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internal energy ... interplanetary dust particle

internal energy: in thermodynamics, the property or state function that defines the energy of a substance in the absence of effects due to capillarity and external electric, magnetic, and other fields. Like ...
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization: secret revolutionary society that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to make Macedonia an autonomous state but that later became an agent serving Bulgarian interests in Balkan ...
internal medicine: medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and medical, as opposed to surgical, treatment of diseases of adults. It is broadly identical with the practice of the physician, as opposed ...
internal pair production: electromagnetic process classified as a form of gamma decay. See gamma decay; pair production.
internal rhyme: rhyme between a word within a line and another word either at the end of the same line or within another line, as in the second and fourth lines of ...
internal-combustion engine: any of a group of devices in which the reactants of combustion (oxidizer and fuel) and the products of combustion serve as the working fluids of the engine. Such an ...
internal-combustion engine: any engine in which a fuel-air mixture is burned in the engine proper so that the hot gaseous products of combustion act directly on the surface of its moving parts, ...
international agreement: instrument by which states and other subjects of international law, such as certain international organizations, regulate matters of concern to them. The agreements assume a variety of form and style, ...
International Association of Athletics Federations: track-and-field organization of national associations of more than 160 countries. It was founded as the International Amateur Athletic Association at Stockholm in 1912. In 1936 the IAAF took over regulation ...
International Association of Universities: nongovernmental educational organization founded in 1950 to promote cooperation at the international level among the universities of all countries as well as among other bodies concerned with higher education and ...
International Atomic Energy Agency: autonomous intergovernmental organization dedicated to increasing the contribution of atomic energy to the world's peace and well-being and ensuring that agency assistance is not used for military purposes. The IAEA ...
International Ballet: British dance company. Founded in 1941 by Mona Inglesby to bring classical ballet to new urban and provincial audiences, it performed in cinemas and arenas, as well as at more ...
International Ballet Competitions: one of the world's most prestigious dance competitions, open to both male and female dancers of all countries, and much like the Olympic Games in purpose. The first International Ballet ...
International Bank for Economic Cooperation: international bank instituted by an agreement signed by Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union in October 1963 to facilitate economic cooperation among the member ...
International Boundary Waters Treaty: (1909), treaty between the United States and Great Britain establishing an International Joint Commission of Americans and Canadians to oversee any issue related to waters on the boundary between the ...
International Brigades: groups of foreign volunteers who fought on the Republican side against the Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). So called because their members (initially) came from some 50 ...
International Bureau of Weights and Measures: international organization founded to bring about the unification of measurement systems, to establish and preserve fundamental international standards and prototypes, to verify national standards, and to determine fundamental physical constants. ...
International Business Machines Corporation: leading American computer manufacturer, with a major share of the market both in the United States and abroad. Its headquarters are in Armonk, N.Y.
International Campaign to Ban Landmines: international coalition of nongovernmental organizations established in 1992 to ban the use, production, trade, and stockpiling of antipersonnel land mines. In 1997 the coalition was awarded the Nobel Prize for ...
International Church of the Foursquare Gospel: Pentecostal denomination established by Aimee Semple McPherson, a popular revivalist preacher, in Los Angeles in 1927. During a revival campaign in Oakland, California, U.S., four years earlier, "Sister" Aimee claimed ...
International Civil Aviation Organization: intergovernmental specialized agency associated with the United Nations (UN). Established in 1947 by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (1944), which had been signed by 52 states three years earlier ...
International Committee of the Red Cross: international nongovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, that seeks to aid victims of war and to ensure the observance of humanitarian law by all parties in conflict. The work of ...
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions: the world's principal organization of national trade union federations. The ICFTU was formed in 1949 by Western trade union federations that had withdrawn from the World Federation of Trade Unions ...
International Council of Women: organization, founded in 1888, that works with agencies around the world to promote health, peace, equality, and education.
International Court of Justice: the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). The idea for the creation of an international court to arbitrate international disputes first arose during the various conferences that produced ...
