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International Investment Bank ... International System of Units

International Investment Bank: international bank founded in 1970 and operational in 1971, designed to provide long- and medium-term credit for capital construction in member states. The founding members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East ...
International Joint Commission: (from the article "canals and inland waterways") In North America a U.S.-Canadian International Joint Commission has functioned since 1909 with general authority over the boundary waters. The St. Lawrence Seaway is a joint project, administered by the ...
International Joint Rules Committee on Softball: (from the article "softball") In 1923 a rules committee was appointed to publish and circulate a standard set of rules. The committee was later enlarged to form the International Joint Rules Committee on Softball, ...
International Klein Blue: (from the article "Klein, Yves") ...spiritual; red, which he called "monopink" and equated with materiality, flesh-and-blood; and ultramarine blue, which represented space-but blue dominated, and in 1960 he patented International Klein Blue, called IKB. In ...
International Labour Organization: specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) dedicated to improving labour conditions and living standards throughout the world. Established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency ... [15 Related Articles]
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: former industrial union in the United States and Canada that represented workers in the women's clothing industry. When the ILGWU was formed in 1900, most of its members were Jewish ... [2 Related Articles]
international language: (from the article "logic, history of") ...Lullian goal of discovering truths by combining concepts into judgments in exhaustive ways and then methodically assessing their truth. Leibniz later developed a goal of devising what he called a ...
international law: the body of legal rules, norms, and standards that apply between sovereign states and other entities that are legally recognized as international actors. The term was coined by the English ... [54 Related Articles]
International Law Commission: (from the article "arbitration") The UN's International Law Commission submitted to the General Assembly in 1955 a Convention on Arbitral Procedure. Its model rules would not become binding on any UN member-state unless they ...
International Law, Institute of: international organization founded in Ghent, Belgium, in 1873 to develop and implement international law as a codified science responsible for the legal morality and integrity of the civilized world. In ... [2 Related Articles]
International League: (from the article "baseball") ...baseman Bud Fowler, pitcher George Stovey, pitcher Robert Higgins, and Frank Grant, a second baseman who was probably the best black player of the 19th century, were on rosters of ...
International League of Independent Base Ball Clubs: (from the article "Negro league") There were two attempts to establish leagues for black teams in the early years of the 20th century. The first was in 1906 when the International League of Independent Base ...
International Legal Aid Association: (from the article "legal aid") In 1958 the International Bar Association sponsored the organization of the International Legal Aid Association, the purpose of which is to (1) compile and maintain a directory of legal aid ...
International Lesbian and Gay Association: (from the article "gay rights movement") The International Lesbian and Gay Association was founded in Coventry, England, in 1978. Now headquartered in Brussels, it lobbies for human rights and fights discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and ...
International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects, Convention on: (from the article "space law") ...economic responsibility to each country for the recovery of its equipment, and confirmed the control of each space power over the vehicles that it launches. Another important treaty, the 1972 ...
International Load Line Convention: (from the article "ship") ...Shipping Act of 1890 required all foreign ships leaving British ports to comply with the load-line regulations. This led to the adoption of load-line rules by most maritime countries, and ...
International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union: (from the article "Bridges, Harry") Australian-born American labour leader, president of the San Francisco-based International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union (ILWU) from 1937 to 1977.
International Map of the World: (from the article "map") The International Geographical Congress in 1891 proposed that the participating countries collaborate in the production of a 1:1,000,000-scale map of the world. Specifications and format were soon established, but production ...
International Maritime Organization: United Nations (UN) specialized agency created to develop international treaties and other mechanisms on maritime safety; to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping ... [8 Related Articles]
International Maritime Satellite Organization: (from the article "space exploration") ...Intelsat membership grew to 144 countries before a decision was made in 1999 to change the ownership of the organization from national governments to the private sector. A similar consortium, ...
International Measurement System: (from the article "Sailing") One result of this accommodation was a growing dissatisfaction with the scientific prediction methods of the International Measurement System (IMS), which lacked an "arbitrary correction to hit" mechanism when practice ...
