| | - Innocent VIII
- pope from 1484 to 1492. [5 Related Articles]
- Innocent X
- pope from 1644 to 1655. [3 Related Articles]
- Innocent XI Blessed
- pope from 1676 to 1689. [4 Related Articles]
- Innocent XII
- original name Antonio Pignatelli pope from 1691 to 1700. [1 Related Articles]
- Innocent XIII
- original name Michelangiolo, or Michelangelo, Dei Conti pope from 1721 to 1724.
- Innoko River
- river, west-central Alaska, U.S. It is the westernmost major tributary of the Yukon River. The Innoko rises in the Kuskokwim Mountains west of the town of McGrath and flows north ...
- innominate artery
- (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...are the right and left coronary arteries, which supply the heart with oxygenated blood. Branching from the arch of the aorta are three large arteries named, in order of origin ...
- innominate vein
- (from the article "vena cava") Not far below the collarbone and in back of the right side of the breastbone, two large veins, the right and left brachiocephalic, join to form the superior vena cava. ...
- Innoshima
- city, eastern Hiroshima ken (prefecture), western Honshu, Japan. Innoshima is coextensive with a small offshore island in the Inland Sea, originally settled by pirates. After the decline ...
- innovation
- (from the article "social change") Some social changes result from the innovations that are adopted in a society. These can include technological inventions, new scientific knowledge, new beliefs, or a new fashion in the sphere ...
- innovation, business
- (from the article "economics") ...progress are achieved not through free competition but by the enlargement of firms and the destruction of competition. According to this view, the giant firms compete not in price but ...
- Inns of Court
- in London, group of four institutions of considerable antiquity that have historically been responsible for legal education. Their respective governing bodies, the benches, exercise the exclusive right of admitting persons ... [7 Related Articles]
- Innsbruck
- city, capital of Bundesland (federal state) Tirol, western Austria, on the Inn at the mouth of the Sill River in the Eastern Alps. First mentioned in 1180 as a small ... [2 Related Articles]
- Innsbruck Olympics
- (from the article "Olympic Games") After narrowly losing the 1960 Games to Squaw Valley, California, U.S., Innsbruck was awarded the 1964 Winter Olympics. It proved well worth the wait. Innsbruck became the first Olympic city ...
- Innsbruck Olympics
- (from the article "Olympic Games") The 1976 Games were originally awarded to Denver, Colorado, U.S., but, fearing environmental damage and an increase in costs, the citizens of Colorado voted against staging the event. Denver withdrew ...
- Innu
- North American Indian peoples who spoke almost identical Algonquian dialects and whose cultures differed chiefly in their adaptation to their respective environments. The southern Innu, or Montagnais, traditionally occupied a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Innuitian Region
- (from the article "Canada") ...mainland. The southeastern islands are an extension of the Canadian Shield. The balance consists of two distinctive landform regions: the Arctic lowlands to the south and the mountains of the ...
- Inoceramus
- genus of extinct pelecypods (clams) found as fossils in Jurassic to Cretaceous rocks (laid down between 208 and 66.4 million years ago). Especially important and widespread in Cretaceous rocks, Inoceramus ... [1 Related Articles]
- inoculation
- process of producing immunity and method of vaccination that consists of introduction of the infectious agent onto an abraded or absorptive skin surface instead of inserting the substance in the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Inoni, Ephraim
- (from the article "Cameroon") Area: 475,442 sq km (183,569 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 18,060,000 | Capital: Yaounde | Chief of state: President Paul Biya | Head of government: Prime Minister Ephraim Inoni ...
- Inonu, battles of
- (from the article "Ataturk, Kemal") ...on this front and replaced by Ismet. The Turkish army stood its ground at the Inonu River, north of Kutahya. They threw the Greeks back on Jan. 10, 1921, at ...
- Inonu, Erdal
- (from the article "Turkey") ...old politicians had been restored, and they figured prominently in the campaign. Demirel reemerged as the leader of the True Path Party (TPP; founded 1983), which won about one-fifth of ...
