| | - inductive effect
- (from the article "carboxylic acid") ...drawn farther from the carbon than the electrons in the corresponding H&singlehorzbond;C bond. Thus, chlorine is considered to be an electron-withdrawing group. This is one example of the so-called inductive ...
- inductive reactance
- (from the article "reactance") Reactance is of two types: inductive and capacitive. Inductive reactance is associated with the magnetic field that surrounds a wire or a coil carrying a current. An alternating current in ...
- Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer
- (from the article "Earth sciences") ...age of the mineral zircon, and this has revolutionized the understanding of the isotopic age of formation of zircon-bearing igneous granitic rocks. Another technological development is the ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled ...
- inductor
- (from the article "electricity") ...inductors. As was mentioned above, resistors dissipate heat while carrying a current. Capacitors store energy in the form of an electric field in the volume between oppositely charged electrodes. Inductors ...
- inductor alternator
- (from the article "electric generator") An inductor alternator is a special kind of synchronous generator in which both the field and the output winding are on the stator. In the homopolar type of machine, the ...
- inductor compass
- (from the article "navigation") ...by mounting the compass on a platform kept horizontal by a gyroscope. The directive element must be nonpendulous. The vertical pin supporting the compass needle can be pivoted at both ...
- indulgence
- a distinctive feature of the penitential system of both the Western medieval and the Roman Catholic church that granted full or partial remission of the punishment of sin. The granting ... [17 Related Articles]
- Indulgence, Declaration of
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...himself a Catholic. That moment came for the king on his deathbed, by which time his brother and heir, the duke of York, had already openly professed his conversion. In ...
- Indulgents
- (from the article "Danton, Georges") ...the demands of the masses. He quickly showed, however, that he sought to stabilize the Revolutionary movement; very soon-whether he wanted it or not-he appeared as the leader of the ...
- indulto
- (from the article "bullfighting") ...bull's breeder, who views this as a great honour. If the bull was exceptionally brave, the audience may petition the president to spare the bull's life; if a rare pardon ...
- Indurain, Miguel
- (from the article "Tour de France") ...He won the Tour again in 2001 and 2002, relying on his strength in the mountain climbs. In 2003 he overcame crashes and illness to claim his fifth consecutive Tour ...
- induration
- hardening of rocks by heat or baking; also the hardening of sediments through cementation or compaction, or both, without the introduction of heat. The classic example is the rock called ...
- Indus Basin project
- (from the article "Mangla Dam") embankment dam on the Jhelum River, Pakistan, completed in 1967. Mangla Dam is one of the two main structures in the Indus Basin project (the other is Tarbela Dam (q.v.). ...
- Indus civilization
- the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent, first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro, near the Indus River in the ... [20 Related Articles]
- Indus Cone
- (from the article "Arabian Basin") ...is about 9,800 feet (3,000 metres). The floor of the basin, except along the southeastern edge, is covered by sediment deposited by the Indus River in the form of a ...
- Indus Delta
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...zone (Sind) being mostly saline and unfit for agricultural use. Extensive areas in both the northern and southern zones of the plain have been affected by waterlogging and salinity. In ...
- Indus Kohistan
- (from the article "Kohistan") In the North-West Frontier, Kohistan is that sparsely populated area of Pakistan which lies west of Chilas in Kashmir and the Kagan Valley. The eastern part is known as Indus ...
- Indus Plain
- (from the article "climate") ...(as later discussed in the section on the West African monsoon), whereas those affecting the north are due to an interaction of the middle and low latitudes. The southwest monsoon ...
- Indus River
- great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia and one of the longest rivers in the world, having a length of 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometres). It has a total drainage area of ... [9 Related Articles]
- Indus river dolphin
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...spoonbills, geese, pochards, and wood ducks. Crocodiles, gavials (crocodile-like reptiles), pythons, and wild boars inhabit the Indus River delta area. The Indus River itself is home to the Indus river ...
