| | - IBM 704
- (from the article "computer") In the early 1950s John Backus convinced his managers at IBM to let him put together a team to design a language and write a compiler for it. He had ...
- IBM OS/2
- an operating system introduced in 1987 by IBM and the Microsoft Corporation to operate the second-generation line of IBM personal computers, the PS/2 (Personal System/2).
- IBM OS/360
- an operating system introduced by IBM in 1964 to operate its 360 family of mainframe computer systems. The 360 system was unprecedented in its ability to support a wide array ...
- IBM PC
- (from the article "Compaq Computer Corporation") ...Instruments, Incorporated, for the purpose of building a portable computer (see the photograph) that could use all of the software and peripheral devices (monitors, printers, modems) created for the IBM ...
- Ibn 'Abbad
- in full Abu 'Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Abi Ishaq Ibrahim an-Nafzi al-Himyari ar-Rundi Islamic theologian who became the leading mystical thinker of North Africa in the 14th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi
- (from the article "Mu'allaqat, Al-") The precise poems included in the Mu'allaqat present another puzzle. The list usually accepted as standard was recorded by Ibn 'Abd Rabbihi and names poems by Imru' al-Qays, Tarafah, Zuhayr, ...
- Ibn 'Ammar
- (from the article "'Abbadid dynasty") ...made Sevilla a brilliant centre of Spanish-Muslim culture. In 1071 he took Cordoba, maintaining a precarious hold on the city until 1075; he held it again, 1078-91, while Ibn 'Ammar, ...
- Ibn 'Aqil
- in full Abu Al-wafa' 'ali Ibn 'aqil Ibn Muhammad Ibn 'aqil Ibn Ahmad Al-baghdadi Az-zafari Islamic theologian and scholar of the Hanbali school, the most traditionalist of the schools of ...
- Ibn Abi 'Asrun
- in full Sharaf ad-Din Abu Sa'd 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Hibat Allah ibn Mutahhar at-Tamimi al-Mawsili ibn Abi 'Asrun, also called al-Halabi or ad-Dimashqi scholar who became a leading ...
- Ibn Abi ad-Dunya
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...into the life of various strata of society during the 9th century have rightly attracted the special interest of Western scholars. Less impressive, but almost as multifaceted, are the treatises ...
- Ibn Abi al-Rijal, Ahmad
- Yemeni scholar and theologian, who is the best source of historical information on the little-known sect of Shi'i Muslims in Yemen called the Zaydis.
- Ibn al-'Arabi
- celebrated Muslim mystic-philosopher who gave the esoteric, mystical dimension of Islamic thought its first full-fledged philosophic expression. His major works are the monumental Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyyah ("The Meccan ... [8 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-'Awwam
- agriculturist who wrote the Arabic treatise on agriculture, Kitab al-fila-hah, the outstanding medieval work on the subject. The Spanish translation, published in the early 1800s, consists of ...
- Ibn al-Abbar
- in full Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad Al-quda'i historian, theologian, and humorist who became one of the most famous students of Islamic Spain.
- Ibn al-Aftas
- (from the article "Aftasid dynasty") ...when it was ruled by his freed slave, Sabur (976-1022). In 1022, at Sabur's death, his minister 'Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn Maslamah, who was known as Ibn al-Aftas, seized ...
- Ibn al-Ash'ath
- Umayyad general who became celebrated as leader of a revolt (AD 699-701) against the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj.
- Ibn al-Athir
- in full Abu Al-hasan 'ali 'izz Ad-din Ibn Al-athir influential Arab historian. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Bawwab
- Arabic calligrapher of the 'Abbasid Age (750-1258) who reputedly invented the cursive rayhani and muhaqqaq scripts. He refined several of the calligraphic styles invented a century earlier by Ibn Muqlah, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Farid
- Arab poet whose expression of Sufi mysticism is regarded as the finest in the Arabic language. [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Haytham
- mathematician and astronomer who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and the use of scientific experiments. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Jawzi
- in full 'Abd ar-Rahman ibn 'Ali ibn Muhammad Abu al-Farash Ibn al-Jawzi jurist, theologian, historian, preacher, and teacher who became an important figure in the Baghdad establishment and a leading ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn al-Kalbi
- (from the article "Arabian religion") ...more specific data on the ancient folklore and religion appear, for instance, in "The Book of the Idols" (Kitab al-Asnam), by the Iraqi genealogist Ibn al-Kalbi (8th-9th century AD), and ...
