any radioactive atom detectable in a material in a chemical, biological, or physical system and used to mark that material for study, to observe its progress through the system, or ...
city, western Turkey. Known as Baris under the Byzantine Empire, it was taken by the Seljuq Turks in 1203-04. Later it belonged to the Turkmen Hamid principality, the last ruler ...
in Islam, the Prophet Muhammad's night journey from Mecca to Jerusalem. As alluded to in the Qur'an (17:1), a journey was made by a servant of God, in a single ...
country in the Middle East, located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, to the northeast by Syria, to the east ...
either of two political units in the Old Testament: the united kingdom of Israel under the kings Saul, David, and Solomon that lasted from about 1020 to 922 BC; or ...
Israeli social-democratic political party founded in January 1968 in the union of three socialist-labour parties. It and its major component, Mapai, dominated Israel's government from the country's independence in 1948 ...
museum in Jerusalem opened in 1965 and consisting of the Bezalel National Art Museum, the Samuel Bronfman Biblical and Archaeological Museum, a Youth Wing, the Shrine of the Book, and ...
the legal practices and institutions of modern Israel. In ancient times, when the people of Israel lived in their homeland, they created their own law: the law of the Torah ...
Jewish physician and philosopher, widely reputed in the European Middle Ages for his scientific writings and regarded as the father of medieval Jewish Neoplatonism. Although there is considerable disagreement about ...
in the broadest sense, a Jew, or a descendant of the Jewish patriarch Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel after an all-night fight at Penuel near the stream of ...
painter and etcher, often called the "Dutch Millet" (see Jean-Francois Millet). Israels was the leader of the Hague school of peasant genre painting, which flourished in The Netherlands between 1860 ...
in Islam, the archangel who will blow the trumpet from a holy rock in Jerusalem to announce the Day of Resurrection. The trumpet is constantly poised at his lips, ready ...
a branch of the Somali (q.v.) people living in the Republic of Djibouti (formerly the French Territory of the Afars and Issas) on the east coast of Africa.
one of the 12 tribes of Israel that in biblical times constituted the people of Israel who later became the Jewish people. The tribe was named after the fifth son ...
Polish-Jewish rabbi and codifier who, by adding notes on Ashkenazic customs to the great legal digest Shulhan 'arukh of the Sephardic codifier Joseph Karo, made it an authoritative guide for ...
(333 BC), conflict early in Alexander the Great's invasion of Asia in which he defeated a Persian army under King Darius III. This was one of the decisive victories by ...
town, suburb of Paris, in Hauts-de-Seine departement, Ile-de-France region, north-central France. It is bounded to the northeast by the city limits of Paris. The town has aeronautics and metallurgical industries, ...
oblast (province), northeastern Kyrgyzstan, with an area of 16,800 square miles (43,500 square km). In the northeast is Lake Issyk-Kul at an elevation of 5,276 feet (1,608 m) and surrounded ...
town, Issyk-Kul oblast (province), Kyrgyzstan. It is a port located on the western shore of Lake Issyk-Kul and is linked to Frunze, about 87 miles (140 km) north-northwest. Issyk-Kul's economy ...
a drainless lake in Issyk-Kul oblast (province) of Kyrgyzstan. Situated in the northern Tien Shan (mountains), it is one of the largest mountain lakes in the world and is famous ...
largest city and seaport of Turkey. It was formerly the capital of the Byzantine Empire, of the Ottoman Empire, and-until 1923-of the Turkish Republic.
in ancient Greece, a festival of athletic and musical competitions in honour of the sea god Poseidon, held in the spring of the second and fourth years of each Olympiad ...
narrow strip of land connecting two large land areas otherwise separated by the sea. Unquestionably the two most famous are the Isthmus of Panama, connecting North and South America, and ...
(Arabic: "to approve," or "to sanction"), among Muslim theologians, the use of one's own judgment to determine the best solution to a religious problem that cannot be solved by citing ...
(Arabic: "to deem proper"), a norm employed by Muslim jurists to solve perplexing problems that find no clear answer in sacred religious texts. In such a situation, the judge reaches ...
the southernmost region of The Sudan. It is bounded by Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda and Congo (Kinshasa) to the south, and the Central African Republic ...
style of pottery decoration, originating about 1500 in Faenza, Italy, and popular throughout the 16th century, in which paintings comparable in seriousness to Italian Renaissance easel paintings were applied to ...
triangular peninsula that is part of Croatia and Slovenia. It extends into the northeastern Adriatic Sea between the Gulf of Venice (west) and the Gulf of Kvarner (east). The peninsula ...
(Sanskrit: "Lord"), in Hinduism, the personal, or immanent, god, as distinct from the absolute, or transcendent, supreme being (Brahman). Isvara refers to the personified aspect of the divine, of whom ...
city, Shizuoka ken (prefecture), east-central Honshu, Japan. It is located on the east coast of the Izu Peninsula on Sagami Bay. Although its hot springs were discovered ...
city, southeastern Bahia estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. It lies just west of Ilheus on the Cachoeira River at 174 feet (53 m) above sea level. Itabuna, which was elevated to ...
city, northeastern Amazonas estado ("state"), northwestern Brazil. Formerly known as Serpa, the settlement lies on the left (north) bank of the Amazon River, downstream from its junction with the Madeira ...
city, Antioquia departamento, northern Colombia. It lies along the Porce River between the Andean Cordilleras (mountains) Occidental and Central, at 5,148 feet (1,569 m) above sea level. Formerly a resort ...
hollow gravity dam on the Alto (Upper) Parana River at the Brazil-Paraguay border, north of the town of Ciudad del Este, Paraguay. In terms of power output, it is one ...
city, eastern Santa Catarina estado ("state"), southern Brazil. It lies at the mouth of the Itajai River, at 20 feet (6 m) above sea level. Founded in the mid-19th century ...
city, southern Minas Gerais estado ("state"), Brazil. It lies along the Sapucai River, in the Mantiquiera Mountains, at 2,769 feet (844 m) above sea level. It was made the seat ...