- Indus Valley
- (from the article "river") ...China alone. Most of this activity involves the use of natural floodwater, although reliance on artificially impounded storage has increased rapidly. Irrigation in the 1,300-kilometre length of the Indus Valley, ...
- Indus Waters Treaty
- (from the article "Thar Desert") The partition of India and Pakistan in 1947 left most of the irrigation canals fed by the rivers of the Indus system in Pakistani territory, while a large desert region ...
- Indus-Tsang-po Suture Zone
- (from the article "mountain") ...Indus River in the west and the Brahmaputra River (also called Tsang-po or Yarlung Zangbo Jiang) in the east. The last remnants of the Tethys Ocean floor can be found ...
- indusium
- (from the article "sorus") ...or yellowish cluster of spore-producing structures (sporangia) usually located on the lower surface of fern leaves. A sorus may be protected during development by a scale or flap of tissue ...
- Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
- (from the article "China") ...include the People's Construction Bank of China, responsible for capitalizing a portion of overall investment and for providing capital funds for certain industrial and construction enterprises; the Industrial and Commercial ...
- Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union
- (from the article "Southern Africa") ...were illegal and often were put down with violence. Nevertheless, the period 1918-22 saw a great deal of working-class militancy, and in 1920 Clements Kadalie, a Nyasaland migrant, founded the ...
- industrial architecture
- (from the article "architecture") Buildings for exchange, transportation, communication, manufacturing, and power production meet the principal needs of commerce and industry. In the past these needs were mostly unspecialized. They were met either within ...
- Industrial Areas Foundation
- (from the article "Alinsky, Saul") ...campaign in a working-class area of Chicago; the result was the Back of the Yards Council, which became a prototype for a generation of community organizations. In 1940, Alinsky founded ...
- Industrial Bank of China
- (from the article "Berthelot, Philippe (-Joseph-Louis)") ...In September 1920 the post of secretary general was created expressly for him. In 1921 he resigned after being accused of using his influence improperly in connection with the affairs ...
- Industrial Bank of Japan
- former Japanese commercial bank that operated a general-banking and foreign-exchange business with branches in Japan and overseas. Established in 1902, the bank had specialized in medium- and long-term financing of ...
- industrial capitalism
- (from the article "economic systems") Commercial capitalism proved to be only transitional. The succeeding form would be distinguished by the pervasive mechanization and industrialization of its productive processes, changes that introduced new dynamic tendencies into ...
- industrial ceramics
- Ceramics are broadly defined as inorganic, nonmetallic materials that exhibit such useful properties as high strength and hardness, high melting temperatures, chemical inertness, and low thermal and electrical conductivity but ... [8 Related Articles]
- industrial city
- (from the article "urban culture") Industrial cities appeared after the full development of industrial capitalism in the core nation-states of the late 18th-century world system. Their urban cultural role fit well with the capitalist economic ...
- Industrial Conciliation Act
- (from the article "South Africa") ...1919, used artillery and aircraft to crush what became known as the Rand Revolt, at a cost of some 200 lives. This intense conflict between white unions and employers ended ...
- Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act
- (from the article "organized labour") ...the installation of systems of compulsory arbitration that would oblige employers to deal with them. It was the Liberal government in New Zealand that enacted the first effective measure. The ...
- industrial country
- (from the article "Education") A study of education in advanced industrial nations predicted that the 17.3 million people in the U.S. enrolled in college in 2000 would increase 13% to 19.6 million by 2015. ...
- industrial design
- the design of mass-produced consumer products. Industrial designers, often trained as architects or other visual arts professionals, are usually part of a larger creative team. Their primary responsibility is to ... [16 Related Articles]
- Industrial Designers Society of America
- (from the article "industrial design") ...and Craftsmen (founded in 1927), for instance, was followed by the American Designers Institute (1938) and the Society of Industrial Designers (1944), all of which eventually merged to form the ...
