| | - International Bureau of Education
- (from the article "Andrews, Fannie Fern Phillips") ...as a representative of the U.S. Bureau of Education and the New England Women's Press Association. Her plan for a bureau of education in the League of Nations was rejected ...
- International Bureau of Weights and Measures
- international organization founded to bring about the unification of measurement systems, to establish and preserve fundamental international standards and prototypes, to verify national standards, and to determine fundamental physical constants. ... [4 Related Articles]
- International Business Machines Corporation
- leading American computer manufacturer, with a major share of the market both in the United States and abroad. Its headquarters are in Armonk, N.Y. [26 Related Articles]
- International Campaign to Ban Landmines
- international coalition of more than 1,400 nongovernmental organizations established in 1992 to ban the use, production, trade, and stockpiling of antipersonnel land mines. In 1997 the coalition was awarded the ... [3 Related Articles]
- International Canoe Federation
- (from the article "canoeing") ...Internationale Reprasentationsschaft des Kanusport was founded in 1924 and won men's canoeing a place in the Olympic Games in 1936. After World War II, the organization was reconstituted as the ...
- International Casting Federation
- (from the article "fishing") Casting is an adjunct sport, much as shooting is for hunting, under the supervision of the International Casting Federation (founded 1955) with member groups in about 30 countries in the ...
- International Center of Photography
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") The work of Hungarian photographer Andre Kertesz (1894-1985) traveled to the International Center of Photography (ICP), New York City, in a comprehensive exhibition organized by the National Gallery of Art, ...
- International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
- (from the article "World Bank") ...for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ...
- International Centre of Genetic Epistemology
- (from the article "Piaget, Jean") ...at the University of Neuchatel, and in 1929 he joined the faculty of the University of Geneva as professor of child psychology, remaining there until his death. In 1955 he ...
- International Chamber of Commerce
- (from the article "commerce, chamber of") The one trade association that is truly international in scope is the International Chamber of Commerce. Founded in 1920, it is a world federation of business organizations, business firms, and ...
- International Church of the Foursquare Gospel
- Pentecostal denomination established by Aimee Semple McPherson, a popular revivalist preacher, in Los Angeles in 1927. During a revival campaign in Oakland, California, U.S., four years earlier, "Sister" Aimee claimed ... [2 Related Articles]
- International Civil Aviation Organization
- intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN). Established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944), which had been signed by 52 states three years earlier ... [4 Related Articles]
- International Civil Aviation, Convention of
- (from the article "International Civil Aviation Organization") intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN). Established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944), which had been signed by 52 states three years earlier ...
- International Code of Medical Ethics
- (from the article "health law") Although the Hippocratic oath has largely been superseded by such modern oaths as the Declaration of Geneva, the International Code of Medical Ethics, and the Canons of the American Medical ...
- International College of Surgeons
- (from the article "Thorek, Max") ...he felt the need for an international organization of surgeons dedicated to maintaining the highest possible standards of surgery and at the same time providing instruction for younger men. The ...
- International Cometary Explorer
- (from the article "comet") In 1957 the Swedish physicist Hannes Alfven predicted the draping of the magnetic lines of the solar wind around the cometary ionosphere. This phenomenon was detected by the International Cometary ...
- international comity
- (from the article "international law") International law is distinct from international comity, which comprises legally nonbinding practices adopted by states for reasons of courtesy (e.g., the saluting of the flags of foreign warships at sea). ...
- international commercial arbitration
- (from the article "arbitration") International commercial arbitration between traders of different countries has long been recognized by the business community and the legal profession as a suitable means of settling trade controversies out of ...
- International Commission for Weather Telegraphers
- (from the article "Beaufort scale") ...as originally drawn up made no reference to the speed of the wind, and various attempts, particularly during the 20th century, have been made to correlate the two. An attempt ...
- International Commission on Air Navigation
- (from the article "traffic control") The first attempt to develop air traffic control rules occurred in 1922 under the auspices of the International Commission on Air Navigation (ICAN) under the direction of the League of ...
