| | - infant betrothal
- (from the article "Australian Aborigine") Infant betrothal was common. If arranged before the birth of one or both of the prospective spouses, it was a tentative arrangement subject to later ratification, mainly through continued gift ...
- infant botulism
- (from the article "botulism") ...within a day, although people less severely poisoned may live for a week. Few who reach the stage of severe paralysis survive, although a person who survives the paralysis will ...
- Infant Custody Bill
- (from the article "Norton, Caroline") ...against the prime minister, Lord Melbourne, for seducing his wife. Norton then refused his wife access to their children, and her outcries against this injustice were instrumental in introducing the ...
- infant industry
- (from the article "international trade") Advocates of protection often argue that new and growing industries, particularly in less-developed countries, need to be shielded from foreign competition. They contend that costs decline with growth and that ...
- infant mortality rate
- (from the article "Angola") ...the population growth rate remained high during this time and later increased after the end of the war. Angola's birth rate is among the highest in the world; however, so ...
- infante
- the title borne from the 13th century by the children of the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs. The title infante was borne by the sons of the sovereign, and the title ...
- infanticide
- the killing of the newborn. It has often been interpreted as a primitive method of birth control and a means of ridding a group of its weak and deformed children; ... [5 Related Articles]
- infantile amnesia
- (from the article "memory") ...is associated with the earliest stages of human development: nearly all people lack the ability to retain memories of experiences they had before they were three years old. Known as ...
- infantile neurosis
- (from the article "Oedipus complex") ...and if parental attitudes were neither excessively prohibitive nor excessively stimulating, the stage is passed through harmoniously. In the presence of trauma, however, there occurs an "infantile neurosis" that is ...
- infantile Refsum disease
- (from the article "metabolic disease") ...of peroxisomal functions, affecting the functions of numerous enzymes. Such disorders include Zellweger (cerebrohepatorenal) syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, hyperpipecolic acidemia, and infantile Refsum disease. Patients may have severely decreased muscle tone ...
- infantry
- troops who fight on foot, even though transported to the battlefield by horses, ships, aircraft, tanks and other motorized vehicles, skis, or other means. The term applies equally to troops ... [9 Related Articles]
- infarction
- death of tissue resulting from a failure of blood supply, commonly due to obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or narrowing of the blood-vessel channel. The dead ... [1 Related Articles]
- infauna
- (from the article "benthos") the assemblage of organisms inhabiting the seafloor. Benthic epifauna live upon the seafloor or upon bottom objects; the so-called infauna live within the sediments of the seafloor. By far the ...
- infected abortion
- (from the article "pregnancy") ...or longer, the condition is referred to as a missed abortion. Women who lose three or more consecutive pregnancies of less than 20 weeks' duration are said to suffer from ...
- infection
- (from the article "bacteria") ...of bacteria that are adapted to life in those habitats. These organisms are harmless under normal conditions and become dangerous only if they somehow pass across the barriers of the ...
- infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
- an inflammation of the conjunctiva or the cornea of the eye in cattle as the result of an infection; early viral involvement is suspected. Moraxella bovis is usually found in ... [1 Related Articles]
- infectious disease
- in medicine, a process caused by a microorganism that impairs a person's health. An infection, by contrast, is the invasion of and replication in the body by any of various ... [37 Related Articles]
- infectious waste
- (from the article "environmental works") Infectious wastes include used bandages, hypodermic needles, and other materials from hospitals or biological research facilities. Radioactive wastes emit ionizing energy that can harm living organisms. Because some radioactive materials ...
- inference
- in logic, derivation of conclusions from given information or premises by any acceptable form of reasoning. Inferences are commonly drawn (1) by deduction, which, by analyzing valid argument forms, draws ... [14 Related Articles]
- inference
- in statistics, the process of drawing conclusions about a parameter one is seeking to measure or estimate. Often scientists have many measurements of an object-say, the mass of an electron-and ... [3 Related Articles]
- inference engine
- (from the article "expert system") In order to accomplish feats of apparent intelligence, an expert system relies on two components: a knowledge base and an inference engine. A knowledge base is an organized collection of ...
