| | - infraorbital nerve
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...the upper teeth and gingiva and the lining of the maxillary sinus, (3) the nasal and palatine nerves, which serve portions of the nasal cavity and the mucosa of the ...
- Infrared Astronomical Satellite
- U.S.-U.K.-Netherlands satellite launched in 1983 that was the first space observatory to map the entire sky at infrared wavelengths. [6 Related Articles]
- infrared astronomy
- study of astronomical objects through observations of the infrared radiation that they emit. Various types of celestial objects-including the planets of the solar system, stars, nebulae, and galaxies-give off energy ... [5 Related Articles]
- infrared chemiluminescence
- (from the article "Polanyi, John C.") Polanyi developed a technique that is known as infrared chemiluminescence based on the observation that molecules, when excited, emit infrared light. By means of spectroscopic analysis of the changes in ...
- infrared imagery
- (from the article "warning system") In the very near infrared region, infrared imaging detectors use specially sensitized photographic film to reveal forms hidden by camouflage. More important are the detectors used in the far infrared ...
- infrared photography
- (from the article "electromagnetic radiation") ...haze and certain pollutants that scatter visible light are nearly transparent to parts of the infrared spectrum because the scattering efficiency increases with the fourth power of the frequency. Infrared ...
- infrared radiation
- that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that extends from the long wavelength, or red, end of the visible-light range to the microwave range. Invisible to the eye, it can be ... [13 Related Articles]
- infrared sensor
- (from the article "warning system") Infrared sensors on the ground, or in aircraft or spacecraft, can detect such hot spots as motor-vehicle engines, hot jet engines, missile exhausts, even campfires. They have good location accuracy ...
- infrared source
- in astronomy, any of various celestial objects that radiate measurable quantities of energy in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such objects include the Sun and the planets, certain ...
- Infrared Space Observatory
- European Space Agency (ESA) satellite that observed astronomical sources of infrared radiation from 1995 to 1998.
- infrared spectrophotometry
- (from the article "analysis") Absorbed infrared radiation causes rotational changes in molecules, as described for microwave absorption above, and also causes vibrational changes. The vibrational energy levels within a molecule correspond to the ways ...
- infrared spectroscopy
- (from the article "spectroscopy") This technique covers the region of the electromagnetic spectrum between the visible (wavelength of 800 nanometres) and the short-wavelength microwave (0.3 millimetre). The spectra observed in this region are primarily ...
- infrared telescope
- (from the article "telescope") Telescopic systems of this type do not really differ significantly from reflecting telescopes designed to observe in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The main difference is in the ...
- infrasonics
- vibrational or stress waves in elastic media, having a frequency below those of sound waves that can be detected by the human ear-i.e., below 20 hertz. The range of frequencies ... [1 Related Articles]
- infraspinous fossa
- (from the article "scapula") ...the levels of the second and eighth ribs. A scapula's posterior surface is crossed obliquely by a prominent ridge, the spine, which divides the bone into two concave areas, the ...
- infrastructure
- (from the article "Angola") ...stage of a nationwide campaign against polio took place, and hundreds of thousands of children were immunized in provinces as far apart as Cabinda, Huambo, and Cunene. Improvement of the ...
- infratrack
- (from the article "radiation") The bulk of energy deposition resulting from the passage of a fast-moving, charged particle is concentrated in the "infratrack," a very narrow region extending typically on the order of 10 ...
- infundibulum
- (from the article "animal development") ...was presumably originally an optic centre, but it has acquired, in the course of evolution, a function of hormonal regulation. The floor of the diencephalon forms a funnel-shaped depression, the ...
- infused contemplation
- (from the article "Christianity") ...grace offered only to a few. The discrimination of the various forms of prayer and the distinction between acquired contemplation, for which the believer could strive with the help of ...
- infusorigen
- (from the article "mesozoan") ...in the same host, thus increasing the parasite population within the host's kidney. In the next phase, known as the rhombogen phase, a few axoblasts differentiate into minute organisms known ...
- ING Cup
- (from the article "Cricket") ...the Twenty20 Cup (the 20-over-a-side tournament that, in its second season, lured a crowd of over 25,000 to Lord's). Victoria won Australia's Pura Cup, and Western Australia took the one-day ...
