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integument: in biology, network of features that forms the covering of an organism. The integument delimits the body of the organism, separating it from the environment and protecting it from foreign ... [7 Related Articles]
Intel 1103: (from the article "Intel Corporation") ...were semiconductor memories, which were then 10 times more expensive than magnetic core memories (the industry standard at the time). The company achieved its first breakthrough in 1970 with the ...
Intel 4004: (from the article "computer") In 1969 Busicom, a Japanese calculator company, commissioned Intel Corporation to make the chips for a line of calculators that Busicom intended to sell. Custom chips were made for many ...
Intel 8008: (from the article "computer") It became a little easier to see the potential of microprocessors when Intel introduced an eight-bit processor, the 8008, in November 1972. (In 1974 the 8008 was reengineered with a ...
Intel 8080: (from the article "Intel Corporation") Intel's 8080 (introduced 1974) was an eight-bit microprocessor-i.e., it processed information in groups of eight bits (binary digits) at a time. The world's first general-purpose microprocessor, the 8080 provided some ...
Intel 8088: (from the article "Intel Corporation") ...general-purpose microprocessor, the 8080 provided some of the first microcomputers used in cash registers, automatic teller machines, and a wide range of consumer products. IBM chose to use Intel's 8088 ...
Intel Corporation: American manufacturer of semiconductor computer circuits. Besides microprocessors, the company makes microcontrollers (single-chip computers), memory chips, computer modules and boards, network and conferencing products, and parallel supercomputers. Its headquarters are ... [12 Related Articles]
intellectual disability: any of several conditions characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning and impaired adaptive behaviour that are identified during the individual's developmental years. Increasingly, sensitivity to the negative connotations of the label ... [15 Related Articles]
intellectual history: (from the article "Berlin, Sir Isaiah") British philosopher and historian of ideas who was noted for his writings on political philosophy and the concept of liberty. He is regarded as one of the founders of the ...
intellectual property: (from the article "Literature") A battle over intellectual property was launched when 15 eminent literary figures banded together to stem the flow of writers' archives to universities in the U.S. The group, which included ...
intellectual virtue: (from the article "Aristotle") ...to say, the activity of rational soul in accordance with virtue. There are two kinds of virtue: moral and intellectual. Moral virtues are exemplified by courage, temperance, and liberality; the ...
intellectual-property law: the legal regulations governing an individual's or an organization's right to control the use or dissemination of ideas or information. Various systems of legal rules exist that empower persons and ... [3 Related Articles]
intelligence: in government and military operations, evaluated information concerning the strength, activities, and probable courses of action of foreign countries or nonstate actors that are usually, though not always, enemies or ... [4 Related Articles]
intelligence: in military science, information concerning an enemy or an area. The term is also used for an agency that gathers such information.
intelligence agent: (from the article "intelligence") Counterintelligence is aimed at protecting and maintaining the secrecy of a country's intelligence operations. Its purpose is to prevent spies or other agents of a foreign power from penetrating the ...
Intelligence and Research, Bureau of: (from the article "intelligence") Through its Bureau of Intelligence and Research, the Department of State collects, analyzes, and disseminates large quantities of political, economic, and cultural information about countries in which the United States ...
intelligence appraisal: (from the article "intelligence") ...assembly of these accurate items into a complete, understandable document that responds to the needs of the operational leader. More often than not the resulting product, which is usually called ...