- International Commission on Illumination
- (from the article "colour") ...be graphically represented on a standard chromaticity diagram (see also the location of emerald green on a chromaticity diagram). Standardized by the Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) in 1931, the chromaticity diagram ...
- International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation
- (from the article "Curie, Marie") ...her with a gram of radium bought as the result of a collection among American women. She gave lectures, especially in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia. She was made a ...
- International Commission on Stratigraphy
- (from the article "Quaternary") ...Geological Congress (IGC) in London that the base of the Pleistocene Series should be fixed in marine rocks exposed in the coastal areas of Calabria in southern Italy. As ratified ...
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- international nongovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, that seeks to aid victims of war and to ensure the observance of humanitarian law by all parties in conflict. The work of ... [4 Related Articles]
- International Committee on Weights and Measures
- (from the article "second") ...precision in timekeeping. In 1956 the second was redefined by the International Committee on Weights and Measures as 1/31,556,925.9747 of the length of the tropical (seasonal) year 1900. In 1967 ...
- International Compact with Iraq
- (from the article "United Nations") In late July 2006 the government of Iraq and the United Nations, with the support of the World Bank, launched the five-year International Compact with Iraq. This agreement committed the ...
- International Composers' Guild
- (from the article "Varese, Edgard") Varese actively promoted performances of works by other 20th-century performers and founded the International Composers' Guild in 1921 and the Pan-American Association of Composers in 1926; these organizations were responsible ...
- International Conciliation, Association for
- (from the article "Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d'") In 1905 he set up in Paris the Association for International Conciliation, with branches in a number of other countries. He was active in securing the summoning of the second ...
- International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
- the world's principal organization of national trade union federations. The ICFTU was formed in 1949 by Western trade union federations that had withdrawn from the World Federation of Trade Unions ... [4 Related Articles]
- International Conference on Chemicals Management
- (from the article "The Environment") On Feb. 4-6, 2006, environment ministers attended the first International Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM), which was held in Dubai under the auspices of the UN Environment Programme. The ICCM ...
- International Conference on Population and Development
- (from the article "feminism") ...female genital surgery had been chosen as conference priorities without consulting the women most concerned. It seemed that their counterparts in the West were not listening to them. During the ...
- International Conference on the Limitation of Armaments
- (from the article "Root, Elihu") ...law and served on the commission of jurists that established the Permanent Court of International Justice (1920-21). President Warren Harding appointed him one of four U.S. delegates to the International ...
- International Congregational Council
- (from the article "World Alliance of Reformed Churches (Presbyterian and Congregational)") cooperative international organization of Presbyterian, Congregational, and Reformed churches that was formed in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1970 by the merger of the International Congregational Council with the Alliance of the ...
- International Congress of Mathematicians
- (from the article "Fields Medal") ...the number of prize medals to increase starting in 1966. Medalists also receive a small (currently $1,500) cash award. A related award, the Rolf Nevanlinna Prize, has also been presented ...
- International Congress of Women
- (from the article "Salomon, Alice") In 1904 she helped found the International Congress of Women and in 1920 was chosen its vice president. She also was active in the field of public health and was ...
- International Congresses of Heraldry and Genealogy
- (from the article "heraldry") The unorganized condition of heraldry in many European countries has spurred private attempts to bring some order into the field. The movement known as the International Congresses of Heraldry and ...
- International Congresses of Modern Architecture
- (from the article "urban planning") ...period European governments mounted massive housing and rebuilding programs within their devastated cities. These programs were guided by the principles of modernist planning promulgated through the Congres International d'Architecture Moderne ...
- International Consultative Radio Committee
- (from the article "International Telecommunication Union") ...the Telecommunication Standardization Sector, which was formed by the merger of the former International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee with the standards-setting activities of the International Consultative Radio Committee and ...
- International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea
- (from the article "shipping route") The first International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea was convened at London in 1913 as a result of the sinking of the British steamer Titanic. At the convention, ...