- Ibn al-Khatib
- (from the article "Ibn Khaldun") ...new ruler, he again fell into disfavour, decided to leave Morocco, and crossed over to Granada, for whose Muslim ruler he had done some service in Fez and whose prime ...
- Ibn al-Mu'tazz
- (from the article "Arabic literature") The caliph, poet, and critic Ibn al-Mu'tazz clearly reflects his personal interests and experience in his own contributions to the hunt poem:The trainer brought out a lithe saluki-hound that ...
- Ibn al-Mudabbir
- (from the article "Egypt") ...officer), who was sometimes appointed by the caliph, sometimes by the governor. When Ahmad entered Egypt in 868 he found the office of 'amil filled by one Ibn al-Mudabbir, who ...
- Ibn al-Muqaffa'
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...and worked in the various offices of the court translated works into Arabic. A major early contributor to this process was an 8th-century Persian scholar, Ruzbih, who adopted the Arabic ...
- Ibn al-Raqa
- (from the article "Jahwarid dynasty") ...(reigned 1043-58) managed through political chicanery to keep the 'Abbadids of Sevilla (Seville) out of Cordoba but eventually resigned his authority to his own vizier, Ibn al-Raqa. When 'Abd al-Malik, ...
- Ibn al-Rumi
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...of all eras are filled with elegies of rulers and important figures. A particular topic of communal mourning is the fall of an entire city to enemy forces. The renowned ...
- Ibn an-Nadim
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...the art of papermaking from the Chinese. Henceforth, cheap writing material was available, and literary output was prodigious. The Fihrist ("Index"), compiled by the bookseller Ibn an-Nadim in 988, gave ...
- Ibn an-Nafis
- Arab physician who first described the pulmonary circulation of the blood. In finding that the wall between the right and left ventricles of the heart is solid and without pores, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn ash-Shatir
- (from the article "mathematics") ...projections of the sphere, and al-Biruni invented such a projection that could be used to produce a map of a hemisphere. The culminating masterpiece was the astrolabe of the Syrian ...
- Ibn Babawayh
- Islamic theologian, author of one of the "Four Books" that are the basic authorities for the doctrine of Twelver (Ithna 'Ashari) Shi'ah.
- Ibn Battutah
- in full Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad Ibn 'abd Allah Al-lawati At-tanji Ibn Battutah the greatest medieval Arab traveller and the author of one of the most famous travel books, the ... [6 Related Articles]
- Ibn Da'ud
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...'udhri ("'Udhrah love")-the lover would rather die than achieve union with his beloved-was expounded by the Zahiri theologian Ibn Da'ud (died 910) in his poetic anthology Kitab az-zahrah ("Book of ...
- ibn Daud, Abraham ben David Halevi
- also called Rabad I physician and historian who was the first Jewish philosopher to draw on Aristotle's writings in a systematic fashion. He is probably more esteemed today for his ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibn Durayd
- in full Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Al-hasan Al-azdi Ibn Durayd Arab philologist who wrote a large Arabic dictionary, Jamharat al-lughah ("Collection of Language").
- ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meir
- poet, grammarian, traveller, Neoplatonic philosopher, and astronomer, best known as a biblical exegete whose commentaries contributed to the Golden Age of Spanish Judaism. [4 Related Articles]
- ibn Ezra, Moses
- Hebrew poet and critic, one of the finest poets of the golden age of Spanish Jewry (900-1200). He was one of the first Jewish poets to write secular verse; his ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibn Falaquera
- Spanish-born Jewish philosopher and translator who propagated a reconciliation between Jewish Orthodoxy and philosophy and defended Maimonides' Guide of the Perplexed against the attacks of the traditionalists.
- Ibn Faraj
- (from the article "Spain") ...al-Ramadi, Sa'id of Baghdad, al-Taliq, and numerous others-this occasional poetry sometimes attained literary heights. In the 10th century Ibn Faraj of Jaen deemed himself to possess sufficient background to compose ...
- Ibn Gabirol
- one of the outstanding figures of the Hebrew school of religious and secular poetry during the Jewish Golden Age in Moorish Spain. He was also an important Neoplatonic philosopher. [8 Related Articles]
- Ibn Haukal
- (from the article "map") ...Europe's Dark Ages Islamic and Chinese cartography made progress. The Arabs translated Ptolemy's treatises and carried on his tradition. Two Islamic scholars deserve special note. Ibn Haukal wrote a Book ...