Intelligence Directorate: (from the article "Central Intelligence Agency") The CIA is organized into four major directorates. The Intelligence Directorate analyzes intelligence gathered by overt means from sources such as the news media and by covert means from agents ...
intelligence satellite: (from the article "space exploration") ...which began operation in 1960, the United States built increasingly complex observation and electronic-intercept intelligence satellites. The Soviet Union also quickly developed an array of intelligence satellites, and later a ...
intelligence test: series of tasks designed to measure the capacity to make abstractions, to learn, and to deal with novel situations. [6 Related Articles]
intelligence, animal: (from the article "animal learning") The idea that animals might differ in intelligence, with those more closely related to humans sharing more of their intellectual abilities, is commonly traced back to Charles Darwin. This is ...
intelligence, human: mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment. [15 Related Articles]
Intelligence, Office of: (from the article "Federal Bureau of Investigation") ...by the USA PATRIOT Act (formally the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001). In 2003 the FBI established an ...
intelligent agent: (from the article "complexity") Intelligent and adaptive agents. Not only are there a medium-sized number of agents, but these agents are "intelligent" and adaptive. This means that they make decisions on the basis of ...
intelligent design: argument intended to demonstrate that living organisms were created in more or less their present forms by an "intelligent designer." [8 Related Articles]
intelligentsia: (from the article "Lenin, Vladimir Ilich") The principal obstacle to the acceptance of Marxism by many of the Russian intelligentsia was their adherence to the widespread belief of the Populists (Russian pre-Marxist radicals) that Marxism was ...
Intellympiad: (from the article "bridge") ...(checkers), and go formed the International Mind Sports Association. The aim was to engage in a dialogue with the International Olympic Committee and to try to organize the World Mind ...
Intelsat: organization founded in 1964 by the telecommunication agencies of 18 nations, including the United States, which proposed the organization. Intelsat owns communications satellites and the ground stations from which they ... [3 Related Articles]
Intelsat 1: (from the article "Intelsat") The consortium contracted with the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to launch its satellites. The first of these was Early Bird, later renamed Intelsat 1, which was placed ...
Intelsat 2: (from the article "satellite communication") ...service between the United States and Europe as a supplement to existing transatlantic cable and shortwave radio links. Intelsat 1 carried 240 voice circuits or one television channel. The Intelsat ...
Intelsat 3: (from the article "satellite communication") ...240 voice circuits or one television channel. The Intelsat 2 series of satellites (launched 1967) together offered full coverage of the Atlantic and Pacific regions, and each satellite of the ...
Intelsat 4: (from the article "satellite communication") ...offered full coverage of the Atlantic and Pacific regions, and each satellite of the Intelsat 3 series (1968-70) provided more than 1,500 voice circuits or four television channels. The Intelsat ...
Intelsat VII: (from the article "telecommunications media") A typical modern GEO satellite such as Intelsat VII has more than 50 separate microwave transponders that service a number of simultaneous users based on a time-division multiple access (TDMA) ...
intendancy: (from the article "Latin America, history of") A major Bourbon reform, taking place mainly in the 1780s, was the creation of large districts called intendancies (the word and model were French). Each was headed by an official ...
intendant: (from the article "China") ...checks and balances existed in the diffused network of regional officials. The empire was divided into circuits, which were units of supervision rather than administration. Within these circuits, intendants were ...
intendant: (from the article "directing") As Hamlet's advice might indicate, however, directorial control has existed in some form in most theatre productions. The German practice of appointing an Intendant to run a theatre company is ...
intendant: administrative official under the ancien regime in France who served as an agent of the king in each of the provinces, or generalites. From about 1640 until 1789, the intendancies ... [4 Related Articles]
intendente: royal official appointed by the 18th-century kings of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain. Modeled after the French intendants, the intendentes were to serve as instruments of royal centralization and administrative ... [3 Related Articles]
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source: (from the article "Argonne National Laboratory") ...facilities that are available for collaborative and interdisciplinary use by government, academic, and industrial scientists. Four of these facilities-the Advanced Photon Source (APS), the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), the ...
intensifier screen: (from the article "radiation measurement") ...reduce the intensity of the X rays needed to produce a visible image. One such technique is to apply emulsion to both sides of the film base. Another is to ...
intension and extension: in logic, correlative words that indicate the reference of a term or concept: "intension" indicates the internal content of a term or concept that constitutes its formal definition; and "extension" ... [5 Related Articles]
intensional entity: (from the article "analytic philosophy") The second important departure of Quine's philosophy was his attempt to show that science can be successfully conducted without reference to what he calls "intensional entities." Among such entities are ...