- inference schema
- (from the article "formal logic") ...each is of the form:(3) Every X is a Y.Some Z's are X's.∴ Some Z's are Y's.Line (3) above may be called an inference form, and (1) and (2) are ...
- inference, rules of
- (from the article "metalogic") If, in addition, a formal system in a formal language is introduced, certain syntactic concepts arise-namely, axioms, rules of inference, and theorems. Certain sentences are singled out as axioms. These ...
- inferior alveolar nerve
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...the ears (auriculotemporal nerve), (3) oral mucosa, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, gingiva adjacent to the tongue, and the floor of the mouth (lingual nerve), and (4) the mandibular ...
- inferior colliculus
- (from the article "ear, human") ...lemniscus. There they are joined by the fibres from the ventral cochlear nuclei of both sides and from the olivary complex. The lemniscus is a major tract, most of the ...
- inferior conjunction
- (from the article "conjunction") ...Sun and the side turned toward the Earth is dark. Inferior planets-those with orbits smaller than the Earth's (namely, Venus and Mercury)-have two kinds of conjunctions with the Sun. An ...
- inferior court
- (from the article "court") Finally, in most jurisdictions there are institutions called, unfortunately and for want of a better term, "inferior" courts. These are often staffed by part-time judges who are not necessarily trained ...
- inferior ganglion of vagus
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...exits the cranial cavity via the jugular foramen. Within the foramen is the superior ganglion, containing cell bodies of general somatic afferent fibres, and just external to the foramen is ...
- inferior mesenteric ganglion
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...Thus, the celiac ganglion innervates the stomach, liver, pancreas, and the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine; the superior mesenteric ganglion innervates the small intestine; and the inferior ...
- inferior salivatory nucleus
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...and palatine glands, while neurons of the submandibular ganglion innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. A second group of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons belongs to the inferior salivatory nucleus, located ...
- inferior vena cava
- (from the article "vena cava") The inferior vena cava is formed by the coming together of the two major veins from the legs, the common iliac veins, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, ...
- inferior vesical artery
- (from the article "renal system") ...of the bladder, and one of its branches (in males) gives off the artery to the ductus deferens, a part of the passageway for sperm. The middle vesical artery supplies ...
- inferiority complex
- a psychological sense of inferiority that is wholly or partly unconscious. The term has been used by some psychiatrists and psychologists, particularly the followers of the early psychoanalyst Alfred Adler, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Infernillo phase
- (from the article "Stone Age") ...it is known that it extended into Mexico, where, in the state of Tamaulipas, Desert materials have been found associated with the earliest known cultivated plants in the New World. ...
- infertility
- the inability of a couple to conceive and reproduce. Infertility is defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without contraception or the inability of a ... [6 Related Articles]
- infestation
- (from the article "animal disease") The term infestation indicates that animals, including spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala), roundworms (Nematoda), flatworms (Platyhelminthes), and arthropods such as lice, fleas, mites, and ticks, are present in or on the body ...
- infibulation
- (from the article "female genital cutting") ...the prepuce (clitoral hood) is also removed.Excision. Type 2 FGC involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora. It can also include the removal of ...
- infield
- (from the article "baseball") Baseball is a contest between two teams of 9 or (if a designated hitter is allowed to take the pitcher's turn at bat) 10 players each. The field of play ...
- infield fly rule
- (from the article "baseball") The infield fly rule protects base runners from the deception of an infielder who may allow an infield fly ball to drop, thus setting up an easy force play. The ...
- infielder
- (from the article "baseball") The infielders form the inner ring of defense. They sometimes catch line drives on the fly, but mainly they pick up ground balls that roll toward the outfield or shoot ...