- International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea
- (from the article "ship") ...the deck) for large ships while calling for more stringent protection of openings in decks and superstructures. The Convention on International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and the International ...
- International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
- (from the article "The Environment") ...compounds from industry, agriculture, and transport. International restrictions on the emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides from ships went into force on May 19 as part of Annex VI ...
- International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
- (from the article "patent") ...they wish to claim the right to exclude others from manufacturing, using, or selling their inventions. Efforts have been made to facilitate this process, the first major result of which ...
- International Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
- (from the article "World Heritage site") ...inscribed on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List. The sites are designated as having "outstanding universal value" under the Convention Concerning the Protection of ...
- International Convention on Load Lines
- (from the article "ship") ...following accidents. The IMO has produced a regulatory literature too extensive to detail here, but four conventions that have the greatest bearing on ship operation can be mentioned. The International ...
- International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
- (from the article "international law") ...of Human Rights (1948; UDHR). The UDHR has been supplemented by an impressive range of international treaties, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, ...
- International Convention on the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
- (from the article "Military Affairs") After seven years of negotiations, the UN General Assembly adopted the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. States that signed the treaty would be required to ...
- International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
- international organization that promotes marine research in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea, and the North Sea. Established in 1902, the ICES originally included as members Denmark, Finland, Germany, ... [2 Related Articles]
- International Council of Museums
- (from the article "museum, operation of") ...Cooperation. In 1922 the Committee established an International Museums Office, which initiated a number of studies and publications until it went out of existence in 1946. In that year the ...
- International Council of Scientific Unions
- (from the article "Antarctica") ...the maximum sunspot activity expected in 1957-58. (The earlier, second polar year was a year of sunspot minimum.) The idea quickly germinated and grew: a formalized version was adopted by ...
- International Council of Women
- organization, founded in 1888, that works with agencies around the world to promote health, peace, equality, and education. [2 Related Articles]
- International Council on Alcohol and Addictions
- (from the article "alcohol consumption") ...international cooperation. The International Bureau Against Alcoholism, founded in 1907, became, in 1964, the International Council on Alcohol and Alcoholism-and more recently was renamed the International Council on Alcohol and ...
- International Council on Archives
- (from the article "library") The International Council on Archives (ICA) was established with the help of UNESCO in 1948, and the first International Congress of Archivists was held in Paris in 1950. Early and ...
- International Court of Justice
- the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). The idea for the creation of an international court to arbitrate international disputes first arose during the various conferences that produced ... [23 Related Articles]
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- (from the article "capital punishment") ...imposed, with a view toward abolishing it altogether. This resolution was reaffirmed by the General Assembly in 1977. Optional protocols to the European Convention on Human Rights (1983) and to ...
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
- (from the article "human rights") Just as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights elaborates upon most of the civil and political rights enumerated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, so the International ...
- International Cricket Council
- (from the article "Cricket") Test cricket was naturally curtailed by two International Cricket Council (ICC) World Cups in 2007. The original 50-over version, held in the West Indies in April, was retained by two-time ...
- international crime
- (from the article "international law") ...controversial aspect of international law has been the suggestion, made by the International Law Commission in its 1996 draft on State Responsibility, that states can be held responsible for "international ...
- International Criminal Court
- permanent judicial body established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) to prosecute and adjudicate individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. On July ... [24 Related Articles]
- international criminal law
- body of laws, norms, and rules governing international crimes and their repression, as well as rules addressing conflict and cooperation between national criminal-law systems. See also international law; conflict of laws.
- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
- (from the article "Bosnia and Herzegovina") For the first time in its 14-year history, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) met in Sarajevo, to hear testimony by a jailed Bahraini who fought with ...