- Inonu, Ismet
- Turkish army officer, statesman, and collaborator with and successor to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as president of the Turkish Republic. Identified with one-party rule between 1939 and 1946, he later emerged ... [7 Related Articles]
- inorganic chemical preservative
- (from the article "food preservation") Sulfur dioxide and sulfites are perhaps the most important inorganic chemical preservatives. Sulfites are more effective against molds than against yeasts and are widely used in the preservation of fruits ...
- inorganic compound
- any substance in which two or more chemical elements other than carbon are combined, nearly always in definite proportions. Compounds of carbon are classified as organic except for carbides, carbonates, ... [8 Related Articles]
- inorganic pigment
- (from the article "pigment") ...a liquid. In general, the same pigments are employed in oil- and water-based paints, printing inks, and plastics. Pigments may be organic (i.e., contain carbon) or inorganic. The majority of ...
- inorganic scintillator
- (from the article "radiation measurement") Most inorganic scintillators consist of transparent single crystals, whose dimensions range from a few millimetres to many centimetres. Some inorganics, such as silver-activated zinc sulfide, are good scintillators but cannot ...
- inorganic soil
- (from the article "agricultural technology") The inorganic or mineral fraction, which comprises the bulk of most soils, is derived from rocks and their degradation products. The power to supply plant nutrients is much greater in ...
- inosilicate
- any of a class of inorganic compounds that have structures characterized by silicate tetrahedrons (a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms at the corners of a tetrahedron) arranged ... [3 Related Articles]
- inosinic acid
- a compound important in metabolism. It is the ribonucleotide of hypoxanthine and is the first compound formed during the synthesis of purine in organisms. From inosinic acid are derived such ... [1 Related Articles]
- inositol
- any of several stereoisomeric alcohols similar in molecular structure to the simple carbohydrates. The best known of the inositols is myoinositol, named for its presence in muscle tissue, from which ...
- inositol phosphate
- (from the article "drug") ...direct control of ion channels in the cell membrane, (2) regulation of cellular activity by way of intracellular chemical signals, such as cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), inositol phosphates, or calcium ...
- inotropic agent
- (from the article "drug") Inotropic agents are drugs that influence the force of contraction of cardiac muscle, thereby affecting cardiac output. Drugs have a positive inotropic effect if they increase the force of the ...
- Inoue Enryo
- Japanese philosopher and educator who attempted to reinterpret Buddhist concepts so they would be relevant to Western philosophical doctrines. An ardent nationalist, Inoue helped make Buddhism an intellectually acceptable alternative ...
- Inoue Kaoru
- one of the elder statesmen (genro) who ruled Japan during the Meiji period (1868-1912).
- Inoue Tetsujiro
- Japanese philosopher who opposed Christianity as incompatible with Japanese culture and who worked to preserve traditional Japanese values. At the same time, using Western philosophical methods, he helped to create ...
- Inoue Yasushi
- Japanese novelist noted for his historical fiction, notably Tempyo no iraka (1957; The Roof Tile of Tempyo), which depicts the drama of 8th-century Japanese ...
- Inowroclaw
- (from the article "Kujawy") ...all the Kujavian duchies had been reincorporated into two provinces (wojewodztwa)-Brzesc Kujawski (the southeastern portion) and Inowroclaw (the northwestern portion).
- Inowroclaw
- city, Kujawsko-Pomorskie wojewodztwo (province), north-central Poland, in the Kujawy region. First mentioned in 1185 as a trading settlement, Inowroclaw lay on an ancient trade route between southern ...
- inpainting
- (from the article "art conservation and restoration") ...darken or fade with time. Large areas with significant detail missing were often repainted inventively in what was supposed to be the style of the original artist. It is customary ...
- input
- (from the article "automata theory") More general automata are designed to respond to changes in external conditions or to other inputs. For example, thermostats, automatic pilots of aircraft, missile guidance systems, telephone networks, and controls ...
- input
- (from the article "automation") The input to the system is the reference value, or set point, for the system output. This represents the desired operating value of the output. Using the previous example of ...