International Criminal Court: permanent judicial body established by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) to prosecute and adjudicate individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. On July ...
international criminal law: body of laws, norms, and rules governing international crimes and their repression, as well as rules addressing conflict and cooperation between national criminal-law systems. See also international law; conflict of laws.
international date line: imaginary line extending between the North Pole and the South Pole and arbitrarily demarcating each calendar day from the next. It corresponds along most of its length to the 180th ...
International Development Association: United Nations specialized agency affiliated with but legally and financially distinct from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). It was instituted in September 1960 to make loans ...
International Falls: city, seat (1906) of Koochiching county, northern Minnesota, U.S. The city is situated opposite Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada, on the Rainy River (bridged), near its outlet on Rainy Lake. The ...
International Federation for Information and Documentation: international library organization that was founded in 1895 as the Institut International de Bibliographie (IIB) to promote a unified and centralized approach to bibliographic classification. The IIB was founded by ...
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: international organization responsible for encouraging the formation of and aiding national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The federation shared the Nobel Prize for Peace with the International Committee of ...
International Finance Corporation: United Nations (UN) specialized agency affiliated with but legally separate from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). Founded in 1956 to stimulate the economic development of its ...
International Fund for Agricultural Development: United Nations (UN) specialized agency that supports increased food production in poor communities. Partly in response to severe famines in the southern Sahara in the early 1970s, the 1974 World ...
International Geophysical Year: worldwide program of geophysical research that was conducted from July 1957 to December 1958. IGY was directed toward a systematic study of the Earth and its planetary environment. The IGY ...
International Herald Tribune: daily newspaper published in Paris, France, that has long been the staple source of English-language news for American expatriates, tourists, and businesspeople in Europe. It is considered the first "global" ...
International Ice Patrol: patrol established in 1914 by the agreement of 16 nations with shipping interests in the North Atlantic Ocean after the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank (1912). The patrol ...
International Investment Bank: international bank founded in 1970 and operational in 1971, designed to provide long- and medium-term credit for capital construction in member states. The founding members were Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, East ...
International Labour Organization: specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) dedicated to improving labour conditions and living standards throughout the world. Established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency ...
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union: former industrial union in the United States and Canada that represented workers in the women's clothing industry. When the ILGWU was formed in 1900, most of its members were Jewish ...
international law: the body of legal rules, norms, and standards that apply between sovereign states and other entities that are legally recognized as international actors. The term was coined by the English ...
International Law, Institute of: international organization founded in Ghent, Belgium, in 1873 to develop and implement international law as a codified science responsible for the legal morality and integrity of the civilized world. In ...
International Maritime Organization: United Nations (UN) specialized agency created to develop international treaties and other mechanisms on maritime safety; to discourage discriminatory and restrictive practices in international trade and unfair practices by shipping ...
International Monetary Fund: United Nations (UN) specialized agency, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to secure international monetary cooperation, to stabilize currency exchange rates, and to expand international liquidity (access to ...
International Olympic Committee: organization formed in Paris in 1894 to conduct, promote, and regulate the modern Olympic Games (q.v.).
international organization: institution drawing membership from at least three states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together by a formal agreement. The Union of International Associations, a coordinating ...
International Organization for Standardization: specialized international organization founded in Geneva in 1947 and concerned with standardization in all technical and nontechnical fields except electrical and electronic engineering (the responsibility of the International Electrotechnical Commission). ...
International Paper Company: major American manufacturer of pulp and paper products, including printing paper, specialty paper products, packaging materials, lumber, and manufactured construction materials. It also is one of the world's largest private ...
international payment and exchange: respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in which national currencies are bought and sold by those who require them for such payments. Countries may ...
International Peace Bureau: international organization founded in 1891 in Bern, Switz., to create a central office through which peace activities of several countries could be coordinated. The Peace Bureau was awarded the Nobel ...