- Inga Falls
- rapids on the lower Congo River and site of one of the world's largest hydroelectric-dam projects, in western Democratic Republic of the Congo, about 25 miles (40 km) above the ...
- Ingaevone
- (from the article "Germanic peoples") ...that according to their ancient songs the Germans were descended from the three sons of Mannus, the son of the god Tuisto, the son of Earth. Hence they were divided ...
- Ingalls Building
- (from the article "building construction") ...Ernest Ransome paralleled Hennebique's work, constructing factory buildings in concrete. High-rise structures in concrete followed the paradigm of the steel frame. Examples include the 16-story Ingalls Building (1903) in Cincinnati, ...
- Ingarden, Roman
- (from the article "aesthetics") ...nature and demands of aesthetic interest. Others dismiss the search for a criterion of identity as both aesthetically insignificant and illusory in itself. Still others, notably the Phenomenologist Roman Ingarden, ...
- Inge I Haraldsson
- king of Norway (1136-61), who maintained his claim to the throne against the illegitimate sons of his father, the Norwegian king Harald IV Gille (reigned 1130-36), and represented the interests ...
- Inge, William
- American playwright best known for his plays Come Back, Little Sheba (1950; filmed 1952); Picnic (1953; filmed 1956), for which he won a Pulitzer Prize; and Bus Stop (1955; filmed ... [1 Related Articles]
- Inge, William Ralph
- British divine, Christian Platonist, and dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. He was noted for his keen intellect and for his pessimistic views, which earned him the title "gloomy dean." [2 Related Articles]
- Ingeborg
- (from the article "Philip II") ...years before he tried to take advantage of the papacy's quarrel with John of England, Philip had himself been in dispute with Rome. After the death (1190) of Isabella of ...
- Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
- (from the article "Literature") ...German prize for lifetime literary achievement, went to writer Wilhelm Genazino, whose work addressed the understated comedy of the everyday life of ordinary figures in a West German milieu. The ...
- Ingegneri, Marcantonio
- (from the article "Monteverdi, Claudio") Monteverdi, the son of a barber-surgeon and chemist, studied with the director of music at Cremona cathedral, Marcantonio Ingegneri, a well-known musician who wrote church music and madrigals of some ...
- Ingelger
- (from the article "Anjou") Under one of the sons of Robert the Strong, Anjou was entrusted to a certain Ingelger, who became the founder of the first Angevin dynasty. Ingelger's son Fulk I the ...
- Ingelow, Jean
- English poet and novelist popular in her own day and remembered for her narrative poem "The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire, 1571" (1863), which reveals considerable command of ...
- Ingemann, Bernhard Severin
- historical novelist and poet whose works glorifying Denmark's medieval past were popular for generations. Most of Ingemann's many works have not won enduring acclaim, but his simple morning and evening ...
- Ingenhousz, Jan
- Dutch-born British physician and scientist who is best known for his discovery of the process of photosynthesis, by which green plants in sunlight absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. [2 Related Articles]
- Ingermanland
- (from the article "Russia") Russia's acquisition of Ingria and Livonia (and later of Kurland) brought into the empire a new national and political minority: the German elites-urban bourgeoisie and landowning nobility-with their corporate privileges, ...
- Ingersoll, Robert G(reen)
- American politician and orator known as "the great agnostic" who popularized the higher criticism of the Bible, as well as a humanistic philosophy and a scientific rationalism.
- ingestion
- (from the article "digestion") As already explained, the nutrients obtained by most green plants are small inorganic molecules that can move with relative ease across cell membranes. Heterotrophic organisms such as bacteria and fungi, ...
- Ingham
- town, northeastern Queensland, Australia, 19 miles (31 km) upstream from the mouth of the Herbert River. Founded in 1864, it was gazetted a shire in 1879. On a rail line ...
- Ingila, Jarome
- (from the article "Olympic Games") ...of Finland, who won all three Nordic combined events. The Salt Lake Games also saw bobsledder Vonetta Flowers become the first black athlete to win a Winter gold medal. Canadian ...
- Inglefield, Sir Edward Augustus
- (from the article "Ellesmere Island") ...located off the northwest coast of Greenland. The island is believed to have been visited by Vikings in the 10th century. It was seen in 1616 by the explorer William ...