International Meteorological Committee: (from the article "Beaufort scale") ...in 1838 it became mandatory for log entries in all ships in the Royal Navy. Altered to include observations of the state of the sea and phenomena on land as ...
International Meteorological Organization: (from the article "World Meteorological Organization") ...meteorological observation system, the application of meteorology to other fields, and the development of national meteorological services in less-developed countries. The WMO was preceded by the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), ...
International Military Tribunals for the Far East: (from the article "war crime") Japanese defendants accused of war crimes were tried by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which was established by a charter issued by U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur. ...
International Mind Sports Association: (from the article "bridge") In 2005 the governing bodies of bridge, chess, draughts (checkers), and go formed the International Mind Sports Association. The aim was to engage in a dialogue with the International Olympic ...
International Missionary Council: (from the article "Christianity") ...was unique-a landmark and watershed for all that was to follow. Largely Western in membership, but with 17 Asian delegates, it created a Continuation Committee that in 1921 became the ...
International Monetary Fund: United Nations (UN) specialized agency, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to secure international monetary cooperation, to stabilize currency exchange rates, and to expand international liquidity (access to ... [66 Related Articles]
International Morse Code: (from the article "Morse Code") ...that the original Morse Code was inadequate for the transmission of much non-English text, since it lacked codes for letters with diacritic marks. To remedy this deficiency, a variant called ...
International Motorboating, Union of: (from the article "motorboat") The Union of International Motorboating was founded in 1922 to serve as a clearinghouse for European (and currently world) racing records. The major divisions in motorboat competition are between various ...
International Museum of Ceramics: (from the article "Faenza") ...in the 15th and 16th centuries, Faenza was famous for the production of majolica (glazed pottery; see Faenza majolica). Examples of ceramics of every age and origin are contained in ...
International Museums Office: (from the article "museum, operation of") The first organized cooperation among museums at the international level arose through the League of Nations' Committee of Intellectual Cooperation. In 1922 the Committee established an International Museums Office, which ...
International News Service: (from the article "United Press International") American-based news agency, one of the largest proprietary news wire services in the world. It was created in 1958 upon the merger of the United Press (UP; 1907) with the ...
international novel: (from the article "American literature") ...(1897), What Maisie Knew (1897), The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Golden Bowl (1904). The earliest of these were international novels wherein conflicts arose from ...
International Office of Public Health: (from the article "World Health Organization") ...Although it inherited specific tasks relating to epidemic control, quarantine measures, and drug standardization from the Health Organization of the League of Nations (set up in 1923) and the International ...
International Offshore Racing Rule: (from the article "rating rule") ...primarily under the Cruising Club of America (CCA) and the Royal Ocean Racing Club (RORC) measurement rules after the 1930s. The major international races of 1970 were the first run ...
International Olympic Truce Foundation: (from the article "The Olympic Truce") ...among athletes and spectators, if not governments. Emphasis on a kind of Olympic peace has become a major feature of modern Olympic ideology. In the year 2000 Olympic officials established ...
International Opium Convention: (from the article "marijuana") International trade in marijuana and hashish was first placed under controls during the International Opium Convention of 1925. By the late 1960s most countries had enforced restrictions on trafficking and ...
International Order of the King's Daughters and Sons: (from the article "Bottome, Margaret McDonald") American columnist and religious organizer, founder of the Christian spiritual development and service organization now known as the International Order of the King's Daughters and Sons. She attended school in ...
international organization: institution drawing membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. The Union of International Associations, a coordinating ... [10 Related Articles]
International Organization for Migration: (from the article "Social Protection") Three groundbreaking policy reports on the global dimensions of migration appeared in 2005. The International Organization for Migration's (IOM's) biennial World Migration Report addressed costs and benefits of international migration ...
