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intermediate rock: (from the article "felsic and mafic rocks") In a widely accepted silica-content classification scheme, rocks with more than 65 percent silica are called felsic; those with between 55 and 65 percent silica are intermediate; those with between ...
intermediate technology: (from the article "Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich") German-born British economist who developed the concepts of "intermediate technology" and "small is beautiful."
intermediate value theorem: (from the article "Brouwer's fixed point theorem") When restricted to the one-dimensional case, Brouwer's theorem can be shown to be equivalent to the intermediate value theorem, which is a familiar result in calculus and states that if ...
intermediate vector boson: (from the article "intermediate vector boson") type of boson associated with the electromagnetic and weak forces in unified form. See W particle.discovery by RubbiaRubbia, Carlo...those previously ...
intermediate yellow fever: (from the article "yellow fever") ...a monkey) to humans via any one of a number of forest-living mosquitoes (e.g., Haemagogus in South America, A. africanus in Africa); and (3) ...
intermediate-density lipoprotein: (from the article "Human plasma lipoproteins") The major classes of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Disorders that affect lipid metabolism may be caused by defects ...
intermediate-period comet: (from the article "comet") ...their longest-period cutoff to 20 years. This leaves 135 short-period comets (new style) in the Catalog; the 20 others having periods between 20 and 200 years are ...
intermediate-range ballistic missile: (from the article "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty") The INF Treaty defined intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) and ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCMs) as those having ranges of 1,000 to 5,500 km (620 to 3,400 miles) and shorter-range ballistic missiles ...
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty: nuclear-arms-control accord reached by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987 in which those two nations agreed to eliminate their stocks of intermediate-range and shorter-range (or "medium-range") land-based ... [7 Related Articles]
intermediate-term financing: (from the article "business finance") Whereas short-term loans are repaid in a period of weeks or months, intermediate-term loans are scheduled for repayment in 1 to 15 years. Obligations due in 15 or more years ...
intermembral index: (from the article "primate") ...a continuum of change from a hindlimb-dominated gait to a forelimb-dominated one. The best single indicator of gait, one that has the added advantage of being strictly quantitative, is the ...
intermembranous ossification: (from the article "bone formation") ...osteoid into this membrane to form a spongelike network of bony processes called trabeculae. The new bone formation radiates outward from ossification centres in the membrane. This process is called ...
intermetallic compound: any of a class of substances composed of definite proportions of two or more elemental metals, rather than continuously variable proportions (as in solid solutions). The crystal structures and the ... [1 Related Articles]
intermezzo: in music and theatre, an entertainment performed between the acts of a play; also a light instrumental composition. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, classical and contemporary plays were ... [7 Related Articles]
Interministerial Committee for Credit and Savings: (from the article "Italy") ...a number of unique features, although its framework is similar to that of other European countries. The Bank of Italy is the central bank and the sole bank of issue. ...
intermittent: (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...for Edison as a supplier of films. Raff and Gammon persuaded Edison to buy the rights to a state-of-the-art projector, developed by Thomas Armat of Washington, D.C., which incorporated a ...
intermittent printing: (from the article "motion-picture technology") ...the raw stock. In continuous printing, the master film and the raw stock both run continuously. Continuous printing is usually contact printing but can be optical, through a projected slit. ...
intermittent projector: (from the article "television") In the intermittent projector, which more nearly resembles the type used in theatre projection, each frame of film is momentarily held stationary in the projector while a brief flash of ...
intermittent-combustion engine: (from the article "internal-combustion engine") ...engines. The continuous-combustion engine is characterized by a steady flow of fuel and oxidizer into the engine. A stable flame is maintained within the engine (e.g., jet engine). The intermittent-combustion ...