- Inglehart, Ronald
- (from the article "postmaterialism") value orientation that emphasizes self-expression and quality of life over economic and physical security. The term postmaterialism was first coined by American social scientist Ronald Inglehart in The Silent Revolution: ...
- inglenook
- wooden seat or settle built into the space on either side of the wide fireplaces common in 17th-century English houses and cottages. The word is of Scottish origin, "ingle" meaning ...
- Inglewood
- city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. It lies southwest of downtown Los Angeles. Settled in 1873 by Daniel Freeman, who named the city for his hometown in Canada, it was ...
- Inglin, Meinrad
- Swiss novelist and short-story writer who powerfully portrayed rural and small town life and values and warned against the influences of modern mass civilization. Educated at the universities of Neuchatel, ...
- Inglis, Charles
- Canadian clergyman and educator who became the first Anglican bishop of Nova Scotia. [1 Related Articles]
- Inglis, Charles Edward
- (from the article "solids, mechanics of") ...at the boundary, by a factor of three when the remote stress was uniaxial tension. Then in 1907 the Russian mathematician Gury Vasilyevich Kolosov, and independently in 1914 the British ...
- Inglis, Esther
- Scottish calligrapher born in London to French parents, who produced about 55 miniature manuscript books between 1586 and 1624 and whose work was much admired and collected in her lifetime.
- Inglis, James
- (from the article "fundamentalism, Christian") ...and the Adventist churches in the 1830s and '40s-inspired a popular movement through the Niagara Bible Conference, held every summer at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. Initiated by James Inglis, a New York ...
- Ingolstadt
- city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies along the Danube and Schutter rivers, southwest of Regensburg. First mentioned in 806 as a crown estate, villa Ingoldestat, ...
- Ingombe Ilede
- (from the article "Zambia") ...of class distinctions and the beginnings of trade with the east coast. About the 14th century a few people were buried wearing ornaments of seashells and exotic glass beads near ...
- ingot
- mass of metal cast into a size and shape such as a bar, plate, or sheet convenient to store, transport, and work into a semifinished or finished product; it also ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ingraham, Hubert
- Bahamian political leader who became prime minister in 1992. [1 Related Articles]
- Ingraham, Prentiss
- (from the article "Cody, William F.") ...reporters but also for dime novelists, who transformed the hard-riding, fast-shooting Cody into a Western folk hero. Among these early authors were Ned Buntline (pen name of E.Z.C. Judson) and ...
- Ingrain
- (from the article "floor covering") Machine-made rugs and carpets take their names from the looms employed-Wilton, for example-or the construction method, such as ingrain or Brussels.
- ingrain dye
- (from the article "dye") The discovery of the azo dyes led to the development of ingrain dyeing, whereby the dye is synthesized within the fabric (see above Dyeing techniques: Azo dyeing techniques). Since the process ...
- Ingram, Herbert
- (from the article "publishing, history of") The first man in Britain to notice the effect of illustrations on sales and grasp their possibilities was a newsagent in Nottingham, Herbert Ingram, who moved to London in 1842 ...
- Ingram, John Kells
- Irish economic historian who also achieved fame as a scholar and poet.
- Ingram, Vernon Martin
- American biochemist (b. May 19, 1924, Breslau, Ger. [now Wroclaw, Pol.]-d. Aug. 17, 2006, Boston, Mass.), was hailed as the father of molecular medicine for having discovered in the mid-1950s ...
- Ingrams's Peace
- (from the article "Yemen") ...incorporation of the Hadramawt and its great valley into the protectorate system-the result of the labours of British diplomat Harold Ingrams, who negotiated the famous "Ingrams's Peace" among the more ...
- Ingrams, Harold
- (from the article "Yemen") ...in the south. The most important change was the incorporation of the Hadramawt and its great valley into the protectorate system-the result of the labours of British diplomat Harold Ingrams, ...
- Ingres period
- (from the article "Renoir, Pierre-Auguste") ...from 1883 to 1884 on are so marked by a new discipline that art historians have grouped them under the title the "Ingres" period (to signify their vague similarity to ...
