies created by the Microsoft Corporation, a leading American computer software company. Launched in 1995, Internet Explorer became one of the most ... [4 Related Articles]
Internet Security Threat Report: (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") The semiannual Internet Security Threat Report issued by the California-based security firm Symantec said that the motives of hackers appeared to have shifted from engaging in malicious behaviour (such as ...
Internet service provider: (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Internet service providers (ISPs) came under increasing pressure from the computer industry to rid their networks of zombies (computers that had been taken over by hackers for the purpose of ...
interneuron: (from the article "nervous system") ...or transduced, into an electrical impulse in the receptor neuron. This incoming excitation, or afferent impulse, then passes along an extension, or axon, of the receptor to an adjustor, called ...
internode: (from the article "angiosperm") Very different plant forms result from simply changing the lengths of the internodes. Extreme shortening of the internodes results in rosette plants, such as lettuce, Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae), in which ...
internship: (from the article "medical education") ...In Britain a year of resident hospital work is required after qualification and before admission to the medical register. In North America, the first year of such training has been ...
internuclear separation: (from the article "spectroscopy") As a molecule undergoes vibrational motion, the bond length will oscillate about an average internuclear separation. If the oscillation is harmonic, this average value will not change as the vibrational ...
internuncio: (from the article "nuncio") ...representative automatically becomes dean of the diplomatic corps there. In 1965 the name pronuncio was given to those ambassadors whose rank in the diplomatic corps depends solely on seniority. An ...
interoffice signaling: (from the article "telephone and telephone system") ...in use (or "busy"). The called party number may lie in the same central office (in which case the call is designated intraoffice), or it may lie in another central ...
interoperability: (from the article "computer science") ...who desire local autonomy. Increasing mention is being made of more loosely linked collections of data, known by such names as multidatabases or federated databases. A closely related concept is ...
interosseous border: (from the article "radius") ...(upper arm bone) above, and the side surface articulates with the ulna. On the upper part of the shaft is a rough projection, the radial tuberosity, which receives the biceps ...
interpenetrating polymer network: (from the article "industrial polymers, chemistry of") ...been developed to keep the separate phases together when the blends are subjected to stress. One is to synthesize two or more interlocking network polymers-an arrangement referred to as an ...
interpersonal psychotherapy: (from the article "mental disorder") Interpersonal therapies help patients understand their symptoms in terms of the impact they have on others (and, in turn, on themselves); they also help patients develop interpersonal styles and communication ...
interphase: (from the article "mitosis") ...of the mother cell divides to form two daughter cells, each containing the same number and kind of chromosomes as the mother cell. The stage, or phase, after the completion ...
interphase: (from the article "adhesive") In the formation of an adhesive bond, a transitional zone arises in the interface between adherend and adhesive. In this zone, called the interphase, the chemical and physical properties of ...
interplain channel: (from the article "submarine gap") steep-sided furrow that cuts transversely across a ridge or rise; such a passageway has a steeper slope than either of the two abyssal plains it connects. Grooves known as interplain ...
interplanetary dust particle: a small grain, generally less than a few hundred micrometres in size and composed of silicate minerals and glassy nodules but sometimes including sulfides, metals, other minerals, and carbonaceous material, ... [13 Related Articles]
interplanetary exploration: (from the article "space exploration") From the start of space activity, scientists recognized that spacecraft could gather scientifically valuable data about the various planets, moons, and smaller bodies in the solar system. Both the United ...
interplanetary magnetic field: (from the article "geomagnetic field") It is known that magnetic storms are produced by a change in the properties of the solar wind. Magnetically quiet times occur when the solar wind contains a magnetic field ...
interplanetary medium: thinly scattered matter that exists between the planets and other bodies of the solar system, as well as the forces (e.g., magnetic and electric) that pervade this region of space. ... [2 Related Articles]
Interpol: intergovernmental organization that facilitates cooperation between the criminal police forces of more than 180 countries. Interpol aims to promote the widest-possible mutual assistance between criminal police forces and to establish ... [3 Related Articles]
interpolation: in mathematics, the determination or estimation of the value of f(x), or a function of x, from certain known values of the function. If x₀ < &elipsis; < x_n and y₀ = f(x₀),&elipsis;, y_n = f(x_n) ... [1 Related Articles]
interpole: (from the article "electric motor") ...poles to reduce the thickness of the required iron in the stator yoke and to reduce the length of the end connections on the armature coils. These motors may also ...
interpretation: (from the article "metalogic") An interpretation of a formal language is determined by formulating an interpretation of the atomic sentences of the language with regard to a domain of objects-i.e., by stipulating which objects ...
interpretation: (from the article "mental disorder") A major therapeutic tool in the course of treatment is interpretation. This technique helps patients become aware of any previously repressed aspect of emotional conflict (as reflected in resistance) and ...
interpretative biography: (from the article "biography") This fourth category of life writing is subjective and has no standard identity. At its best it is represented by the earlier works of Catherine Drinker Bowen, particularly her lives ...
interpreter: (from the article "computer program") ...may operate as independent units to facilitate the programming process. These include translators (either assemblers or compilers), which transform an entire program from one language to another; interpreters, which execute ...