- Ibn Hayyan
- (from the article "Spain") ...of Spain") by Ibn al-Qutiyyah, date back to the 10th century. In the ta'ifa era the preeminent Spanish historian is Ibn Hayyan of Cordoba (died 1076), whose ...
- Ibn Hazm
- Muslim litterateur, historian, jurist, and theologian of Islamic Spain, famed for his literary productivity, breadth of learning, and mastery of the Arabic language. One of the leading exponents of the ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn Hisham
- (from the article "Ibn Ishaq") in full Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ibn Yasar Ibn Khiyar Arab biographer of the Prophet Muhammad whose book, in a recension by Ibn Hisham, is one of the most important sources ...
- Ibn Hithlayn
- (from the article "Ikhwan") A congress convened by Ibn Sa'ud in October 1928 deposed Ibn Humayd, ad-Dawish, and Ibn Hithlayn, the leaders of the revolt. A massacre of Najd merchants by Ibn Humayd in ...
- Ibn Humayd
- (from the article "Ikhwan") A congress convened by Ibn Sa'ud in October 1928 deposed Ibn Humayd, ad-Dawish, and Ibn Hithlayn, the leaders of the revolt. A massacre of Najd merchants by Ibn Humayd in ...
- Ibn Ishaq
- in full Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ibn Yasar Ibn Khiyar Arab biographer of the Prophet Muhammad whose book, in a recension by Ibn Hisham, is one of the most important sources ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn Jahhaf
- (from the article "Cid, the") ...Valencia and its ruler, al-Qadir, now his tributary. His moment of destiny came in October 1092 when the qadi (chief magistrate), Ibn Jahhaf, with Almoravid political support ...
- Ibn Jami'
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...of embellishments, and Arabian classicism, characterized by simplicity and artistic severity. The Mawsilis represented the older classical tradition; the proponents of modernism were Ibn Jami' and the celebrated singer Prince ...
- Ibn Janah
- perhaps the most important medieval Hebrew grammarian and lexicographer. Known as the founder of the study of Hebrew syntax, he established the rules of biblical exegesis and clarified many difficult ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn Jubayr
- in full Abu Al-husayn Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Jubayr Spanish Muslim known for a book recounting his pilgrimage to Mecca. [3 Related Articles]
- Ibn Kathir
- in full 'imad Ad-din Isma'il Ibn 'umar Ibn Kathir Muslim theologian and historian who became one of the leading intellectual figures of 14th-century Syria.
- Ibn Khafajah
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...colleague in Aleppo, as-Sanawbari (died 945), a classic exponent of the descriptive style. This style in time reached Spain, where the superb garden and landscape poetry of Ibn Khafajah (died ...
- Ibn Khaldun
- the greatest Arab historian, who developed one of the earliest nonreligious philosophies of history, contained in his masterpiece, the Muqaddimah ("Introduction"). He also wrote a definitive history ... [8 Related Articles]
- Ibn Khallikan
- Muslim judge and author of a classic Arabic biographical dictionary. Ibn Khallikan studied in Irbil, Aleppo, and Damascus. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn Killis
- (from the article "Egypt") ...Several Copts held the highest administrative post-the vizierate-without changing their religion. Jews also figured prominently in the government; in fact, a Jewish convert to Islam, Ibn Killis, was the first ...
- Ibn Majah
- (from the article "'ilm al-hadith") ...arranged by matn-those of al-Bukhari (d. 870), Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875), Abu Da'ud (d. 888), at-Tirmidhi (d. 892), Ibn Majah (d. 886), and an-Nasa'i (d. 915)-came to be recognized ...
- Ibn Masarrah
- (from the article "Islam") ...from the Greek philosophers) translated into Arabic. It represented an attempt to bridge the gulf between the absolute One and the multiplicity of forms in Intelligence. The Andalusian mystic Ibn ...
- Ibn Misjah
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...prominent musicians were Arab by birth or acculturation, but the alien element continued to play a predominant role in Islamic music. The first and the greatest musician of the Umayyad ...
- Ibn Miskawayh
- in full Abu 'Ali Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ya'qub Ibn Miskawayh Persian scientist, philosopher, and historian whose scholarly works became models for later generations of Islamic thinkers. [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn Muhriz
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...In the 8th century Yunus al-Katib, author of the first Arabic book of musical theory, compiled the first collection of songs. Other notable musicians of the period were Ibn Muhriz, ...