Intermix Media: (from the article "Murdoch, Rupert") ...Corporation, a major provider of long-distance telecommunications services in the United States. Murdoch subsequently looked to increase his company's Internet holdings, and in 2005 he bought Intermix Media, owner of ...
intermodal perception: (from the article "space perception") ...of one another. Each modality by itself can produce consistent perception of the distances of objects. Ordinarily, however, the individual relies on the collaboration of all senses (so-called intermodal perception).
intermodal transportation: (from the article "railroad") ...largest. Concern to maximize payload capacity in relation to tare vehicle weight led in the century's last quarter to U.S. and European adoption of articulation for cars in certain uses, ...
intermodulation distortion: (from the article "distortion") ...amplification or attenuation of the various frequency components of the signal, and phase distortion refers to changes in the phase relationships between harmonic components of a complex wave. Intermodulation distortion ...
intermolecular compression: (from the article "high-pressure phenomena") ...of an array of discrete, rigid molecules that are linked to one another by weak hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Compression in these materials generally occurs by large ...
intermolecular distance: (from the article "gas") One of the easiest properties to work out is the average distance between molecules compared to their diameter; water will be used here for this purpose. Consider 1 gram of ...
intermolecular forces: (from the article "chromatography") The forces attracting solutes to the two phases are the normal forces existing between molecules-intermolecular forces. There are five major classes of these forces: (1) the universal, but weak, interaction ...
intermolecular pair potential function: (from the article "chemical bonding") Molecules cohere even though their ability to form chemical bonds has been satisfied. The evidence for the existence of these weak intermolecular forces is the fact that gases can be ...
intermolecular reaction: (from the article "reaction mechanism") The distinction between intermolecular and intramolecular processes is often useful. In intermolecular reactions, covalency changes take place in two separate molecules; in intramolecular reactions, two or more reaction sites within ...
internal anal sphincter: (from the article "anal canal") The lower anal canal and the anal opening are composed of two muscular constrictions that regulate fecal passage. The internal sphincter is part of the inner surface of the canal; ...
internal audit: (from the article "auditing") Internal auditing, designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a company's accounting system, is relatively new. Perhaps the most familiar type of auditing is the administrative audit, or pre-audit, in which ...
internal ballistics: (from the article "ballistics") science of the propulsion, flight, and impact of projectiles. It is divided into several disciplines. Internal and external ballistics, respectively, deal with the propulsion and the flight of projectiles. The ...
internal capsule: (from the article "nervous system, human") ...callosum, and association fibres connecting different regions of a single hemisphere. Myelinated fibres projecting to and from the cerebral cortex form a concentrated fan-shaped band, known as the internal capsule. ...
internal carotid artery: (from the article "carotid artery") ...in the arch of the aorta over the heart; the right originates in the brachiocephalic trunk, the largest branch from the arch of the aorta. Each common carotid artery divides ...
internal conversion: (from the article "gamma decay") ...decay, known as gamma emission, gamma rays (photons, or packets of electromagnetic energy, of extremely short wavelength) are radiated. Gamma decay also includes two other electromagnetic processes, internal conversion and ...
internal energy: in thermodynamics, the property or state function that defines the energy of a substance in the absence of effects due to capillarity and external electric, magnetic, and other fields. Like ... [7 Related Articles]
internal fixation: (from the article "bone disease") Internal fixation (osteosynthesis) of bone is aimed at restoration of continuity and stability during healing of a fracture, arthrodesis, or osteotomy (see below). For this purpose a variety of metal screws, ...
internal friction: (from the article "soil mechanics") ...How the soil of a given site will support the stresses put upon it by the weight of structures, or how it will respond to movement in the course of ...
internal language: (from the article "mathematics, foundations of") It turns out that each topos T has an internal language L(T), an intuitionistic type theory whose types are objects and whose terms are arrows of T. Conversely, every type ...