- Ingres, J.-A.-D
- painter and icon of cultural conservatism in 19th-century France. Ingres became the principal proponent of French Neoclassical painting after the death of his mentor, Jacques-Louis David. His cool, meticulously drawn ... [10 Related Articles]
- ingress
- in astronomy, the apparent entrance of a smaller body upon the disk of a larger one as the smaller passes between the larger and the observer-e.g., the entrance of a ...
- Ingrian
- (from the article "Finno-Ugric religion") ...are one of the three most advanced of the Finno-Ugric peoples, the others being the Finns and the Hungarians. Small but interesting cultures are represented by the Greek Orthodox Votes ...
- Ingrian language
- (from the article "Finno-Ugric languages") ...and Khanty (Ostyak). The Finnic division of Finno-Ugric languages is composed of five groups. The Baltic-Finnic group consists of Finnish, Estonian, Karelian (including Olonets), Ludic, Veps, Ingrian, Livonian, and Votic. ...
- Ingrid
- Swedish-born Danish royal (b. March 28, 1910, Stockholm, Swed.-d. Nov. 7, 2000, Fredensborg, Den.), was queen of Denmark from 1947 to 1972, after which she was known as Queen Mother ...
- Ingrid Alexandra
- (from the article "Norway") On January 21 Crown Princess Mette-Marit gave birth to a daughter. The new princess, who was baptized Ingrid Alexandra on April 17, was the second in line to the throne ...
- Ingstad, Helge Marcus
- Norwegian writer and adventurer (b. Dec. 30, 1899, Meraaker, Nor.-d. March 29, 2001, Oslo, Nor.), proved the long-debated theory that Vikings established a settlement in North America in about AD ... [1 Related Articles]
- inguinal amplexus
- (from the article "Anura") ...eggs. In the more primitive frogs (the families Ascaphidae, Leiopelmatidae, Bombinatoridae, and Discoglossidae and the mesobatrachians), the male grasps the female from above and around the waist (inguinal amplexus), whereas ...
- inguinal canal
- (from the article "reproductive system, animal") ...a few rodents such as ground squirrels; most, if not all, bats; and some primitive primates (loris, potto). The scrotum consists of two scrotal sacs, each connected to the abdominal ...
- inguinal gland
- (from the article "artiodactyl") Inguinal (belly) glands are found in bovids, there being two in sheep, saiga, chiru, gazelles, duikers, and blackbuck, and four in members of the tribes Reduncini and Tragelaphini. Carpal (wrist) ...
- Ingund
- (from the article "Hermenegild, Saint") Brought up in the Arian heresy, Hermenegild married (579) a daughter of Sigebert I of Austrasia, Ingund, a zealous orthodox Catholic. Given a separate command at his father's siege of ...
- ingungu
- (from the article "African music") ...techniques differ widely: some drums are beaten with the bare hands, others with straight or curved sticks. Friction drums are also occasionally found, such as the ingungu ...
- Inguri Dam
- world's highest arch dam (completed 1980), located on the Inguri River in western Georgia near the point at which the river leaves the Caucasus Mountains on its way to the ...
- Ingush
- (from the article "Chechnya") Chechnya's main ethnic group is the Chechen, with minorities of Russians and Ingush. The Chechen and Ingush are both Muslim and are two of the many Caucasian mountain peoples whose ...
- Ingush language
- (from the article "Caucasian languages") The Nakh languages consist of Chechen (890,000 speakers), Ingush (210,000), and Bats (or Tsova-Tushian, about 3,000 speakers). The Chechens and Ingush live in Chechenia and Ingushetia; the Bats dwell in ...
- Ingushetia
- republic in southwestern Russia. The crest line of the Greater Caucasus range forms its southern boundary with Georgia; the Russian republic of Chechnya lies to the east, and that of ... [2 Related Articles]
- inhalant chamber
- (from the article "bivalve") ...extend outward from either side of the axis, and cilia on their surfaces create an upward respiratory water current that passes from the mantle cavity below the gill (the infrabranchial, ...
- inhalational anesthetic
- (from the article "drug") Inhalational anesthetics are administered in combination with oxygen, and most are excreted by the lungs with little or no metabolism by the body. Except for the naturally occurring gas nitrous ...