- Ibn Mujahid
- (from the article "Qur'an") ...in orthography, vocalization, and pronunciation. There were also different interpretations of some verses, which naturally affected their theological significance. In the 10th century the theologian Ibn Mujahid refined the orthography, ...
- Ibn Muqlah
- in full Abu 'ali Muhammad Ibn 'ali Ibn Muqlah one of the foremost calligraphers of the 'Abbasid Age (750-1258), reputed inventor of the first cursive style of Arabic lettering, the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ibn Qutaybah
- writer of adab literature-that is, of literature exhibiting wide secular erudition-and also of theology, philology, and literary criticism. He introduced an Arabic prose style outstanding for its simplicity and ease, ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn Quzman
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...strophic form developed in Spain is the songlike zajal (melody), interesting for its embodiment of dialect phrases and the use of occasional words from Romance languages. Its master was Ibn ...
- Ibn Rashid
- (from the article "Ibn Sa'ud") The Sa'uds ruled much of Arabia from 1780 to 1880; but, while Ibn Sa'ud was still an infant, his family, driven out by their rivals, the Rashids, became penniless exiles ...
- Ibn Rashiq
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...("correct style"), including such topics as grammatical accuracy and plagiarism. Al-'Askari's work was carried on and expanded in another important piece of synthesis, Ibn Rashiq's Al-'Umdah fi ...
- Ibn Sa'd
- (from the article "Muhammad") ...works is the Kitab al-maghazi of al-Waqidi (747-823). The Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir of Ibn Sa'd (died 844/845) is another important source on the life ...
- Ibn Sa'ud
- in full 'abd Al-'aziz Ibn 'abd Ar-rahman Ibn Faysal Ibn Turki 'abd Allah Ibn Muhammad Al Sa'ud tribal and Muslim religious leader who formed the modern state of Saudi Arabia ... [10 Related Articles]
- ibn Shem Tov, Joseph ben Shem Tov
- Jewish philosopher and Castilian court physician who attempted to mediate the disdain shown for philosophy by contemporary Jewish scholars by undertaking a reconciliation of Aristotelian ethical philosophy with Jewish religious ...
- Ibn Shuhayd
- (from the article "Spain") In Arab literature, poetry possesses greater vitality than prose. Even so, there are several prose writers of importance. Ibn Shuhayd (c. 1035) was the author of a work that lent ...
- Ibn Surayj
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...al-Katib, author of the first Arabic book of musical theory, compiled the first collection of songs. Other notable musicians of the period were Ibn Muhriz, of Persian ancestry; Ibn Surayj, ...
- Ibn Taymiyyah
- one of Islam's most forceful theologians who, as a member of the Pietist school founded by Ibn Hanbal, sought the return of the Islamic religion to its sources: the Qur'an ... [8 Related Articles]
- ibn Tibbon, Jacob ben Machir
- French Jewish physician, translator, and astronomer whose work was utilized by Copernicus and Dante. He was highly regarded as a physician and served as regent of the faculty of medicine ...
- ibn Tibbon, Judah ben Saul
- Jewish physician and translator of Jewish Arabic-language works into Hebrew; he was also the progenitor of several generations of important translators.
- ibn Tibbon, Moses ben Samuel
- Jewish physician like his father, Samuel ben Judah ibn Tibbon, and his paternal grandfather, Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, and an important translator of Arabic-language works into Hebrew. His translations ...
- ibn Tibbon, Samuel ben Judah
- Jewish translator and physician whose most significant achievement was an accurate and faithful rendition from the Arabic into Hebrew of Maimonides' classic Dalalat al-ha'irin (Hebrew More nevukhim; English The Guide ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ibn Tufayl
- in full Muhammad Ibn 'abd Al-malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tufayl Al-qaysi, also called Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'abd Al-malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tufayl Al-qaysi Moorish philosopher ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibn Tumart
- Berber spiritual and military leader who founded the al-Muwahhidun confederation in North Africa (see Almohads). The doctrine he taught combined a strict conception of the unity of God with a ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ibn Verga, Solomon
- (from the article "Judaism") That the Almighty himself was not quite omnipotent, at least with respect to the fate of his chosen people, was cautiously hinted in a Hebrew work of history (1550) by ...