- input
- (from the article "productivity") Labour input is relatively easy to measure if one is content to count heads of persons engaged in production or, preferably, hours worked. But in fact, the available hours data ...
- input-output analysis
- economic analysis developed by the 20th-century Russian-born U.S. economist Wassily W. Leontief, in which the interdependence of an economy's various productive sectors is observed by viewing the product of each ... [4 Related Articles]
- input/output device
- any of various devices (including sensors) used to enter information and instructions into a computer for storage or processing and to deliver the processed data to a human operator or, ... [4 Related Articles]
- inquest
- judicial inquiry by a group of persons appointed by a court. The most common type is the inquest set up to investigate a death apparently occasioned by unnatural means. Witnesses ...
- inquilinism
- (from the article "termite") A few termites, known as inquilinous species, live only in obligatory association with other termite species. Examples of such obligate relationships are Ahamitermes and Incolitermes species, which live only in ...
- inquisition
- a judicial procedure and later an institution that was established by the papacy and, sometimes, by secular governments to combat heresy. Derived from the Latin verb inquiro ... [36 Related Articles]
- Inquisition, Palace of the
- (from the article "Lisbon") ...over the Baixa, the roofless Gothic shell was converted into an archaeological museum, while its cloister served as the barracks for the National Republican Guard, a paramilitary security force. The ...
- inquisitorial procedure
- in law, one of the two methods of exposing evidence in court (the other being the adversary procedure; q.v.). The inquisitorial system is typical of countries that base their legal ... [3 Related Articles]
- inro
- in Japanese dress, small portable case worn on the girdle. As indicated by the meaning of the word inro ("vessel to hold seals"), these objects, probably originally imported from China, ... [4 Related Articles]
- insanity
- in criminal law, condition of mental disorder or mental defect that relieves a person of criminal responsibility for his conduct. Tests of insanity used in law are not intended to ... [4 Related Articles]
- Insanov, Ali
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") Former health minister Ali Insanov and former economic development minister Farhad Aliyev (no relation to the president) were put on trial in February and May, respectively, following their arrest in ...
- InSAR
- (from the article "Earth Sciences") ...maps and deformations of large and small areas of the crust. Applications included the study of volcanoes, active faults, landslides, oil fields, and glaciers. The technique that was used, called ...
- inscape
- (from the article "Hopkins, Gerard Manley") ...of a philosophy for which he later found support in Duns Scotus, the medieval Franciscan thinker. Hopkins' philosophy emphasized the individuality of every natural thing, which he called "inscape." To ...
- inscription
- (from the article "medicine, history of") ...knowledge are scanty, consisting of clay tablets bearing cuneiform signs and seals that were used by physicians of ancient Mesopotamia. In the Louvre there is preserved a stone pillar on ...
- Inscription House
- (from the article "Navajo National Monument") ...in northeastern Arizona, U.S. Located in the Navajo Reservation, the three sites-Betatakin (Navajo: "Ledge House"), Keet Seel ("Broken Pottery"; see photograph), and Inscription House-are among the best-preserved and most elaborate ...
- Inscription Maritime
- (from the article "Brest") ...crown. Cardinal de Richelieu decided in 1631 to make it a major naval base. It was improved by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and fortified by Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban. The former ...
- Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, Academy of
- (from the article "Paris") ...are the French Academy, founded by Cardinal de Richelieu in 1635, which edits the official French dictionary, awards literary prizes, and has a membership of "40 Immortals"; the Academy of ...
- Inscriptions, Temple of the
- (from the article "Palenque") One of the largest and best-preserved structures, the Temple of the Inscriptions, is noted for its hieroglyphic inscriptions. In 1952 a crypt was discovered under the temple, in which were ...