- Industrial Development Corporation
- (from the article "South Africa") The South African economy is essentially based on private enterprise, but the state participates in many ways. Through the Industrial Development Corporation, the apartheid-era government set up and controlled a ...
- Industrial Development Corporation
- (from the article "Zambia") ...Reforms of April 1968, in which the government declared its intention to acquire an equity holding (usually 51 percent or more) in a number of key foreign-owned firms, to be ...
- Industrial Development, Institute of
- (from the article "Colombia") Before the enactment of neoliberal reforms in the 1990s, the Institute of Industrial Development supplied the necessary capital for enterprises too large to be privately financed, investing large sums to ...
- industrial diamond
- any diamond that is designated for industrial use, principally as a cutting tool or abrasive. In general, industrial diamonds are too badly flawed, irregularly shaped, poorly coloured, or small to ...
- industrial dispute
- (from the article "industrial relations") ...in the l930s, to Kohler, Wis., in the l950s. Whatever grievances workers have had in these situations, it is clear that economic issues do not offer a complete explanation of ...
- industrial engineering
- application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises. [6 Related Articles]
- industrial espionage
- acquisition of trade secrets from business competitors. A by-product of the technological revolution, industrial espionage is a reaction to the efforts of many businessmen to keep secret their designs, formulas, ...
- industrial fabric
- (from the article "textile") This class of fabrics includes composition products, processing fabrics, and direct-use types.
- industrial glass
- solid material that is normally lustrous and transparent in appearance and that shows great durability under exposure to the natural elements. These three properties-lustre, transparency, and durability-make glass a favoured ...
- industrial hygiene
- (from the article "medicine") ...in industries working with new substances, the physician should determine if workers are being damaged and suggest preventive measures. The industrial physician may advise management about industrial hygiene and the ...
- Industrial Light and Magic
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") To reduce the graininess that each generation of film adds to the original, concerns such as George Lucas' Industrial Light and Magic produce their effects on 65-mm film. Others, notably ...
- industrial medicine
- the branch of medicine concerned with the maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of diseases and accidental injuries in working populations in the workplace. [2 Related Articles]
- industrial melanism
- the darkness-of the skin, feathers, or fur-acquired by a population of animals living in an industrial region where the environment is soot-darkened. The melanization of a population increases the probability ... [6 Related Articles]
- industrial music
- dissonant electronic music that arose in the late 1970s in response to punk rock. Coined by British postpunk experimentalists Throbbing Gristle, the term industrial simultaneously evoked the ...
- industrial polymers, chemistry of
- structure and composition of chemical compounds made up of long, chainlike molecules.
- industrial polymers, major
- chemical compounds used in the manufacture of synthetic industrial materials.
- Industrial Reconstruction, Institute for
- (from the article "Italy") ...had to be rescued in the early 1930s, as did many large industrial companies. Two new state-run holding companies, the Italian Industrial Finance Institute (Istituto Mobiliare Italiano; IMI) and the ...
- industrial relations
- the behaviour of workers in organizations in which they earn their living. [11 Related Articles]
- Industrial Relations Act
- (from the article "organized labour") ...fines-a development even less welcome to British unions than to those in Australia. The proposals were withdrawn, but the successor Conservative government introduced a new legal code in the Industrial ...
- Industrial Relations Court
- (from the article "organized labour") ...in the Industrial Relations Act of 1971, which included laws on unfair industrial practices and on legally binding agreements. These and various other provisions were to be enforced by a ...
- industrial reseller
- (from the article "marketing") ...manufacturers incorporate the purchased goods into their final products, which are then sold to final consumers (e.g., the manufacturer of television receivers buys tubes and transistors). Industrial resellers are middlemen-essentially ...
- Industrial Revitalization Corp. of Japan
- (from the article "Japan") In October Daiei, Japan's supermarket giant, asked the Industrial Revitalization Corp. of Japan (IRCJ) to help support its reconstruction. The IRCJ was an official entity that had been established in ...