intensional logic: (from the article "logic, history of") ...were collections or conjunctions of other more basic concepts. Symbols (letters, lines, or circles) were then used to stand for concepts and their relationships. This resulted in what is called ...
intensity: (from the article "painting") The principal dimensions of colour in painting are the variables or attributes of hue, tone, and intensity. Red, yellow, and blue are the basic hues from which all others on ...
intensity interferometry: (from the article "Brown, Robert Hanbury") ...distortion from the image (1952). With Richard Q. Twiss, Brown applied the principles of radio interferometry to measuring the angular size of bright visible stars, thus developing the technique of ...
intensity just noticeable difference: (from the article "sound") ...rather than absolute pressure or intensity changes. At almost any region of the Fletcher-Munson diagram, the smallest change in intensity of a sinusoidal sound wave that can be observed, called ...
intensive agriculture: in agricultural economics, system of cultivation using large amounts of labour and capital relative to land area. Large amounts of labour and capital are necessary to the application of fertilizer, ... [1 Related Articles]
intensive care unit: (from the article "death") With the widespread development of intensive care facilities in the 1950s and '60s, more and more such moribund patients were rushed to specialized units and put on ventilators just before ...
intensive margin: (from the article "rent") ...rent. It was also observed, however, that rent emerged not only as cultivation was pushed to the "extensive margin" (to less fertile acreage) but also as it was pushed to ...
intention: (from the article "crime") One of the most-important general principles of criminal law is that an individual normally cannot be convicted of a crime without having intended to commit the act in question. With ...
intention: (Latin: intentio), in scholastic logic and psychology, a concept used to describe a mode of being or relation. In knowing, the mind is said to "intend" or "tend toward" its ...
intention: (from the article "infancy") ...he begins coordinating his actions to attain an external goal-e.g., knocking down a pillow to obtain a toy hidden behind it. The infant's physical actions thus begin to show greater ...
intentional fallacy: term used in 20th-century literary criticism to describe the problem inherent in trying to judge a work of art by assuming the intent or purpose of the artist who created ... [2 Related Articles]
intentional walk: (from the article "baseball") Occasionally a pitcher will deliberately put a batter on base in order to improve the team's chances of getting outs. The pitcher will issue an intentional walk, four pitches intentionally ...
intentionality: in modern literary theory, the study of authorial intention in a literary work and its corresponding relevance to textual interpretation. With the ascendancy of New Criticism after World War I, ...
intentionality: in phenomenology, the characteristic of consciousness whereby it is conscious of something-i.e., its directedness toward an object. [5 Related Articles]
intentionality clause: (from the article "genocide") ...law"]) of international law, the convention has often been criticized for excluding political and social groups from the list of possible victims of genocide. The so-called "intentionality clause" of the ...
Inter Milan: (from the article "Italy") ...popular team in the country, had its penalty significantly reduced and subsequently won the 2006-07 Serie B championship, which earned it a swift return to Serie A. Meanwhile, long-suffering Inter ...
inter vivos gift: (from the article "property law") ...as moiety, or "half"). In tenancy in common, if one of the tenants dies, his heirs or devisees succeed to his moiety. In joint tenancy, if one of the joint ...
Inter-Allied Control Commission for Factories and Mines: (from the article "international relations") ...factories, and public services in the Ruhr and Rhineland ground to a halt. Poincare steeled his will and dispatched French engineers and workers to revive the Rhine-Ruhr complex through the ...
Inter-Allied Independent Bomber Force: (from the article "Trenchard, Hugh Montague Trenchard, 1st Viscount, Baron Trenchard of Wolfeton") ...standard doctrine of Britain's air force. In January 1918 he became Britain's first chief of air staff, though he resigned the post in April of that year. Subsequently that year, ...
Inter-Allied Propaganda Commission: (from the article "international relations") ...more adept than the Germans at psychological warfare. Propaganda was distributed across German lines by shells, planes, rockets, balloons, and radio. Such activities were given into the hands of an ...