- insect
- any member of the largest class of the phylum Arthropoda, which is itself the largest of the animal phyla. Insects have segmented bodies, jointed legs, and external skeletons (exoskeletons). Insects ... [44 Related Articles]
- insecticide
- any toxic substance that is used to kill insects. Such substances are used primarily to control pests that infest cultivated plants or to eliminate disease-carrying insects in specific areas. [13 Related Articles]
- insectivore
- the common name applied to any of 450 or so species of mammals-comprising hedgehogs, golden moles, "true" moles, "true" shrews, the moonrat, gymnures, solenodons, and tenrecs-that subsist primarily on insects, ... [3 Related Articles]
- insecure attachment
- (from the article "human behaviour") One significant difference has been detected in the quality of infants' attachment to their caregivers-that between infants who are "securely" attached and those who are "insecurely" attached. Infants with a ...
- insei
- (from the article "Fujiwara Family") ...who did not have a Fujiwara mother, from taking the throne in 1068 nor stop the establishment of a unique scheme of administration aimed at weakening Fujiwara control of the ...
- Insel Verlag
- (from the article "typography") ...his Everyman's Library; Stone and Kimball of Chicago and Thomas Mosher of Maine, who issued small, readable editions of avant-garde writers with Art Nouveau bindings and decorated title pages; the ...
- inselberg
- (from German Insel, "island," and Berg, "mountain"), isolated hill that stands above well-developed plains and appears not unlike an island rising from the sea. ... [6 Related Articles]
- insensible perspiration
- (from the article "perspiration") in most mammals, water given off by the intact skin, either as vapour by simple evaporation from the epidermis (insensible perspiration) or as sweat, a form of cooling in which ...
- insertion
- (from the article "animal") ...segments attached together by flexible joints. Muscles span the joints and attach at each end to different elements. The more stable attachment site of a muscle is called the origin, ...
- insertional mutagenesis
- (from the article "cancer") ...by inserting their genomes into critical sites in the cellular genome-next to or within a proto-oncogene, for example-which thereby converts it into an oncogene. This mechanism, called insertional mutagenesis, can ...
- insha'
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...extant in the 10th century. This Index covered all kinds of literature, from philology to alchemy; but most of these works unfortunately have been lost. In those years manuals of ...
- insha'a Allah
- (from the article "Allah") ...that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is his prophet. For pious Muslims, every action is opened by an invocation of the divine name (basmalah). The formula ...
- inside caliper
- (from the article "caliper") ...calipers; those on the left are an illustration of firm-joint calipers, which are held in place by friction at the joint. Outside calipers measure thicknesses and outside diameters of objects; ...
- Inside Passage
- natural sheltered sea route extending for more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) from Seattle (Wash., U.S.) northwest to Skagway (Alaska, U.S.). It comprises channels and straits between the mainland and ... [2 Related Articles]
- insider trading
- (from the article "Japan") ...(NBS), guilty of padding profits in the balance sheet of his company, Livedoor, an Internet services provider. In a separate case in July, the court convicted fund manager Yoshiaki Murakami ...
- insidious flower bug
- (from the article "flower bug") ...deposited in plant tissue, and the adults pass the winter in piles of plant debris. Flower bugs differ from most heteropterans because they have a well-defined embolium (a section of ...
- insight
- in learning theory, immediate and clear learning or understanding that takes place without overt trial-and-error testing. Insight occurs in human learning when people recognize relationships (or make novel associations between ... [6 Related Articles]
- insolation
- (from the article "atmosphere") The temperature of the atmosphere and surface is influenced by electromagnetic radiation, and this radiation is traditionally divided into two types: insolation from the Sun and emittance from the surface ...
- insolubilia
- (from the article "logic, history of") ...inference generated a literature on "consequences" that went into far more detail than any previous studies. By the late 12th or early 13th century, special treatises were devoted to insolubilia ...
- insoluble fibre
- (from the article "therapeutics") ...by diminishing the time that cancer-producing substances in the diet remain in contact with the bowel wall. Increasing bulk also decreases the concentration of these substances. Dietary fibre can be ...
- insolvency
- financial condition in which the total liabilities of an individual or enterprise exceed the total assets so that the claims of creditors cannot be paid. There are essentially two approaches ... [1 Related Articles]
- insomnia
- the inability to sleep adequately. Causes may include poor sleeping conditions, circulatory or brain disorders, a respiratory disorder known as apnea, stress, or other physical or mental disorders. Insomnia is ... [4 Related Articles]
- inspection
- (from the article "aerospace industry") The most critical portion of maintenance work is inspection to detect cracks, flaws, debonds, delamination, corrosion, and other detrimental changes before they threaten the aircraft. Inspectors do much of their ...
