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imperial city: any of the cities and towns of the Holy Roman Empire that were subject only to the authority of the emperor, or German king, on whose demesne (personal estate) the ... [1 Related Articles]
Imperial College: institution of higher learning in London. It is one of the leading research colleges or universities in England. Its main campus is located in South Kensington (in Westminster), and its ...
Imperial Conference: (from the article "World War II") On July 2, 1941, the Imperial Conference decided to press the Japanese advance southward even at the risk of war with Great Britain and the United States; and this policy ...
Imperial Crown: crown created in the 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman emperors. Although made for Otto the Great (912-973), it was named for Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman emperor.
Imperial Defence College: (from the article "military, naval, and air academies") ...Royal Naval College, Dartmouth; and air force cadets train at the Royal Air Force College, Cranwell (founded 1920). Selected commissioned officers are educated in higher strategy and policy at the ...
Imperial Economic Conference: (from the article "imperial preference") ...policy of imperial preference. Such a policy-based on the principle of "home producers first, empire producers second, and foreign producers last"-was negotiated at the Imperial Economic Conference in Ottawa in ...
Imperial Edict: (from the article "Abdulmecid I") ...to 1861 who issued two major social and political reform edicts known as the Hatt-i Serif of Gulhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber) in 1839 and the Hatt-i Humayun ...
Imperial Flanders: (from the article "Baldwin IV") ...The count of Flanders thus became a feudatory of the empire as well as of the French crown. The French fiefs are known in Flemish history as Crown Flanders (Kroon-Vlaanderen), ...
Imperial Force: (from the article "Yamagata Aritomo") ...to Japan in 1870, he became secretary to the vice minister of military affairs. Intending to abolish the system of the feudal domains and to centralize political power, he proposed ...
Imperial Garden: (from the article "Forbidden City") ...the Inner Court, which contains the three halls that composed the imperial living quarters. Adjacent to these palaces, at the northernmost limit of the Forbidden City, is the 3-acre (1.2-hectare) ...
Imperial Guard: (from the article "Yamagata Aritomo") ...In early 1871, when a force of about 10,000 men drawn from the feudal armies was organized, Yamagata was promoted to vice minister of military affairs. This Imperial Force was ...
Imperial Highway: (from the article "roads and highways") China had a road system that paralleled the Persian Royal Road and the Roman road network in time and purpose. Its major development began under Emperor Shihuangdi about 220 BC. ...
Imperial Hotel: (from the article "Wright, Frank Lloyd") The Imperial Hotel (1915-22, dismantled 1967) in Tokyo was one of Wright's most significant works in its lavish comfort, splendid spaces, and unprecedented construction. Because of its revolutionary, floating cantilever ...
Imperial Household: (from the article "Shinto") In ancient times small states were gradually formed at various places. By the middle of the 4th century AD, a nation with an ancestor of the present Imperial Household as ...
Imperial Household Department: (from the article "China") The Manchu also altered political institutions in the central government. They created an Imperial Household Department to forestall eunuchs from usurping power-a situation that had plagued the Ming ruling house-and ...
Imperial Land Survey: (from the article "map") ...of Europe, were derived. In China, under the Communist regime, survey and cartography groups have provided coverage of much of the country with a new 1:50,000-scale map series. Japan established ...
imperial mammoth: (from the article "mammoth") A variety of distinct species are included in the genus Mammuthus. Most mammoths were about as large as modern elephants. The North American imperial mammoth (
imperial millennialism: (from the article "millennialism") From their earliest manifestations, millennial beliefs have divided into two tendencies: (1) those based on a hierarchical imperial vision of a coming kingdom that will be overseen by a just, ...
imperial moth: (from the article "regal moth") ...behind its head. It eats principally walnut, hickory, and persimmon leaves. The adult has yellow-spotted, olive-gray forewings with red veins and reddish-orange hindwings with yellow markings. The imperial moth (Eacles ...
Imperial Oil: (from the article "Arctic Regions") ...called for initial proposals to build the 5,600-km Alaska Gas Pipeline, which was expected to cost more than $20 billion. In Canada the Mackenzie Valley Gas Pipeline revised its budget ...
Imperial Palace: (from the article "Tokyo") Encircled by stone-walled moats and broad gardens, the Imperial Palace, the home of the emperor of Japan, lies at the heart of the city. East of and adjacent to the ...