- Ibn Wahb
- (from the article "Kharijite") ...other, fight against that which rebels" (49:9). A small number of these pietists withdrew (kharaju) to the village of Harura' under the leadership of Ibn Wahb and, when arbitration proved ...
- Ibn Wahshiyah
- Middle Eastern agriculturist and toxicologist alleged to have written al-Fillahah an-Nabatiyah ("Nabatean Agriculture"), a major treatise dealing with plants, water sources and quality, weather conditions, the causes of deforestation, soils ...
- Ibn Yunus
- (from the article "eclipse") ...or a bright star (for a lunar obscuration). These altitude measurements were later converted to local time. For instance, the lunar eclipse of April 22, ! 981, was recorded by ...
- Ibn Zaydun
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...internal rhymes, and, embodying some popular expressions in the poem's final section, soon achieved a standardized form. The theme is almost always love. Among the greatest lyric poets of Spain ...
- Ibn Zayla
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...as the theory of sound, intervals, genres and systems, composition, rhythm, and instruments, as did others such as as-Sarakhsi, his contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah, and Avicenna's pupil Ibn Zayla. The ...
- Ibn Zuhr
- one of medieval Islam's foremost thinkers and the greatest medical clinician of the western caliphate.
- ibogaine
- hallucinogenic drug and the principal iboga alkaloid, found in the stems, leaves, and especially in the roots of the African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. Ibogaine was isolated from the plant in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Iboundji, Mount
- (from the article "Chaillu Massif") ...rivers and forms the country's main watershed. The range contains Mount Milondo (3,346 feet [1,020 m]), which is 53 miles (85 km) southwest of Koula-Moutou. Other high points in the ...
- Ibrahim
- (from the article "Gama, Vasco da") ...reaching the port of Sofala in East Africa on June 14. After calling briefly at Mozambique, the Portuguese expedition sailed to Kilwa, in what is now Tanzania. The ruler of ...
- Ibrahim
- Ottoman sultan whose unstable character made him prey to the ambitions of his ministers and relatives and to his own self-indulgence; as a consequence, the Ottoman state was weakened by ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II
- (from the article "'Adil Shahi Dynasty") The dynasty's greatest period was during the reign of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II (1579-1626), who extended his frontier as far south as Mysore and was a skillful administrator and a ...
- Ibrahim al-Haqilani
- Latinized form Abraham Ecchellensis Maronite Catholic scholar noted for his Arabic translation of books of the Bible.
- Ibrahim al-Imam
- (from the article "Hashimiyah") In the hands of Muhammad and his successor Ibrahim al-Imam (c. 701-749), the Hashimiyah became a political instrument for stirring up anti-Umayyad sentiment among moderate Shi'ite and non-Arab, especially Iranian, ...
- Ibrahim al-Mawsili
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...experience, and mathematical speculation. The artist was required to possess technical proficiency, creative power, and almost encyclopaedic knowledge. Among the finest artists of the period were Ibrahim al-Mawsili and his ...
- Ibrahim ibn Adham
- (from the article "Islam") ...experience. A variation of the Buddha legend has been transferred onto the person of the first Sufi (mystic) who practiced absolute poverty and trust in God, the Central Asian Ibrahim ...
- Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab
- (from the article "Islamic world") ...prominent members of a family of Buddhist converts, the Barmakids, he found them such rivals that he liquidated them within a matter of years. It was also during Harun's reign ...
- Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...by simplicity and artistic severity. The Mawsilis represented the older classical tradition; the proponents of modernism were Ibn Jami' and the celebrated singer Prince Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi.
- Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
- (from the article "Ziyadid Dynasty") ...'Abbasid control, and, when the Banu Ya'fur-the pre-Islamic nobility-set up an independent dynasty there in 859, they soon forced the Ziyadi ruler Ibrahim ibn Muhammad (859-902) to cede territory in ...
- Ibrahim ibn Sinan
- (from the article "mathematics") However, not only arithmetic and algebra but geometry too underwent extensive development. Thabit ibn Qurrah, his grandson Ibrahim ibn Sinan (909-946), Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (died c. 995), and Ibn al-Haytham ...
- Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub
- (from the article "Prague") ...and Boleslav I, whose reign (c. 936-967) witnessed the consolidation of power against a German threat. The little community flourished, and in 965 the Jewish merchant and traveler Ibrahim ibn ...
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