- inspection time
- (from the article "intelligence, human") A different approach was taken in the work of the British psychologist Ian Deary, among others. He argued that inspection time is a particularly useful means of measuring intelligence. It ...
- Inspection, Certificate of
- (from the article "ship") ...thereafter found in the Code of Federal Regulations and are enforced by the United States Coast Guard within U.S. waters. The enforcement functions of the U.S. Coast Guard are largely ...
- Inspector Montalbano
- (from the article "Literature") ...a model city planned by the fascist regime but never brought to completion. Later in the year Camilleri went back to writing detective stories and published La luna di carta, ...
- Inspectorate General of Customs
- (from the article "China") The Zongli Yamen had two offices attached to it: the Inspectorate General of Customs and Tongwen Guan. The former was the centre for the Maritime Custom Service, administered by Western ...
- inspiration
- (from the article "speech") ...and much more frequently during periods of strenuous effort. Quiet respiration at rest as well as deep respiration during physical exertion are characterized by symmetry and synchrony of inhalation (inspiration) ...
- inspiration
- (from the article "eschatology") ...writer Epiphanius, Montanus declared himself the prophet of a third testament, a new age of the Holy Spirit. Phrygia (now in Turkey) became the centre of this movement, whose leaders ...
- inspiration of scripture
- (from the article "biblical literature") ...prophetic utterances, but often their narrative setting has also come to acquire oracular status. Quite different hermeneutical principles, however, have been inferred from this axiom of biblical inspiration: whereas some ...
- installment credit
- in business, credit that is granted on condition of its repayment at regular intervals, or installments, over a specified period of time until paid in full. Installment credit is the ... [1 Related Articles]
- installment loan
- (from the article "consumer credit") Consumer loans fall into two broad categories: installment loans, repaid in two or more payments; and noninstallment loans, repaid in a lump sum. Installment loans include (1) automobile loans, (2) ...
- instant coffee
- (from the article "coffee") ...roasting and grinding machines came into use, vacuum-sealed containers were invented for ground roasts, and decaffeination methods for green coffee beans were developed. After 1950 the production of instant coffee ...
- Instant Insanity
- (from the article "number game") A revival of interest in coloured-cube problems was aroused by the appearance of a puzzle known as Instant Insanity, consisting of four cubes, each of which has its faces painted ...
- instant messaging
- (from the article "Internet") For the individual the Internet opened up new communication possibilities. E-mail has already led to a substantial decline in traditional "snail mail." Instant messaging (IM), or text messaging, continues to ...
- instant potato
- (from the article "vegetable processing") One of the most familiar dehydrated products is instant potatoes. Almost all the mashed potato dishes served in restaurants and institutions are rehydrated instant potatoes. In restaurants and institutions dehydrated ...
- instant replay
- (from the article "magnetic recording") ...uses. Office dictating machines and transcribing units utilize the process for storing spoken messages for later use. Magnetic disk technology has also facilitated and improved a method known as "instant ...
- instant tea
- (from the article "tea") Instant teas are produced from black tea by extracting the liquor from processed leaves, tea wastes, or undried fermented leaves, concentrating the extract under low pressure, and drying the concentrate ...
- instant-picture photography
- (from the article "photography, technology of") ...Because of the messiness of handling liquid chemicals in or just outside the camera, such systems remained largely impractical. In the 1940s Edwin H. Land, a U.S. scientist and inventor, ...
- instantaneous acceleration
- (from the article "mechanics") Thus, one may conclude that the instantaneous acceleration is always perpendicular to v and its magnitude ismeasurementphysical ...
- instantaneous velocity
- (from the article "mechanics") ...of vector subtraction is indicated in Figure 8B. It yields a vector that is nearly perpendicular to r(t) and r(t + Deltat). Indeed, the ...
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