- International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda
- (from the article "Law") The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) continued to pressure Kenya to arrest Felicien Kabuga, a Rwandan who stood accused of having financed the genocidal activities of the Hutu in...Rwanda
- International Date Line
- imaginary line extending between the North Pole and the South Pole and arbitrarily demarcating each calendar day from the next. It corresponds along most of its length to the 180th ... [2 Related Articles]
- International Dental Federation
- (from the article "dentistry") Associations of dentists, dental journals, and dental schools exist in almost every country of the world. The Federation Dentaire Internationale (International Dental Federation) was founded in 1900 and has met ...
- International Development Association
- United Nations specialized agency affiliated with but legally and financially distinct from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). It was instituted in September 1960 to make loans ... [3 Related Articles]
- international economy
- (from the article "economic systems") A third change again involves the international economy, this time through the creation of new institutions for the management of international economic trade. A number of capitalist nations have met ...
- International Ellipsoid of Reference
- (from the article "map") ...Ross Clarke) of 1866 have been much used in polyconic and other tables. A later determination by Clarke in 1880 reflected the several geodetic surveys that had been conducted during ...
- International Energy Agency
- (from the article "Venezuela") ...$30 billion. Proven domestic reserves of liquid petroleum stood at 86.7 billion bbl and, with the inclusion of viscous oil reserves from the Orinoco Tar Sands, approached 260 billion bbl. ...
- international exchange
- (from the article "Economic Affairs") The main developments in international exchange rates during 1997 were the volatile swings in the value of the Japanese yen and a strong advance by the British pound sterling and ...
- International Falls
- city, seat (1906) of Koochiching county, northern Minnesota, U.S. The city is situated opposite Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada, on the Rainy River (bridged), near its outlet on Rainy Lake. The ...
- international federation
- (from the article "Olympic Games") For each Olympic sport there must be an international federation (IF), to which a requisite number of applicable national governing bodies must belong. The IFs promote and regulate their sport ...
- International Federation for Information and Documentation
- international library organization that was founded in 1895 as the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) to promote a unified and centralized approach to bibliographic classification. The IIB was founded by ... [1 Related Articles]
- International Federation of Business and Professional Women
- (from the article "Phillips, Lena Madesin") ...1926 to 1929 she served as president of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs, and during that period she initiated the movement that culminated in the founding ...
- International Federation of Human Rights
- international nongovernmental organization of human rights groups focused on promoting adherence to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Established in 1922 with 10 members, the organization grew to include ...
- International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
- (from the article "library") ...institute has many international committees, and some, especially those concerned with classification research and the constant revision of the Universal Decimal Classification, are very active. The International Federation of Library ...
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
- international organization responsible for encouraging the formation of and aiding national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The federation shared the Nobel Prize for Peace with the International Committee of ... [1 Related Articles]
- International Festival of Poetry
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...in fiction with the novel Laura Laur (1983). Although poetry no longer enjoys the influence it once did as a vehicle for the expression of collective identity, events such as ...
- International Finance Corporation
- United Nations (UN) specialized agency affiliated with but legally separate from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Founded in 1956 to stimulate the economic development of its ... [4 Related Articles]
- International Financial Services Centre
- (from the article "Dublin") Traffic through the port of Dublin has grown steadily since the 1990s. In 1987 the International Financial Services Centre was established in the former northern dock area, under the Custom ...
- International Fixed Calendar
- (from the article "calendar") ...festivals and all rest days fixed on the same dates every year, as in the original Julian calendar, this arrangement would be more convenient, and two general schemes have been ...
- International Folk Dance movement
- (from the article "folk dance") Another outstanding and influential teacher from the settlement movement was Vytautas Finadar (Vyts) Beliajus, a Lithuanian who immigrated to the United States as a teenager. His family joined relatives in ...
- International Friendship Gardens
- (from the article "Michigan City") ...is now a museum. Also in the city is the Indiana State Prison (1860), from which John Dillinger escaped in 1933. Purdue University North Central campus is at Westville, 5 ...
- International Fund for Agricultural Development
- United Nations (UN) specialized agency that supports increased food production in poor communities. Partly in response to severe famines in the southern Sahara in the early 1970s, the 1974 World ...