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization: secret revolutionary society that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to make Macedonia an autonomous state but that later became an agent serving Bulgarian interests in Balkan ... [5 Related Articles]
internal medicine: medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and medical, as opposed to surgical, treatment of diseases of adults. It is broadly identical with the practice of the physician, as opposed ...
internal migration: (from the article "Canada") During the first two decades of the 20th century, the notable feature of internal migration was the movement from eastern Canada to the Prairie Provinces. Although British Columbia has continued ...
internal mixer: (from the article "plastic") The workhorse mixer of the plastics and rubber industries is the internal mixer, in which heat and pressure are applied simultaneously. The Banbury ® mixer, shown in Figure 1, resembles ...
internal motive: (from the article "motivation") Motives have also sometimes been classified into "pushes" and "pulls." Push motives concern internal changes that have the effect of triggering specific motive states. Pull motives represent external goals that ...
internal pair production: (from the article "internal pair production") electromagnetic process classified as a form of gamma decay. See gamma decay; pair production.gamma decaygamma decay...are emitted together. Internal conversion ...
internal pressure: (from the article "rock") ...scaling of experimental parameters-several conditions. Two types of pressure may be simulated: confining (hydrostatic), due to burial under rock overburden, and internal (pore), due to pressure exerted by pore fluids ...
internal realism: (from the article "Putnam, Hilary") ...in the mid-1970s Putnam gradually abandoned his earlier scientific realism, which he now characterized as "metaphysical," in favour of a pragmatically-oriented view that he called "internal realism." Extrapolating from results ...
internal reconstruction: (from the article "linguistics") The comparative method is used to reconstruct earlier forms of a language by drawing upon the evidence provided by other related languages. It may be supplemented by what is called ...
internal recycling: (from the article "recycling") There are two broad types of recycling operations: internal and external. Internal recycling is the reuse in a manufacturing process of materials that are a waste product of that process. ...
internal relation: (from the article "Idealism") It seems natural to suppose, as non-Idealists usually do, that the consideration of two things in their relatedness to one another can have no effect on the things themselves-i.e., that ...
Internal Revenue Service: (from the article "automation") Many government services are automated by means of computers and computerized databases. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of the U.S. government must review and approve the tax returns of millions ...
internal rhyme: rhyme between a word within a line and another word either at the end of the same line or within another line, as in the second and fourth lines of ...
internal symmetry: (from the article "physics") Other symmetry properties not obviously related to space and time (and referred to as internal symmetries) characterize the different families of elementary particles and, by extension, their composites. Quarks, for ...
internal urinary sphincter: (from the article "nervous system, human") ...urine is retained by activation of sympathetic pathways originating from lateral horns in spinal segments T₁₁-L₂; these cause contraction of smooth muscle that forms the internal urinary sphincter. The external ...
internal wave: (from the article "ocean") Gravity waves also occur on internal "surfaces" within oceans. These surfaces represent strata of rapidly changing water density with increasing depth, and the associated waves are called internal waves. Internal ...
internal-combustion engine: any of a group of devices in which the reactants of combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the products of combustion serve as the working fluids of the engine. Such an ... [15 Related Articles]
internal-consistency method: (from the article "psychological testing") Internal-consistency methods of estimating reliability require only one administration of a single form of a test. One method entails obtaining scores on separate halves of the test, usually the odd-numbered ...
internally displaced person: (from the article "United Nations") ...resulted from changes in the way that UNHCR statistics were reported, most of the 56% increase reflected increases in the real numbers of cases. The most dramatic change occurred in ...
International Academy of Astronautics: (from the article "Karman, Theodore von") ...Research and Development (AGARD), of which he was chairman until his death. In 1956 his efforts brought into being the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS) and, in 1960, ...
International Accounting Standards Board: (from the article "accounting") ...a group in New York City consisting of 114 professional accounting bodies; the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC), which was founded in London in 1973 and succeeded by the IASB ...
International Accounting Standards Committee: (from the article "accounting") ...to help in harmonizing accounting standards. These groups have included the International Federation of Accountants, a group in New York City consisting of 114 professional accounting bodies; the International Accounting ...