Interprovincial Rugby Football Union: (from the article "Canadian Football League") major Canadian professional gridiron football organization, formed in 1956 as the Canadian Football Council, created by the Western Interprovincial Football Union (WIFU) and the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union (IRFU). Though ...
interregnum: (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...the absence of monarchy. The conservatives accepted Sigismund's son-in-law Albert II of Austria, but the more resolute Hussites favoured a Polish candidate. Albert's death in 1439 ushered in another interregnum. ...
interrenal cell: (from the article "endocrine system") ...medulla do not form separate structures in nonmammals as they do in mammals, they are often referred to in different terms; the cells that correspond to the adrenal cortex in ...
interrex: in ancient Rome, a provisional ruler specially appointed for a period during which the normal constituted authority was in abeyance (the interregnum). The title originated during the period of the ...
interrogation: in criminal law, process of questioning by which police obtain evidence. The process is largely outside the governance of law except for rules concerning the admissibility at trial of confessions ... [4 Related Articles]
Interrogation of the Old Men, The: in Irish literature, the preeminent tale of the Old Irish Fenian cycle of heroic tales. The "old men" are the Fenian poets Oisin (Ossian) and Caoilte, who, having survived the ... [2 Related Articles]
interrogation-reply principle: (from the article "telemetry") ...electric-power plants to a central office. Such systems spread to other fields besides power networks and underwent extensive improvements, culminating in the introduction in 1960 of the so-called interrogation-reply principle, ...
interrogative mood: (from the article "Romance languages") ...modern Romance languages to show the grammatical relationship between words; statistically the most frequent order in statements is subject-verb-object. In many of the Romance languages, interrogation can be shown by ...
interrogatory astrology: (from the article "astrology") Interrogatory astrology provides answers to a client's queries based on the situation of the heavens at the moment of his posing the questions. This astrological consulting service is even more ...
interrupt signal: (from the article "computer science") ...computing, in which the user enters commands directly at a terminal and waits for the system to respond. Processes known as terminal handlers were added to the system, along with ...
interrupted screw: (from the article "artillery") ...muzzle loading more difficult and gave a greater incentive to the development of an efficient breech-loading system. Various mechanisms were tried, but the one that supplanted all others was the ...
interrupter gear: (from the article "military aircraft") The solution to the problem emerged in the spring of 1915 in the form of an interrupter gear, or gun-synchronizing device, designed by the French engineer Raymond Saulnier. This regulated ...
interruption: (from the article "migration") Migration can be contrasted with emigration, which involves a change in location not necessarily followed by a return journey; invasion or interruption, both of which involve the appearance and subsequent ...
Interscope Records: (from the article "Death Row Records and Interscope Records") Among the individuals responsible for the flourishing of hip-hop in Los Angeles in the 1990s was a white man, Jimmy Iovine, a former engineer on recordings by Bruce Springsteen and ...
Intersecting Storage Rings: (from the article "colliding-beam storage ring") The basic structural element of most colliders is a synchrotron (accelerator) ring. The early collider projects-for example, the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) proton-proton collider, which operated at CERN in the ...
intersection: (from the article "formal logic") ...y> and <y, x> are in general not identical). Let x and y be any classes, as (for example) those of the dots on the two arms of a stippled ...
intersexuality: (from the article "reproductive system disease") Intersexuality (having both male and female characteristics) may be noticeable at birth or may become apparent after puberty. Intersexuality noticeable at birth may be classified as female or male pseudohermaphroditism ...
Intersindical: (from the article "Portugal") Workers have the right to be represented, and there are several hundred trade unions and two trade union federations. One federation, the Intersindical, grew from communist roots. Formed in 1970 ...
interspecific association: (from the article "community ecology") ...the fact that, in addition to food webs, the structure of the community is built on other types of interaction. Species not only eat one another; they compete for resources, ...
interspecific competition: (from the article "Singing a Different Tune") The life forms in tropical forest ecosystems, as in all ecosystems, compete for the resources available. Members of different species may compete for a specific resource (interspecific competition), or members ...
interstate commerce: in U.S. constitutional law, any commercial transactions or traffic that cross state boundaries or that involve more than one state. The traditional concept that the free flow of commerce between ... [1 Related Articles]
Interstate Commerce Act: (from the article "administrative law") ...more comprehensively than in Britain. Nevertheless, much adjudication is now performed by public authorities other than the courts of law. The movement toward administrative tribunals began with the Interstate Commerce ...
Interstate Commerce Commission: (1887-1996), the first regulatory agency established in the United States, and a prototype for independent government regulatory bodies. See regulatory agency. [7 Related Articles]
Interstate Commission on the Delaware River Basin: (from the article "Delaware River") ...only two continued to be of any importance-the canal from Trenton to New Brunswick, uniting the Delaware and Raritan rivers, and the canal joining the Delaware River with Chesapeake Bay. ...
Interstate Highway System: (from the article "roads and highways") The mammoth U.S. Interstate Highway System (formally, the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways) developed in response to strong public pressures in the 1950s for a better road system. ...
interstellar gas: (from the article "chemical element") In addition to stars, the Galaxy contains interstellar gas and dust. Some of the gas is very cold, but some forms hot clouds, the gaseous nebulae, the chemical composition of ...