International Organization for Standardization: specialized international organization founded in Geneva in 1947 and concerned with standardization in all technical and nontechnical fields except electrical and electronic engineering (the responsibility of the International Electrotechnical Commission). ... [5 Related Articles]
International Organization of Consumers Unions: (from the article "consumer advocacy") Consumers International (formerly the International Organization of Consumers Unions) is a worldwide association of consumer groups. Some members-especially in Asia-operate only in a single city, whereas others, such as the ...
International Paper Company: major American manufacturer of pulp and paper products, including printing paper, specialty paper products, packaging materials, lumber, and manufactured construction materials. It also is one of the world's largest private ... [1 Related Articles]
international payment and exchange: respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in which national currencies are bought and sold by those who require them for such payments. Countries may ... [9 Related Articles]
International Peace Bureau: international organization founded in 1891 in Bern, Switz., to create a central office through which peace activities of several countries could be coordinated. The Peace Bureau was awarded the Nobel ... [2 Related Articles]
International Peace Garden: park that straddles the North Dakota (U.S.)-Manitoba (Can.) border in the Turtle Mountain Valley. It is situated about 30 miles (50 km) north of the geographical centre of North America ...
International Petroleum Company: (from the article "Belaunde Terry, Fernando") Public outcry over an agreement with an American corporation, the International Petroleum Company, on the development of oil fields in northern Peru led to Belaunde's deposal by a military junta ...
International Phonetic Alphabet: (IPA), an alphabet developed with the intention of enabling students and linguists to learn and record the pronunciation of languages accurately, thereby avoiding the confusion of inconsistent, conventional spellings and ... [3 Related Articles]
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: international organization of doctors who are opposed to the nuclear arms race and who seek to educate the public on the catastrophic medical consequences that would result from a nuclear ... [1 Related Articles]
International Planned Parenthood Federation: (from the article "birth control") ...by 1930. A conference was held in Sweden in 1946. The first birth control clinic in India opened in 1930, and in 1952 in Bombay, Margaret Sanger took the first ...
International Polar Commission: (from the article "Antarctica") The importance of coordinating polar science efforts was recognized in 1879 by the International Polar Commission meeting in Hamburg, Ger., and thus the 11 participating nations organized the First International ...
International Polar Year: (from the article "Antarctica") On March 1, 2007, the International Polar Year (IPY) began with an official ceremony in Paris, coordinated with events in the United States (New York City and Anchorage, Alaska), Australia, ...
International Police Association: (from the article "police") ...D.C., draws its members largely from the United States and is the leading voice in the United States for professional police standards. It is active in training, research, and public ...
international political economy: (from the article "political economy") International political economy studies problems that arise from or are affected by the interaction of international politics, international economics, and different social systems (e.g., capitalism and socialism) and societal groups ...
International Pool Tour: (from the article "Billiard Games") In early 2005 came news of a series of eight-ball competitions with prizes surpassing anything ever before seen in the game. The International Pool Tour (IPT) was sponsored by Kevin ...
International Postal Congress: (from the article "Universal Postal Union") ...postal service was made at an international conference in Paris in 1863; previously, international postal exchange had been regulated by a plethora of bilateral agreements. At the first International Postal ...
International Prime Meridian Conference: (from the article "Fleming, Sir Sandford") ...problem, Fleming advocated the adoption of a standard, or mean, time with hourly variations from it according to a system of time zones. His efforts were instrumental in the convening ...
International Pro Hockey League: (from the article "ice hockey") ...in Houghton, Michigan. The team, the Portage Lakers, was owned by a dentist named J.L. Gibson, who imported Canadian players. In 1904 Gibson formed the first acknowledged professional league, the ...
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour: (from the article "child labour") ...current goals is to identify and resolve the "worst forms" of child labour; these are defined as any form of labour that negatively impacts a child's normal development. In 1992 ...
International Quilt Festival: (from the article "quilting") The International Quilt Festival, founded by Karey Bresenhan in 1974, holds an annual conference in Houston, Texas. Other groups include the American Quilt Study Group, National Quilting Association, Quilt Heritage ...