International Peace Garden: park that straddles the North Dakota (U.S.)-Manitoba (Can.) border in the Turtle Mountain Valley. It is situated about 30 miles (50 km) north of the geographical centre of North America ...
International Phonetic Alphabet: (IPA), an alphabet developed with the intention of enabling students and linguists to learn and record the pronunciation of languages accurately, thereby avoiding the confusion of inconsistent, conventional spellings and ...
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War: international organization of doctors who are opposed to the nuclear arms race and who seek to educate the public on the catastrophic medical consequences that would result from a nuclear ...
International Refugee Organization: (IRO), temporary specialized agency of the United Nations that, between its formal establishment in 1946 and its termination in January 1952, assisted refugees and displaced persons in many countries of ...
international relations: history of world diplomacy and events from the period of World War I to the last decade of the 20th century.
international relations: the study of the relations of states with each other and with international organizations and certain subnational entities (e.g., bureaucracies, political parties, and interest groups). It is related to a ...
International Settlements, Bank for: international bank established at Basel, Switz., in 1930, as the agency to handle the payment of reparations by Germany after World War I and as an institution for cooperation among ...
International Society of Christian Endeavor: interdenominational organization for Protestant youth in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It was founded in 1881 by Francis Edward Clark, who served as president until 1927. Members of the ...
International Space Station: space station assembled in low Earth orbit largely by the United States and Russia, with assistance and components from a multinational consortium.
International Standard Book Number: in bibliography, 10-digit number assigned before publication to a book or edition thereof, which identifies the work's national, geographic, language, or other convenient group, and its publisher, title, edition, and ...
International Standard Serial Number: in bibliography, eight-digit number that provides a concise and unambiguous identification code for serial publications. Unlike the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), this number's only significance is its unique identification ...
International Style: architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and '30s and became the dominant tendency in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th ...
International System of Units: international decimal system of weights and measures derived from and extending the metric system of units. Adopted by the 11th General Conference on Weights and ...
International Telecommunication Union: specialized agency of the United Nations that was created to encourage international cooperation in all forms of telecommunication. Its activities include maintaining order in the allocation of radio frequencies, setting ...
international trade: economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are consumer goods, such as television sets and clothing; capital goods, such as machinery; and raw materials and ...
International Ultraviolet Explorer: astronomical research satellite built in the 1970s as a cooperative project of the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Science and Engineering Research Council of the United Kingdom, ...
International Unit: in pharmacology, quantity of a substance, such as a vitamin, hormone, or toxin, that produces a specified effect when tested according to an internationally accepted biological procedure. For certain substances, ...
International Whaling Commission: an intergovernmental organization that regulates whaling, a competitive industry based on the hunting of a common global resource. The commission was created after World War II by the Allied Powers, ...
International Women's Day: day (March 8) honouring the achievements of women and promoting women's rights. A national holiday in numerous countries, it has been sponsored by the United Nations (UN) since 1975.
International, First: federation of workers' groups that, despite ideological divisions within its ranks, had a considerable influence as a unifying force for labour in Europe during the latter part of the 19th ...
International, Fourth: a multinational body composed of Trotskyist organizations that was first formed in opposition to the policies of the Stalin-dominated Third International, or Comintern.
International, Second: federation of socialist parties and trade unions that greatly influenced the ideology, policy, and methods of the European labour movement from the last decade of the 19th century to the ...
International, Third: association of national communist parties founded in 1919. Though its stated purpose was the promotion of world revolution, the Comintern functioned chiefly as an organ of Soviet control over the ...
Internationale, L': former official socialist and communist song. It was the anthem of the First, Second, and Third Internationals and, from 1918 to 1944, the national anthem of the Soviet Union.
Internet: a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a "network of networks," the ...
interplanetary dust particle: a small grain, generally less than a few hundred micrometres in size and composed of silicate minerals and glassy nodules but sometimes including sulfides, metals, other minerals, and carbonaceous material, ...