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: (from the article "Belize") ...sparking protests among Maya communities, two of which won a case in the Belizean Supreme Court in 2007 that granted them greater autonomy over their communal landholdings. (Earlier, in 2004, ...
Inter-American Committee on the Alliance for Progress: (from the article "Alliance for Progress") ...of external capital would be needed during the first 10 years; about half was to be obtained from the United States and the rest from international lending agencies and from ...
Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace: (from the article "Pan-American conferences") ...of financial and territorial claims, extradition of criminals, codification of international law, copyrights, patents and trademarks, and the status of aliens and diplomatic personnel. The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance ...
Inter-American Development Bank: international organization founded in 1959 by 20 governments in North and South America to finance economic and social development in the Western Hemisphere. The largest charter subscribers were Argentina, Brazil, ... [4 Related Articles]
Inter-American Geodetic Survey: (from the article "map") Among other collaborations, the Inter-American Geodetic Survey, in which the U.S. Army provides instruction and logistic support for mapping, was organized. Although this cooperation primarily involved Latin-American countries, similar arrangements ...
Inter-American Highway: (from the article "Pan-American Highway") ...of highways connecting North America and South America. Originally conceived in 1923 as a single route, the road grew to include a great number of designated highways in participating countries. ...
Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers: ,Latin-American labour union federation that was established in 1951 as a regional organization for the Latin-American members of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, which had been founded in ...
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance: (from the article "American States, Organization of") ...the United States and declared war against the Axis powers. After this global conflict, all 21 independent nations of the Western Hemisphere agreed in 1947 on a formal mutual-defense pact ...
Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development: (from the article "Djibouti") Djibouti belongs to the United Nations, the Organization of African Unity, the Arab League, and the nonaligned movement. In 1986 Djibouti city became the headquarters of the Inter-Governmental Authority on ...
Inter-Parliamentary Union: international organization of parliaments of sovereign states established in 1889 in Paris to promote representative democracy and world peace. The Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded eight times to leading ... [2 Related Articles]
Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate: (from the article "Pakistan") ...Pakistan-particularly the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) along the Afghan border-became a safe haven for such militants from all parts of the world. The Pakistani military's Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate (ISI) ...
interaction region: (from the article "particle accelerator") ...ring the magnetic fields guide the particles clockwise; in the other the fields are oriented in the opposite direction so as to guide the particles counterclockwise. The rings intersect at ...
interaction space: (from the article "electron tube") ...grids of the buncher cavity. The grids of the cavity enable the electrons to pass through, but they confine the magnetic fields within the cavity. The space between the grids ...
interactionism: in Cartesian philosophy and the philosophy of mind, those dualistic theories that hold that mind and body, though separate and distinct substances, causally interact. Interactionists assert that a mental event, ... [1 Related Articles]
interactive fiction: (from the article "electronic game") ...of the Rings. Written in FORTRAN for the PDP-10 computer, Adventure became the prototype for an entirely new category of games, usually called "interactive fiction," that boasted ...
interactive mode: (from the article "computer science") Further work was required of the operating system with the advent of interactive computing, in which the user enters commands directly at a terminal and waits for the system to ...
interactive multimedia: any computer-delivered electronic system that allows the user to control, combine, and manipulate different types of media, such as text, sound, video, computer graphics, and animation. Interactive multimedia integrate computer, ... [1 Related Articles]
interalveolar septum: (from the article "respiration, human") ...has about 300,000,000 alveoli. They are polyhedral structures, with a diameter of about 250 to 300 micrometres, and open on one side, where they connect to the airway. The alveolar ...
interannual climate variation: (from the article "climate change") Interannual climate variations, including droughts, floods, and other events, are caused by a complex array of factors and Earth system interactions. One important feature that plays a role in these ...