International Radio and Television Organization: (from the article "broadcasting") ...than 40 associate members, including the United States and most Commonwealth and former French colonial countries, as well as Japan and several Latin-American countries. A parallel organization, the International Radio ...
International Rapids: (from the article "Saint Lawrence River and Seaway") The St. Lawrence of the International Rapids section forms a clearly defined region extending from Kingston to above Montreal, where the presence of sudden breaks of gradient in the riverbed, ...
International Refugee Organization: (IRO), temporary specialized agency of the United Nations that, between its formal establishment in 1946 and its termination in January 1952, assisted refugees and displaced persons in many countries of ... [2 Related Articles]
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea: (from the article "ship") ...has brought near-uniformity to regulations governing ship operation and aspects of ship design and equipage that bear on safety. Nearly all the world's maritime states, for example, have adopted the ...
international relations: history of world diplomacy and events from the period of World War I to the last decade of the 20th century. [19 Related Articles]
international relations: the study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies, political parties, and interest groups). It is related to a ...
international religion: (from the article "Middle Eastern religion") ...factor in that system was "social justice," whereby the weak was always protected in conflicts of interest with the strong. This had an important place in what may be called ...
International Rescue Committee: international humanitarian aid organization based in the United States and Europe. Organized in 1933 at the request of Albert Einstein to assist German victims and enemies of Nazism, the IRC ...
International Rice Research Institute: (from the article "Asia") ...and the yield per acre for cereals has increased substantially since the late 1960s. These improved yields can be attributed to partnership between international organizations, such as the International Rice ...
International Roots Festival: (from the article "Gambia, The") ...beaches, diverse birdlife, and pleasant climate between October and April. Tourism declined after the 1994 coup, but efforts to revive it had met with some success by the end of ...
International Rose Test Garden: (from the article "Portland") This heavily forested city contains more than 14 square miles (36 square km) of parkland, including the 5,000-acre (2,000-hectare) Forest Park on the northwest side. The International Rose Test Garden ...
International Rowing Federation: (from the article "rowing") Local and national organizations, amateur and professional, were formed in this period, and in 1892 the Federation Internationale des Societes d'Aviron (FISA; the International Rowing Federation) was founded. Events in ...
International Rugby Board: (from the article "Football") Argentina's progression was one of the most pleasing aspects of the competition as the Pumas upset France in the third-place game. The International Rugby Board (IRB), which welcomed more than ...
International Rule: (from the article "rating rule") Metric classes were created by the International Rule, adopted in 1906, which was more complex than the Universal Rule but retained many of its factors. In the late 1920s the ...
International Sailing Federation: (from the article "Sailing") ...gold). Spain was next with three, while seven nations won two medals each. More significantly, the remaining medals were awarded to 11 different countries-an illustration of the success of the ...
International School of Nuclear Science and Engineering: (from the article "nuclear engineering") The International School of Nuclear Science and Engineering was established at Argonne National Laboratory in 1955. The school was created to meet the international need for trained scientists and engineers, ...
International Sea-Bed Authority: (from the article "diplomacy") ...quo, perhaps redistributing benefits or ending hostilities. Some of the most difficult negotiations plow new ground, as do those that create new cooperative or regulatory institutions, such as the International ...
international seabed: (from the article "Sea, Law of the") ...airspace of this area are open to use by all countries, except for those activities prohibited by international law (e.g., the testing of nuclear weapons). The bed of the high ...
International Security Assistance Force: (from the article "Afghanistan") During the year the command of NATO's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was expanded by stages to include many of the U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan, and in September NATO officials ...
International Seismological Centre: (from the article "earthquake") ...of origin and epicentres is for the period 1899-1903. In subsequent years, cataloging of earthquakes has become more uniform and complete. Especially valuable is the service provided by the International ...
International Serials Data System: (from the article "International Standard Serial Number") ...should be agreed upon for assignment of a standard citation control element; serial numbers, including new assignments for a changed title, are provided through guidelines established by the International Serials ...