- Industrial Revolution
- in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture. This process began in England in the 18th century and ... [81 Related Articles]
- industrial robot
- (from the article "automation") Industrial robotics is an automation technology that has received considerable attention since about 1960. This section will discuss the development of industrial robotics, the design of the robot manipulator, and ...
- industrial sewage
- (from the article "environmental works") There are three types of wastewater, or sewage: domestic sewage, industrial sewage, and storm sewage. Domestic sewage carries used water from houses and apartments; it is also called sanitary sewage. ...
- industrial ship
- (from the article "ship") Industrial ships are those whose function is to carry out an industrial process at sea. A fishing-fleet mother ship that processes fish into fillets, canned fish, or fish meal is ...
- Industrial Training Act
- (from the article "employee training") ...Training schemes also have been supported by professional groups, such as the International City Managers' Association, the Public Personnel Association, and the Council of State Governments. The Industrial Training Act, ...
- Industrial Training Board
- (from the article "employee training") ...Association, the Public Personnel Association, and the Council of State Governments. The Industrial Training Act, which came into force in Great Britain in 1964, provided for the establishment of an ...
- industrial truck
- carrier designed to transport materials within a factory area with maximum flexibility in making moves. Most industrial trucks permit mechanized pickup and deposit of the loads, eliminating manual work in ...
- industrial union
- trade union that combines all workers, both skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular industry. At the heart of industrial unionism is the slogan "one shop, one union." [3 Related Articles]
- Industrial Workers of the World
- labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43 groups. The IWW opposed the American Federation of Labor's acceptance of capitalism and its refusal to include unskilled workers ... [10 Related Articles]
- industrial-organizational psychology
- application of concepts and methods from several subspecialties of the discipline (such as learning, motivation, and social psychology) to business and institutional settings. [5 Related Articles]
- Industriales
- (from the article "Baseball") In Cuba, Industriales overcame Santiago four games to two to win the 45th Serie Nacional (National Series) championship. Industriales had defeated Isla de la Juventud three games to two in ...
- industrialization
- the process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. [62 Related Articles]
- Industries, Confederation of
- (from the article "Italy") ...1984 that imposed a ceiling on payments, the scala mobile was gradually dismantled (and abolished in 1992) under pressure from the employers' association, the Confederation of Industries ...
- industry
- a group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of income. In economics, industries are customarily classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary; secondary industries ... [28 Related Articles]
- Indy Racing League
- (from the article "Automobile Racing") ...a caution flag because of rain. Scott Dixon of New Zealand finished second, and Brazil's Helio Castroneves (the pole winner at 225.817 mph) was third. All three drove Dallara-Hondas. The ...
- Indy, Vincent d'
- French composer and teacher, remarkable for his attempted, and partially successful, reform of French symphonic and dramatic music along lines indicated by Cesar Franck. [2 Related Articles]
- Ine
- also spelled Ini Anglo-Saxon king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, from 688 to 726. One of the most powerful West Saxon rulers before Alfred the Great, Ine was the ... [2 Related Articles]
- inegalite
- (from the article "musical performance") ...ones, also served contemporary preference for subtlety and unevenness of rhythm. As the century progressed and national styles drew further apart, there evolved a specifically French tradition of inegalite: performing ...
- inelastic collision
- (from the article "plasma") ...of collision may occur: elastic and inelastic. In an elastic collision, the total kinetic energy of all the particles participating in the collision is the same before and after the ...
- inelastic scattering
- (from the article "Brockhouse, Bertram N.") ...of neutrons is aimed at a target material, and the resultant scattering of the neutrons yields information about that material's atomic structure. Brockhouse developed a variant technique known as inelastic ...
- inequality
- (from the article "transitive law") ...then A bears it to C. In arithmetic, the property of equality is transitive, for if A = B and B = C, then A = C. Likewise is the ...