interarc basin: (from the article "ocean") Behind the volcanic line of island arcs are sometimes found young, narrow ocean basins. These basins are bounded on the opposite side by submarine ridges. Such interarc, or backarc, basins ...
interatrial septum: (from the article "human cardiovascular system") The heart is divided by septa, or partitions, into right and left halves, and each half is subdivided into two chambers. The upper chambers, the atria, are separated by a ...
interbrain: (from the article "nervous system, human") The brainstem is made up of all the unpaired structures that connect the cerebrum with the spinal cord. Most rostral in the brainstem are structures often collectively referred to as ...
interbreeding: (from the article "evolution") ...there is more to a species than outward appearance. A bulldog, a terrier, and a golden retriever are very different in appearance, but they are all dogs because they can ...
Intercalans: (from the article "Roman republican calendar") ...and phases of the moon, totaled 355 days, about 10 14 days shorter than the solar year. The occasional intercalation of an extra month of 27 or 28 days, called ...
intercalary meristem: (from the article "meristem") Meristems are classified by their location in the plant as apical (located at root and shoot tips), lateral (in the vascular and cork cambia), and intercalary (at internodes, or stem ...
intercalated disc: (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...cell volume, mitochondria occupy about 25 percent and provide the necessary energy for contraction. To facilitate energy and calcium conductance in cardiac muscle cells, unique junctions called intercalated discs (gap ...
Intercalated Olympic Games: (from the article "Olympic Games") The 1906 Games, often referred to as the Intercalated Olympic Games, introduced some important permanent Olympic customs, including the parade of the nations' teams in ranks around the track, now ...
intercalation: insertion of days or months into a calendar to bring it into line with the solar year (year of the seasons). One example is the periodic inclusion of leap-year day ... [6 Related Articles]
intercellular parasitism: (from the article "parasitism") ...ticks, fleas, leeches, and lice-which live on the body surface of the host and do not themselves commonly cause disease in the host; or endoparasites, which may be either intercellular ...
interception: (from the article "hydrosphere") ...its fall or after it reaches the ground surface. If the surface is covered with dense vegetation, much of the precipitation may be held on leaves and plant limbs and ...
Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance: (from the article "China") The Hong Kong legislature passed a controversial Interception of Communications and Surveillance Ordinance, which allowed authorities to obtain a judge's permission to monitor private communications with telephone wiretaps, e-mail scans, ...
interceptor: (from the article "fighter aircraft") ...that they could be armed and do combat with one another, shoot down enemy bombers, and conduct other tactical missions. Since that time fighters have assumed various specialized combat roles. ...
intercession: (from the article "Christianity") ...there is a special judgment for each individual at once after death. Hence, the logical conclusion is that purgatory ceases with the Last Judgment. The stay in purgatory can be ...
Intercession of the Virgin, Church of the: (from the article "Western architecture") ...the end of the 17th century. The Russians imaginatively transformed its modes into a clearly expressed national style that became known as the Naryshkin Baroque, a delightful example of which ...
Intercession of the Virgin, Church of the: (from the article "Western architecture") Among the outstanding monuments of Vladimir-Suzdal are the church of the Assumption (1158-89), which was to serve as a model for its namesake in the Moscow Kremlin; the church of ...
interchange energy: (from the article "liquid") ...and that between molecule 2 and one of its immediate neighbours is also Gamma₁₂. The change in energy that accompanies this mixing process is equal to twice the interchange energy ...
interchangeable parts: (from the article "Bodmer, Johann Georg") ...their time, his manufacturing ventures were not always successful. In 1803, at St. Blaise in the Black Forest, he established a small firearms factory, employing a special series of machines ...
InterCity 125: (from the article "British Railways") ...the west-coast line from London to Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool was electrified, and in the early 1970s electrification was extended to Glasgow. Track improvements and the High Speed Train (InterCity ...
intercity bus: (from the article "bus") ...low maximum speed, low-ride platform, provision for standing and wheelchair passengers, two entrances on the curb side, low-back seats, and no luggage space. The suburban bus is designed for short ...