International Aerobatics Commission: (from the article "aerobatics") Competition aerobatics became organized on a worldwide basis in 1960, when the International Aerobatics Commission (CIVA) of the FAI was founded as the world governing body. Britain's international Lockheed Trophy ...
international agreement: instrument by which states and other subjects of international law, such as certain international organizations, regulate matters of concern to them. The agreements assume a variety of form and style, ... [6 Related Articles]
International AIDS Conference: (from the article "Health and Disease") More than 17,000 delegates gathered in Bangkok on July 11-16, 2004, for the 15th International AIDS Conference, the theme of which was "Access for All." The biennial event had evolved ...
International Air Transport Association: (from the article "transportation economics") ...from the government operations. International airline operations and services are regulated by strict treaties between the nations exchanging airline service. Actual fares are established by the International Air Transport Association ...
International Alliance of Social Democracy: (from the article "Marx, Karl") ...countries. The students, he hoped, would be the officers of the revolution. He acquired followers, mostly young men, in Italy, Switzerland, and France, and he organized a secret society, the ...
International Amateur Swimming Federation: (from the article "Swimming") With swimmers from around the world focusing on the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, the level of competition heated up in 2007. The highlight of the year was the 12th ...
International Amateur Wrestling Federation: (from the article "wrestling") ...was local and national from the early 19th century on, regional competition began late in the 19th century, and in 1911 the Federation Internationale de Lutte Amateur (FILA; International Amateur ...
International America's Cup Class: (from the article "America's Cup") ...a New Zealander 132-foot (40-metre) monohull, had to be decided in the courts and provoked a redefinition of the rules governing future races. For 1992, a new and faster yacht ...
International Anarchist Congress: (from the article "anarchism") ...purist anarchist theoreticians were disturbed by the monolithic character of syndicalist organizations, which they feared might create powerful interest structures in a revolutionary society. At the International Anarchist Congress in ...
international arbitration: (from the article "arbitration") Controversies between sovereign states that are not settled by diplomatic negotiation or conciliation are often referred, by agreement of both parties, to the decision of a third disinterested party, who ...
International Association for Labour Legislation: (from the article "child labour") ...the first International Labour Conference in Berlin in 1890. Although agreement on standards was not reached at that time, similar conferences and other international moves followed. In 1900 the International ...
International Association for Liberal Christianity and Religious Freedom: (from the article "Unitarianism and Universalism") ...and Canada. (Canadian congregations are also members of the Canadian Unitarian Council.) The UUA is a member of the International Association for Religious Freedom, which was founded in 1900 as ...
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators: (from the article "Antarctica") Antarctic tourism in 2004 recovered from the post-2001 decline. The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators reported that a record 19,771 tourists landed in the Antarctic in the 2003-04 austral ...
International Association of Athletics Federations: track-and-field organization of national associations of more than 160 countries. It was founded as the International Amateur Athletic Association at Stockholm in 1912. In 1936 the IAAF took over regulation ... [7 Related Articles]
International Association of Bioethics: (from the article "bioethics") The field of bioethics has grown most rapidly in North America, Australia and New Zealand, and Europe. Cross-cultural discussion also has expanded and in 1992 led to the establishment of ...
International Association of Chiefs of Police: (from the article "police") In addition to giving police an ideal to strive toward, Vollmer also helped to transform the International Association of Chiefs of Police, founded in 1893, into a truly national police ...
International Association of Holistic Health Practitioners: (from the article "holistic medicine") The term holistic medicine became especially fashionable in the late 20th century (the International Association of Holistic Health Practitioners was founded in 1970, assuming its current holistic name in 1981). ...
International Association of Lighthouse Authorities: (from the article "lighthouse") ...the character of the light, and the interval at which it repeats itself is called the period. The number of different characters that can be used is restricted by international ...
International Association of Universities: nongovernmental educational organization founded in 1950 to promote cooperation at the international level among the universities of all countries as well as among other bodies concerned with higher education and ...
International Associations, Union of: (from the article "international organization") institution drawing membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. The Union of International Associations, a coordinating ...