Imperial Peking: (from the article "Peking duck") one of the most celebrated dishes of Beijing, or Mandarin Chinese, cuisine, with a history of more than 400 years. In its classic form, the dish calls for a specific ...
imperial pheasant: (from the article "Delacour, Jean Theodore") ...in Normandy. In the 1920s he brought the first live specimens of Edwards' pheasants to England. In 1924 he brought a pair of unidentified dark blue pheasants from northern Vietnam, ...
imperial preference: historically, a commercial arrangement in which preferential rates (i.e., rates below the general level of an established tariff) were granted to one another by constituent units of an empire. Imperial ... [2 Related Articles]
Imperial Rescript on Education: (from the article "education") Together with these reforms, the Imperial Rescript on Education (Kyoiku Chokugo) of 1890 played a major role in providing a structure for national morality. By reemphasizing the traditional Confucian and ...
Imperial Resript to Soldiers and Sailors: (from the article "Yamagata Aritomo") In 1882 Yamagata induced the emperor to promulgate the "Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors"-in essence a recapitulation of Yamagata's "Admonition to the Military"-which was to become the spiritual guidepost ...
Imperial Rule Assistance Association: (from the article "Liberal-Democratic Party of Japan") ...(Democratic Party). With the rise of militarism in Japan, however, the political parties lost influence. In 1940 they disbanded, and many of their members joined the government-sponsored Imperial Rule Assistance ...
Imperial Russian Army: (from the article "Russia") The changeover from the traditional militia-like military organization to a "European" professional army (as it developed in the course of the so-called military revolution of the 17th century) had been ...
imperial school: (from the article "Andrews, Charles McLean") ...1910 to 1931. Well started on his important guides to colonial materials in English archives before he went to Yale, he became a leader in colonial historiography. His own history ...
Imperial School of Ballet: (from the article "Balanchine, George") Georgy Balanchivadze, a Georgian, was one of a generation of dancers who spent the World War I years at the Imperial School of Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre. The theatre ...
Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor: (from the article "knight bachelor") James I of Great Britain created a registry in the 17th century for knights bachelor, but this eventually lapsed. The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor, founded in 1908, has since ...
Imperial Society of Reglemented Hunting: (from the article "shooting") ...Russian Athletic Society, with a shooting range on club property; the St. Petersburg Club of Sports Amateurs; the St. Petersburg Society of Salon Shooting; and the Riga Shooting Society. In ...
Imperial Tobacco Company, Ltd.: (from the article "British American Tobacco PLC") The British-American Tobacco Company originated in 1902 as a joint venture of the U.S.-based American Tobacco Company and the U.K.-based Imperial Tobacco Company, Ltd. The new company was formed to ...
Imperial Tobacco Group, PLC: one of the world's largest international tobacco companies and the leading British manufacturer of tobacco products, including Player and Embassy cigarettes, Wilson's snuff, several brands of cigars, rolling papers, and ...
Imperial Treasures of Japan: (from the article "Gempei War") ...Antoku. In the sea battle of Dannoura (1185) on the Inland Sea in western Japan, the Taira were finally defeated. The emperor Antoku was drowned in the battle, losing a ...
Imperial University Order: (from the article "education") Based on policies advocated by Mori, a series of new acts and orders were promulgated one after another. The first was the Imperial University Order of 1886, which rendered the ...
Imperial Valley: intensively irrigated part of the Colorado Desert, mainly in Imperial county, southern California, U.S. The valley extends southward for 50 miles (80 km) from the southern end of the Salton ... [4 Related Articles]
Imperial Vault of Heaven: (from the article "Beijing") The Imperial Vault of Heaven, first erected in 1530 and rebuilt in 1752, is a smaller structure some 65 feet (20 metres) high and about 50 feet (15 metres) in ...
imperial volute: (from the article "volute") ...aperture in the first whorl of the shell and a number of deep folds on the inner lip. Volutes are most common in warm, shallow waters but occur also in ...
Imperial War Cabinet: (from the article "Borden, Sir Robert") ...the first two years of war Borden frequently referred to the necessity of Canadian participation in British decisions, but it was not until the British prime minister David Lloyd George ...
Imperial War Museum: in the United Kingdom, national museum serving as a memorial and record of the wartime efforts and sacrifices of the people of Great Britain and the Commonwealth. Upon its opening ... [1 Related Articles]
Imperial Way faction: (from the article "Araki Sadao") Japanese general, statesman, and a leader of the Kodo-ha (Imperial Way) faction, an ultranationalistic group of the 1930s. He strongly advocated the importance of character building through rigid mental and ...
Imperial Wenyuange library: (from the article "Beijing") ...Library, which holds the collections of the National Library of China, is located in the southern Haidian district, just west of the zoo. The library inherited books and archives from ...
imperial woodpecker: (from the article "ivory-billed woodpecker") ...A subspecies, the Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker (Campephilus principalis bairdii), was last officially sighted in the late 1980s and is believed to be extinct. A related species, the imperial woodpecker (C. ...