Italy's second largest trade union federation. The CISL was formed in 1950 by the merger of the Free General Italian Confederation of Labour (Libera Confederazione Generale Italiana dei Lavoratori) and ...
anticommunist reform party advocating the nationalization of some industries. As a centre party, it was able to join many Italian governments in the decades after World War II.
group of Italian possessions in East Africa in the period 1936-41. It comprised Ethiopia (annexed by Italy on May 9, 1936, and was proclaimed a part of Italian East Africa ...
Italian trade union federation with more than a million and a half members. The UIL was formed in 1950 in opposition to the communist-dominated Italian General Confederation of Labour, Italy's ...
Romance language spoken by some 66,000,000 persons in Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia), France (including Corsica), Switzerland, and other countries. It is spoken by large numbers of emigrants and their ...
moderately conservative Italian political party that dominated Italian political life in the decades after unification (1861) and was a minor party in the period after World War II.
the body of written works produced in the Italian language that had its beginnings in the 13th century. Until that time nearly all literary work composed in the Middle Ages ...
one of the three great peninsulas of southern Europe, the other two being the Balkan (to the east) and the Iberian (to the west). The Italian Peninsula extends from the ...
centrist Italian political party whose several factions are united by their Roman Catholicism and anticommunism. They advocate programs ranging from social reform to the defense of free enterprise. The DC ...
anticlerical social-reform party. Although it had only a small following in the years after World War II, its position in the centre of the Italian political spectrum enabled it to ...
former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope and a modern democratic organization. It was founded in 1892 in Genoa as the Italian Workers' ...
group of 17th-century northern European painters, principally Dutch, who traveled in Italy and, consciously adopting the style of landscape painting that they found there, incorporated Italian models and motifs into ...
in printing, a sloping, light-bodied, compact, and almost cursive letter form, which, with roman and black letter shapes, has been one of the three major typefaces in the history of ...
certain Indo-European languages that were once spoken in the Apennine Peninsula (modern Italy) and in the eastern part of the Po valley. These include the Latin, Faliscan, Osco-Umbrian, South Picene, ...
in calligraphy, script developed by the Italian humanists about 1400 from antique Latin texts and inscriptions. The humanists called the Carolingian minuscule in which most of these sources were preserved ...
an Eastern-rite member of the Roman Catholic communion, comprising the descendants of ancient Greek colonists in southern Italy and Sicily and 15th-century Albanian refugees from Ottoman rule. The Italo-Greeks were ...
(1935-36), an armed conflict that resulted in Ethiopia's subjection to Italian rule. Often seen as one of the episodes that prepared the way for World War II, the war demonstrated ...
(1911-12), war undertaken by Italy to gain colonies in North Africa by conquering the Turkish provinces of Tripolitana and Cyrenaica (modern Libya). The conflict upset the precarious international balance of ...
Byzantine philosopher, skilled dialectician, and imputed heretic who, at the imperial court, established a school of Platonism that advanced the work of integrating Christian with pagan Greek thought. Italus exerted ...
in Roman antiquity, the Italian Peninsula from the Apennines in the north to the "boot" in the south. In 42 BC Cisalpine Gaul, north of the Apennines, was added; and ...
country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. It has a shape that has been likened frequently to a high-heeled boot about to prod ...
city, Hyogo ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies along the Fukuchiyama railway line, 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Osaka. Itami was a castle town from the 13th to the ...
city, in the highlands of east-central Sao Paulo estado ("state"), Brazil. It lies at 2,200 feet (670 m) above sea level, near the Itapetininga River. Formerly called Nossa Senhora dos ...
river, Maranhao estado ("state"), northeastern Brazil. The river rises in several headstreams in the Itapicuru mountain range. It arches northeastward to Caxias and thence northwestward, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean ...
(Russian: "Information Telegraph Agency of Russia-Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union"), Russian news agency formed in 1992 after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. ITAR reports on domestic ...
city, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. A major rail junction connected with Bhopal, Gwalior, and Indore, Itarsi has extensive railway workshops. The city is also a trade centre for ...
lake regarded as the main source of the Mississippi River, in Clearwater county, northwestern Minnesota, U.S. The lake, of glacial origin, covers an area of 1.7 square miles (4.4 square ...
(1891), two serious occurrences involving the United States and Chile, the first taking place during and the second shortly after the Chilean civil war of 1891.
mountainous region of southeastern Egypt and the northeastern part of The Sudan, paralleling the Red Sea. It lies largely south of Egypt's administrative boundary with The Sudan and separates the ...
a stimulation of free nerve endings, usually at the junction of the dermis and epidermis of the skin, that evokes a desire to scratch. It has been suggested that an ...
people of the southern Kamchatka Peninsula, far eastern Russia, numbering about 2,500 in the late 20th century. Much reduced by conquest and epidemics, they have been largely Russianized since the ...
city, seat (1817) of Tompkins county, south-central New York, U.S. It lies at the southern end of Cayuga Lake (one of the Finger Lakes), 55 miles (89 km) southwest of ...
private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Ithaca, New York, U.S. It comprises the Roy H. Park School of Communications and schools of business, health sciences and human performance, humanities ...