International Astronomical Union: senior body governing international professional astronomical activities worldwide, with headquarters in Paris. It was established in 1919 as the first of a series of international unions for the advancement of ... [9 Related Articles]
International Atomic Energy Agency: autonomous intergovernmental organization dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic energy to the world's peace and well-being and ensuring that agency assistance is not used for military purposes. The IAEA ... [17 Related Articles]
International Atomic Time: (from the article "atomic time") ...generated by atomic clocks, which furnish time more accurately than was possible with previous astronomical means (measurements of the rotation of the Earth and its revolution about the Sun). International ...
International Baccalaureate: (from the article "aptitude test") ...The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing Exam (ACT) are examples of group tests commonly used in the United States to gauge general academic ability; in France ...
International Ballet: British dance company. Founded in 1941 by Mona Inglesby to bring classical ballet to new urban and provincial audiences, it performed in cinemas and arenas, as well as at more ...
International Ballet Competitions: one of the world's most prestigious dance competitions, open to both male and female dancers of all countries, and much like the Olympic Games in purpose. The first International Ballet ...
International Bank for Economic Cooperation: international bank instituted by an agreement signed by Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union in October 1963 to facilitate economic cooperation among the member ... [1 Related Articles]
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: (from the article "World Bank") The World Bank Group comprises five constituent institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee ...
International Bank of Taiwan: (from the article "Taiwan") ...Critics regarded the reform a failure. The government push for internationalization of the banking industries yielded some initial success. London-based Standard Chartered purchased Hsinchu International Bank of Taiwan for $1.2 ...
International Bar Association: (from the article "bar association") There are many international associations of lawyers, the most prominent being the International Bar Association, a voluntary group of national bar associations and some individual lawyers, which is dedicated, among ...
International Baseball Association Australia: (from the article "baseball") ...Baseball League, a four-team league that started in 1990, and the Taiwan Major League, a four-team league that began operations in 1997. Australia has an eight-team professional league, the International ...
International Baseball Federation: (from the article "baseball") ...Further, play by U.S. military teams helped make baseball a minor sport in The Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, England, Spain, Australia, and Tunisia. Amateur teams worldwide are represented by the International ...
International Bible Students Association: (from the article "Jehovah's Witness") member of a millennialist sect that developed within the larger 19th-century Adventist movement in the United States and has since spread worldwide. The Jehovah's Witnesses are an outgrowth of the ...
international bill of rights: (from the article "United Nations") ...International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in 1966. The covenants, which entered into force in 1976, are known collectively, along with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as the ...
International Boundary Waters Treaty: (1909), treaty between the United States and Great Britain establishing an International Joint Commission of Americans and Canadians to oversee any issue related to waters on the boundary between the ...
International Bowling Association: (from the article "bowling") ...were roundly defeated by their hosts. The outcome was the same in 1926, at which time teams from Denmark, Finland, Norway, The Netherlands, and Germany joined the Swedes and Americans ...
International Bowling Board: (from the article "bowls") ...this is sometimes achieved by knocking aside an opponent's bowl or the jack. A form of bowls was played in ancient Egypt, and by the Middle Ages the game was ...
International Boxing Federation: (from the article "Boxing") ...knocking out Jesus Ruiz (Mexico) in the sixth round of a bout on June 9 in Hartford, Conn., and stopping Epifanio Mendoza (Colombia) in the fourth round of a bout ...
International Brigades: groups of foreign volunteers who fought on the Republican side against the Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). So called because their members (initially) came from some 50 ... [3 Related Articles]
International Broadcast Institute: (from the article "broadcasting") ...bodies, including the United Nations Department of Public Information and the Culture and Communication Sector of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The International Broadcast Institute, created ...
International Broadcasting Society: (from the article "broadcasting") ...The Caribbean Broadcasting Union is headquartered in Christ Church, Barbados, and is an association of National Broadcasting Systems of the Commonwealth, Caribbean, and Other Regional States. The International Broadcasting Society ...