- inhaler
- (from the article "Health and Disease") The FDA approved the first insulin delivered by inhalation for people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The product, Exubera, was a fast-acting form of human insulin that could ...
- Inhambane
- town, southeastern Mozambique. The town is a commercial seaport on Inhambane Bay, an inlet of the Mozambique Channel (Indian Ocean). It is a market centre, and industry consists mainly in ...
- Inhamissengo River
- (from the article "Zambezi River") ...main channels, each again divided into two. The wider, eastern channel splits into the Muselo River to the north and the main mouth of the Zambezi to the south. The ...
- inharmonicity
- (from the article "sound") Inharmonicities, or deviations of the frequencies of the harmonics from the exact multiples of the fundamental, are very important in tuned percussion instruments. For example, because of the inherent stiffness ...
- inherent note pattern
- (from the article "African music") Closely associated with interlocking techniques but not necessarily depending on them is the composition of inherent note patterns. These are rhythmic and melodic patterns that emerge when series of notes ...
- inheritance
- (from the article "valley") A third explanation for cross-axial drainage is that of inheritance. In this hypothesis, an erosion surface is developed across the structure zone by long-continued planation. When the streams incise, abandoning ...
- inheritance
- the devolution of property on an heir or heirs upon the death of the owner. The term inheritance also designates the property itself. In modern society the process is regulated ... [25 Related Articles]
- Inheritance Act
- (from the article "inheritance") ...in 1900, of a statute that empowers the court to order adequate provision for the maintenance of a spouse or a needy child out of the estate of any testator ...
- Inheritance Act
- (from the article "inheritance") ...daughter, a minor son, any incapacitated child, or an unmarried former spouse of the decedent. The scope of this system of discretionary financial provision was extended by the Inheritance (Provision ...
- inheritance of acquired characteristics
- (from the article "Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste") In 1800 Lamarck first set forth the revolutionary notion of species mutability during a lecture to students in his invertebrate zoology class at the National Museum of Natural History. By ...
- inheritance tax
- levy on the property accruing to each beneficiary of the estate of a deceased person. It is usually calculated by reference to the amount received and the relationship (if any) ... [5 Related Articles]
- inherited character
- (from the article "character") in biology, any observable feature, or trait, of an organism, whether acquired or inherited. An acquired character is a response to the environment; an inherited character is produced by genes ...
- inhibin
- (from the article "endocrine system, human") Other ovarian products include inhibin, which is secreted by the granulosa cells (and by Sertoli cells in men), and relaxin, which is produced by the corpus luteum. The primary action ...
- inhibition
- in enzymology, a phenomenon in which a compound, called an inhibitor, in most cases similar in structure to the substance (substrate) upon which an enzyme acts to form a product, ... [2 Related Articles]
- inhibition
- (from the article "eye, human") In the central nervous system generally, the relay of impulses from one nerve cell or neuron to excite another is only one aspect of neuronal interaction. Just as important, if ...
- inhibition
- in psychology, conscious or unconscious constraint or curtailment of a process or behaviour, especially of impulses or desires. Inhibition serves necessary social functions, abating or preventing certain impulses from being ... [8 Related Articles]
- inhibitor
- (from the article "catalysis") Cases are also known in which the addition of a foreign substance, called an inhibitor, decreases the rate of a chemical reaction. This phenomenon, properly termed inhibition or retardation, is ...
- inhibitory amino acid
- (from the article "nervous system") ...enough evidence that some amino acids act as either excitatory or inhibitory transmitters. The excitatory amino acids include glutamic acid (or glutamate) and aspartic acid (or aspartate), and the inhibitory ...
- inhibitory postsynaptic potential
- (from the article "nervous system") ...inside of the membrane more negative. Because this hyperpolarization draws the membrane potential farther from the threshold, making it more difficult to generate a nerve impulse, it is called an ...
- inhumation
- (from the article "burial") Burial in the ground by hollowing out a trench in the earth for the body or covering it with rocks or dirt dates back at least to Middle Paleolithic times. ...
- Iniet
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") Much Tolai art was incorporated into the ritual of two male secret societies, the Iniet and the Dukduk. Iniet initiations were held in walled enclosures lined with paintings of human ...
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