- inert indicator electrode
- (from the article "analysis") Inert-indicator-electrode potentiometry utilizes oxidationreduction reactions. The potential of a solution that contains an oxidation-reduction couple (e.g., Fe3+ and Fe2+) is dependent on the identity of the couple and on the ...
- inertia
- property of a body by virtue of which it opposes any agency that attempts to put it in motion or, if it is moving, to change the magnitude or direction ... [13 Related Articles]
- inertia, law of
- (from the article "celestial mechanics") ...magnitude is included in the definition.) Newton then defined force (also a vector quantity) in terms of its effect on moving objects and in the process formulated his three laws ...
- inertia, moment of
- in physics, quantitative measure of the rotational inertia of a body-i.e., the opposition that the body exhibits to having its speed of rotation about an axis altered by the application ... [6 Related Articles]
- inertial bone conduction
- (from the article "ear, human") ...skull. The result is that the oval window moves with respect to the footplate of the stapes, which gives the same effect as if the stapes itself were vibrating. This ...
- inertial confinement fusion
- (from the article "fusion reactor") In an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) reactor, a tiny solid pellet of fuel-such as deuterium-tritium (D-T)-would be compressed to tremendous density and temperature so that fusion power is produced in ...
- inertial force
- any force invoked by an observer to maintain the validity of Isaac Newton's second law of motion in a reference frame that is rotating or otherwise accelerating at a constant ... [4 Related Articles]
- inertial frame of reference
- (from the article "reference frame") Strictly speaking, Newton's laws of motion are valid only in a coordinate system at rest with respect to the "fixed" stars. Such a system is known as a Newtonian, or ...
- inertial guidance system
- electronic system that continuously monitors the position, velocity, and acceleration of a vehicle, usually a submarine, missile, or airplane, and thus provides navigational data or control without need for communicating ... [9 Related Articles]
- inertial mass
- (from the article "gravitation") Inertial mass is a mass parameter giving the inertial resistance to acceleration of the body when responding to all types of force. Gravitational mass is determined by the strength of ...
- Inertial Upper Stage
- (from the article "Boeing Company") ...astronauts to the Moon and the battery-powered Lunar Roving Vehicles used in the Apollo 15, 16, and 17 missions. In 1976 it entered the upper-stage-rocket arena when it was selected ...
- inertinite
- (from the article "Petrologic components in coal and their groupings") The inertinite group makes up 5 to 40 percent of most coals. Their reflectance values are usually the highest in a given sample. The most common inertinite maceral is fusinite, ...
- inertness
- (from the article "coordination compound") In considering the mechanisms of substitution (exchange) reactions, Canadian-born American chemist Henry Taube distinguished between complexes that are labile (reacting completely in about one minute in 0.1 M solution at ...
- inescutcheon
- (from the article "heraldry") ...is an orle gemel, which suggests twins, and it may indeed be described as an orle divided into two narrow orles set closely together. The small shield used as a ...
- inex period
- (from the article "eclipse") Two consecutive saros series are separated by the inex, a period of 29 years minus 20 days-that is, 358 synodic months-after which time the new moon has come from one ...
- inexistence
- (from the article "mind, philosophy of") One of the characteristics of intentionality is what the Scholastics called "inexistence": a man may be intentionally related to an object that does not exist or to an event that ...
- infallibility decree
- (from the article "India") ...of war to Islam and by encouraging Hindus as his principal confidants and policy makers. To legitimize his nonsectarian policies, he issued in 1579 a public edict (
- infamy
- public disgrace or loss of reputation, particularly as a consequence of criminal conviction. In early common law, conviction for an infamous crime resulted in disqualification to testify as a witness. ... [1 Related Articles]
- infancy
- among humans, the period of life between birth and the acquisition of language approximately one to two years later. [18 Related Articles]
- infancy narrative
- (from the article "biblical literature") The discourses are preceded by etiological (sources or origins) material of chapters 1-2, in which the birth narrative relates Jesus' descent (by adoption according to the will of God) through ...
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