- infiltrating ductal carcinoma
- (from the article "breast cancer") ...Cancers of these tissues are called lobular carcinomas and ductal carcinomas. Because these tissues are glandular, both cancers are called adenocarcinomas. The most common type of tumour, called infiltrating ductal ...
- infiltration
- (from the article "advanced ceramics") The siliconization of RBSC is a good example of infiltration, which may be described as any technique of filling in pores by reaction with or deposition from a liquid or ...
- infiltration
- (from the article "hydrologic sciences") When water from a rainstorm or a period of snowmelt reaches the ground, some or all of it will infiltrate the soil. The rate of infiltration depends on the intensity ...
- infiltration anesthesia
- (from the article "drug") ...the physiochemical properties of the drug molecules. The drug may be injected subcutaneously around sensory nerve endings, enabling minor procedures such as repair of skin laceration. This is called infiltration ...
- infiltration gallery
- (from the article "environmental works") ...of an aquifer as a source of groundwater is a function of the porosity of the geologic stratum, or layer, of which it is formed. Water is withdrawn from an ...
- Infineon Technologies AG
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") German firm Infineon Technologies AG pleaded guilty in the U.S. to having fixed prices of memory chips for three years and agreed to pay a $160 million fine. U.S. prosecutors ...
- infinitary logic
- (from the article "metalogic") There are also studies, such as second-order logic and infinitary logics, that develop the model theory of nonelementary logic. Second-order logic contains, in addition to variables that range over individual ...
- infinite being
- (from the article "Judaism") ...that divine attributes cannot be negative, but unlike his predecessor his explanation of the difference between the attributes of God and those of created beings centred on the contrast between ...
- infinite descent
- (from the article "number theory") Uncharacteristically, Fermat provided a proof of this last result. He used a technique called infinite descent that was ideal for demonstrating impossibility. The logical strategy assumes that there are whole ...
- infinite dimensional topology
- (from the article "Hilbert space") ...to its topological properties were raised in the first half of the 20th century. Motivated initially by such properties of Hilbert spaces, researchers established a new subfield of topology called ...
- infinite game
- (from the article "game theory") ...said to be finite when each player has a finite number of options, the number of players is finite, and the game cannot go on indefinitely. Chess, checkers, poker, and ...
- infinite series
- the sum of infinitely many numbers related in a given way and listed in a given order. Infinite series are useful in mathematics and in such disciplines as physics, chemistry, ... [6 Related Articles]
- infinite set
- (from the article "axiom of choice") The axiom of choice is not needed for finite sets since the process of choosing elements must come to an end eventually. For infinite sets, however, it would take an ...
- infinitely repeated game
- (from the article "Aumann, Robert J.") Aumann employed a mathematical approach to show that long-term social interaction could be analyzed using formal noncooperative game theory. Through his methodologies and analyses of so-called infinitely repeated games, he ...
- infinitesimal
- in mathematics, a quantity less than any finite quantity yet not zero. Even though no such quantity can exist in the real number system, many early attempts to justify calculus ... [9 Related Articles]
- infinitive
- (from the article "Celtic languages") Another feature of Insular Celtic is its lack of the infinitive form of the verb found in most other Indo-European languages-e.g., English "to do," "to call." The equivalent is the ...
- infinity
- the concept of something that is unlimited, endless, without bound. The common symbol for infinity, ∞, was invented by the English mathematician John Wallis in 1657. Three main types of ... [6 Related Articles]
- Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
- (from the article "Media and Publishing") ...much of his last year on what was being labeled "terrestrial" (as opposed to satellite-based) radio running down that medium, a situation that caused much tension with his employers at ...
- infirmary
- (from the article "abbey") An important building within the inner walls housed the novitiate and the infirmary. In the manner of an early isolation hospital, it had its own chapel, bathhouse, refectory, kitchen, and ...
- infitah
- program of economic liberalization in Egypt initiated by Pres. Anwar el-Sadat in the early 1970s.