International Settlements, Bank for: international bank established at Basel, Switz., in 1930, as the agency to handle the payment of reparations by Germany after World War I and as an institution for cooperation among ... [2 Related Articles]
International Ship and Port Facility Security Code: (from the article "Jamaica") ...security upgrade, in April Jamaica's ports-the DOS focus of the drug-running business-became the first in the Caribbean to be certified under the International Maritime Organization's International Ship and Port Facility ...
International Shooting Union: (from the article "shooting") Although there was a world championship in 1897, later world championships fell under the supervision of the international governing body, the International Shooting Union (ISU), formed in 1907 and reorganized ...
International Skating Union: (from the article "Figure Skating's New Judging System") The tidal wave of criticism spawned by the judging scandal at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, prompted the International Skating Union (ISU) to devise a reformed ...
International Ski Federation: (from the article "speed skiing") ...men and women compete on a circuit of tracks around the world, though mostly in Europe. The main governing body for speed skiing events is the Federation Internationale de Ski ...
International Snowboarding Federation: (from the article "skiing") Originally, snowboarding competitions were governed by the International Snowboarding Federation (ISF), which was formed in 1991 and began holding world championships in 1992. The FIS recognized snowboarding as a sport ...
International Society for Infectious Diseases: (from the article "ProMED-mail: Reporting Outbreaks on the Internet") ProMED-mail was established as a nonprofit project of the Federation of American Scientists in 1994. In 1999, ProMED-mail became a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. The network ...
International Society of Christian Endeavor: interdenominational organization for Protestant youth in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It was founded in 1881 by Francis Edward Clark, who served as president until 1927. Members of the ... [1 Related Articles]
International Sociological Association: (from the article "sociology") ...regional, international, and specialized sociological organizations. These groups institutionalized the subject and continue to guide its directions and define its boundaries. Eventually in 1949 the International Sociological Association was established ...
International Softball Federation: (from the article "softball") The Federation Internationale de Softball (International Softball Federation), which was formed in 1952, acts as liaison between more than 40 softball organizations of several countries. Headquarters are in Oklahoma City, ...
International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Program: (from the article "space exploration") ...(1964-69). In the 1980s NASA, ESA, and Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science undertook a cooperative venture to develop a comprehensive series of space missions, named the International Solar-Terrestrial ...
International Space Station: space station assembled in low Earth orbit largely by the United States and Russia, with assistance and components from a multinational consortium. [19 Related Articles]
International Standard Book Number: in bibliography, 10-digit number assigned before publication to a book or edition thereof, which identifies the work's national, geographic, language, or other convenient group, and its publisher, title, edition, and ...
International Standard Serial Number: in bibliography, eight-digit number that provides a concise and unambiguous identification code for serial publications. Unlike the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), this number's only significance is its unique identification ...
International Steel Group: (from the article "Economic Affairs") In April London-based steel tycoon Lakshmi Mittal (see Biographies) acquired Ohio-based International Steel Group to create the world's largest steelmaker. Mittal Steel in October bought Kryvorizhstal, Ukraine's ...
International Style: architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and '30s and became the dominant tendency in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th ... [16 Related Articles]
International Style: (from the article "Haines, Jackson") Having won the U.S. men's figure-skating championship, he went to Europe in 1865. Although his skating style (called International) was rejected in the United States and England, he became a ...
International Sunshine Society: (from the article "Alden, Cynthia May Westover") The International Sunshine Society, incorporated in 1900, was headed by Alden for the rest of her life. In 1902 the society established a sanatorium in Bensonhurst for blind children (in ...
International Surfing Association: (from the article "surfing") ...world surfing championships at Sydney. Surfers formed the International Surfing Federation during the 1964 contest and the federation assumed responsibility for organizing world championships. (The International Surfing Association [ISA] superseded ...
International System of Units: international decimal system of weights and measures derived from and extending the metric system of units. Adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and ... [10 Related Articles]