- International Game Fish Association
- (from the article "fishing") The establishment of the International Game Fish Association in 1939 did much to promote big-game fishing and to regulate it, supervising marine-fishing competitions, establishing various weight categories for lines, and ...
- International Geographical Union
- (from the article "geography") ...before the first meetings in London (1895) and the United States (1904), and thus the notion was perpetuated at least among some that geography was still a "European" discipline. The ...
- International Geological Congress
- (from the article "Earth Sciences") In August 2004 thousands of geologists from all over the world shared recent developments in Earth science at the quadrennial International Geological Congress (the 32nd) in Florence. The themes of ...
- International Geophysical Year
- worldwide program of geophysical research that was conducted from July 1957 to December 1958. IGY was directed toward a systematic study of the Earth and its planetary environment. The IGY ... [9 Related Articles]
- international gold standard
- (from the article "gold standard") In an international gold-standard system, gold or a currency that is convertible into gold at a fixed price is used as a medium of international payments. Under such a system, ...
- International Gothic
- (from the article "painting, Western") The style of European painting prevalent during the last half of the 14th century and the early years of the 15th is frequently called International Gothic. There were certainly at ...
- international governmental organization
- (from the article "international organization") ...having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. The Union of International Associations, a coordinating body, differentiates between the more than 250 international ...
- International Grandmaster
- (from the article "Ashley, Maurice") first African American to earn an International Grandmaster chess title.
Federation Internationale des EchecschessThe world championship and FIDE...players in various age ...
- International HapMap Project
- (from the article "Human Genome Project") Advances in genetics and genomics continue to emerge. Two important advances include the International HapMap Project and the initiation of large-scale comparative genomics studies, both of which have been made ...
- International Herald Tribune
- daily newspaper published in Paris, France, that has long been the staple source of English-language news for American expatriates, tourists, and businesspeople in Europe. It is considered the first "global" ...
- International Hotel Group
- (from the article "China") ...2006 was to double their spending on China's hot real estate to $7 billion, and in June Citigroup said it wanted to increase its investment in real estate in China ...
- International Hydrographic Organization
- (from the article "map") ...Admiralty and other chart-producing countries, maintains worldwide coverage that is constantly updated. The National Ocean Service (originally Survey) maintains charts of U.S. coastal waters. The International Hydrographic Organization (until 1967 ...
- International Hydrological Decade
- (from the article "hydrologic sciences") In 1965 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) initiated the International Hydrological Decade (IHD), a 10-year program that provided an important impetus to international collaboration in hydrology. ...
- International Ice Hockey Federation
- (from the article "Ice Hockey") The hockey world had a decidedly red and white hue in 2007 as Canada won the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) world championships at the senior men's, women's, and junior ...
- International Ice Patrol
- patrol established in 1914 by the agreement of 16 nations with shipping interests in the North Atlantic Ocean after the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank (1912). The patrol ... [2 Related Articles]
- International Indian Ocean Expedition
- (from the article "Indian Ocean") ...Year (1957-58) and in subsequent years, scientific explorations of the southern Indian Ocean were carried out by Australian, New Zealand, Soviet, French, Japanese, and other expeditions. The International Indian Ocean ...
- International Institute of Administrative Sciences
- (from the article "public administration") Until World War II there was relatively little exchange among nations of ideas about public administration. As early as 1910, however, a professional organization, which eventually became the International Institute ...
- International Institute of Agriculture
- (from the article "Lubin, David") Polish-born American merchant and agricultural reformer whose activities led to the founding (1905) of the International Institute of Agriculture as a world clearinghouse for data on crops, prices, and trade ...
- International Institute of Genealogy and Heraldry, The
- (from the article "heraldry") ...a meeting in Barcelona, Spain. A second Congress was held in Rome and Naples in 1953, and from that time regular meetings occurred at two- or three-year intervals. From these ...
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