- infix
- (from the article "Austroasiatic languages") ...(word formation), Munda and Vietnamese again show the greatest deviations from the norm. Munda languages have an extremely complex system of prefixes, infixes (elements inserted within the body of a ...
- inflammation
- a response triggered by damage to living tissues. The inflammatory response is a defense mechanism that evolved in higher organisms to protect them from infection and injury. Its purpose is ... [27 Related Articles]
- inflammatory bowel disease
- (from the article "nutritional disease") Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn disease (regional ileitis) or ulcerative colitis, results in impaired absorption of many nutrients, depending upon which portion of the gastrointestinal tract is affected. ...
- inflammatory carcinoma
- (from the article "breast cancer") Inflammatory carcinoma is a rare type of breast cancer that results in swelling and reddening of the affected area. The area then becomes purplish, and the skin is hot, with ...
- inflation
- in economics, collective increases in the supply of money, in money incomes, or in prices. Inflation is generally thought of as an inordinate rise in the general level of prices. [130 Related Articles]
- inflation
- (from the article "respiration") ...of lungs is their elasticity. An elastic material is one that tends to return to its initial state after the removal of a deforming force. Elastic tissues behave like springs. ...
- inflection
- in linguistics, the change in the form of a word (in English, usually the addition of endings) to mark such distinctions as tense, person, number, gender, mood, voice, and case. ... [22 Related Articles]
- inflector
- (from the article "particle accelerator") Particles accelerated in a large synchrotron are commonly injected by a linear accelerator and are steered into the ring by a device called an inflector. They begin their acceleration in ...
- inflorescence
- in a flowering plant, a cluster of flowers on a branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a ... [11 Related Articles]
- inflow
- (from the article "weather forecasting") ...a rotary counterclockwise circulation around the centre of lowest pressure. The American meteorologist James P. Espy subsequently proposed in his Philosophy of Storms (1841) that air would flow toward the ...
- influenza
- an acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract that is marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of weakness and pain in the muscles, together with ... [9 Related Articles]
- influenza epidemic of 1918-19
- the most severe influenza outbreak of the 20th century and, in terms of total numbers of deaths, among the most devastating epidemics in human history. [6 Related Articles]
- influenza type A virus
- (from the article "Bird Flu-The Next Human Pandemic?") The deadly disease is caused by the H5N1 strain of type A influenza virus. The H5N1 strain, which was first isolated from terns in South Africa in 1961, is now ...
- influenza type B virus
- (from the article "influenza") ...similar symptoms but are completely unrelated antigenically, so that infection with one type confers no immunity against the others. The A viruses cause the great influenza epidemics, and the B ...
- influenza virus
- (from the article "croup") Viral infections are the most common cause of croup, the most frequent being those with the parainfluenza and influenza viruses. Such infections are most prevalent among children under the age ...
- Infocom
- (from the article "electronic game") ...and Dragons, various board games, and Crowther's Adventure. Interactive fiction was a particularly successful format on personal computers. Infocom, perhaps the most successful computer game company of ...
- informal economy
- (from the article "urban culture") The large-scale urbanization in the neocolonial city differs from the urbanization that characterized the industrial city earlier. It gives rise to what has been called the informal economy in these ...
- informal fallacy
- (from the article "applied logic") ..."in discourse," in contrast to the substantive, or material, fallacies of group 1, called fallacies "in matter"; and groups 1 and 2, in contrast to group 3, are called informal ...
- informal sector
- (from the article "Asia") ...It is the service sectors of the expanding cities that have shown the fastest growth in employment in recent years. In the poorer countries much of the employment growth is ...
- Informalism
- (from the article "Latin American art") Abstract Expressionism, which arose in part out of Surrealism, dominated painting in the United States in the 1950s. It was better known in Latin America by its French name, Informalism, ...
- informalism
- (from the article "analytic philosophy") ...would make clear the logically permissible inferences to and from such sentences and thereby establish the logical boundaries of the concept under study. Another tradition, sometimes referred to as informalism, ...
- informant
- (from the article "ethnography") ...that affects their objectivity. In addition to the technique of participant-observation, the contemporary ethnographer usually selects and cultivates close relationships with individuals, known as informants, who can provide specific information ...
- information
- (from the article "animal communication") The information involved in animal communication can come from many sources; any facet of the environment perceived is considered information. In linguistic communication the primary function of words is to ...
- information
- (from the article "indictment") ...if the prescribed penalties include imprisonment for more than three months. In the United States the indictment is only one of three principal methods of charging offenses, the others being ...
- information economics
- (from the article "economics") Toward the end of the 20th century, information economics became an increasingly important specialization. It is almost wholly the legacy of a single article entitled The Market ...
- Information Management System
- (from the article "computer science") ...disk) and to provide the user with commands to query and update the database. The relational approach is currently the most popular, as older hierarchical data management systems, such as ...
- information processing
- the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, display, and dissemination of information. In recent years, the term has often been applied to computer-based operations specifically. [29 Related Articles]
- Information Processing Language
- (from the article "artificial intelligence") In the course of their work on the Logic Theorist and GPS, Newell, Simon, and Shaw developed their Information Processing Language (IPL), a computer language tailored for AI programming. At ...
- Information Processing Techniques Office
- (from the article "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency") ...recognized that the problem of command, control, and communication of the nation's military forces was one that computer technology might affect. Thus, in 1962 Ruina oversaw the creation of the ...
- information processor
- (from the article "information processing") Information processors are components of an information system, which is a class of constructs. An abstract model of an information system features four basic elements: processor, memory, receptor, and effector ...
- information requirement
- (from the article "intelligence") ...armed force, target, or physical environment that are absolutely vital for timely and accurate decision making. On the tactical level intelligence needs are defined in a similar manner; often called ...
- information science
- discipline that deals with the processes of storing and transferring information. It attempts to bring together concepts and methods from various disciplines such as library science, computer science and engineering, ... [8 Related Articles]
- information society
- (from the article "information processing") ...activities since the beginning of the 20th century. By 1975 these activities accounted for half of the labour force of the United States (see Table 1), giving rise to the ...
- information system
- an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and communicating information. Business firms, other organizations, and individuals in contemporary society rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete ... [19 Related Articles]
- Information Technology Agreement
- (from the article "tariff") Advances in information technology since the 1990s have altered the focus of many trade agreements. In 1997 the WTO's Information Technology Agreement (ITA) and Basic Telecommunications Agreement (BTA) reduced the ...
- information theory
- a mathematical representation of the conditions and parameters affecting the transmission and processing of information. Most closely associated with the work of the American electrical engineer Claude Elwood Shannon in ... [11 Related Articles]
- informed consent
- (from the article "health law") Perhaps the most important development in patients' rights has been that in the United States regarding the doctrine of informed consent. Originally articulated in the 1947 Nuremberg Code as applied ...
- Infosys Technologies Ltd.
- (from the article "Offshoring") ...operations in Beijing, while Intel was doing the same in Russia. Aetna planned to cut up to 10% of its IT staff while likely increasing outsourcing agreements with Indian companies ...
- infraciliature
- (from the article "protist") ...associated with their locomotory organelles or with the basal bodies, or both, the organelles in the ciliates have developed a more complex and elaborate subpellicular infrastructure. Called the infraciliature, or ...
- infralittoral zone
- (from the article "marine ecosystem") ...is above the high-tide mark and is usually not under water. The intertidal, or littoral, zone ranges from the high-tide mark (the maximum elevation of the tide) to the shallow, ...
- infraorbital foramen
- (from the article "skeletal system, human") The infraorbital foramen, an opening into the floor of the eye socket, is the forward end of a canal through which passes the infraorbital branch of the maxillary nerve, the ...
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