Imperial, Francisco: (from the article "Spanish literature") ...important Cancionero general (1511) of Hernando del Castillo; among the latter's 128 named poets is Florencia Pinar, one of the first women poets in Castilian to be identified by name. ...
Imperiali formula: (from the article "election") ...The greatest-remainder formula is used in Israel and Luxembourg and for some seats in the Danish Folketing. Prior to 1994 Italy used a special variant of the greatest-remainder formula, called ...
imperialism: state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it always involves the ... [15 Related Articles]
Imperio Argentina: Argentine-born Spanish actress and singer (b. Dec. 26, 1906, Buenos Aires, Arg.-d. Aug. 22, 2003, Benalmadena, Spain), was one of the biggest stars of the early Spanish cinema, making the ...
Imperioli, Michael: (from the article "Sopranos, The") Christopher (Michael Imperioli), Paulie (Tony Sirico), and Sil (Steve Van Zandt) form Tony's trusted inner circle, through whom Tony's business deals are played out. The themes of identity, guilt, and ...
imperium: (from the article "Middle Ages") ...idea arose of Europe as one large church-state, called Christendom. Christendom was thought to consist of two distinct groups of functionaries, the sacerdotium, or ecclesiastical hierarchy, and the imperium, or ...
imperium: (Latin: "command," "empire"), the supreme executive power in the Roman state, involving both military and judicial authority. It was exercised first by the kings of Rome; under the republic (c. ... [4 Related Articles]
imperium proconsulare majus: (from the article "ancient Rome") ...this high class of his supporters, senatorial and equestrian, by not drawing attention to the most novel and autocratic of the many grants of power he had received, the
impersonation: (from the article "humour") This leads to the comic devices of imitation, impersonation, and disguise. The impersonator is perceived as himself and somebody else at the same time. If the result is slightly degrading-but ...
impersonation: (from the article "information system") Impersonation, as the name implies, involves gaining access to a system by impersonating a legitimate user-a feat that usually requires knowing or guessing a legitimate user's password. In a Trojan ...
impetigo: inflammatory skin infection that begins as a superficial blister or pustule that then ruptures and gives rise to a weeping spot on which the fluid dries to form a distinct ... [2 Related Articles]
Imphal: capital of Manipur state and administrative headquarters of Manipur Central district, northeastern India, lying in the Manipur River Valley, at an altitude of 2,500 ft (760 m). Imphal was the ... [2 Related Articles]
Imphal-Kohima, Battle of: (from the article "World War II") ...front, when the fighting in Arakan was dying down, played into Slim's hands, since he could now profit from the Allies' superiority in aircraft and in tanks. The Japanese were ...
impi: (from the article "Shaka") He developed standard tactics, which the Zulu used in every battle. The available regiments (known collectively as the impi) were divided into four groups. The strongest, termed the "chest," closed ...
impingement wear: (from the article "tribological ceramics") There are two basic mechanisms of tribological wear-impingement wear and rubbing wear. In impingement wear, particles impact and erode the surface. This is the major wear mechanism encountered in mineral ...
implantation: (from the article "integrated circuit") Another method of modifying a wafer is to bombard its surface with extra atoms. This is called implantation. Enough of the atoms become deeply embedded in the surface to alter ...
implantation: in reproduction physiology, the adherence of a fertilized egg to a surface in the reproductive tract, usually to the uterine wall (see uterus), so that the egg may have a ... [5 Related Articles]
impleader: (from the article "joinder and impleader") in law, processes whereby additional parties or additional claims are brought into suits because addressing them is necessary or desirable for the successful adjudication of the issues.procedural law
implication: in logic, a relationship between two propositions in which the second is a logical consequence of the first. In most systems of formal logic, a broader relationship called material implication ... [5 Related Articles]
implicature: (from the article "language, philosophy of") Austin's Oxford colleague H.P. Grice (1913-88) developed a sophisticated theory of how nonliteral aspects of meaning are generated and recovered through the exploitation of general principles of rational cooperation as ...
implied powers: (from the article "McCulloch v. Maryland") U.S. Supreme Court case decided in 1819, in which Chief Justice John Marshall affirmed the constitutional doctrine of Congress' "implied powers." It determined that Congress had not only the powers ...
implied trust: (from the article "trust") ...simple example would be the situation in which one member of a family advances money to another and asks the second member to hold the money or to invest it ...
implied warranty: (from the article "insurance") In the field of ocean marine insurance there are two general types of warranties that must be considered: express and implied. Express warranties are promises written into the contract. There ...
implosion: (from the article "atomic bomb") ...becomes a critical one. This can be practically achieved by using high explosives to shoot two subcritical slugs of fissionable material together in a hollow tube. A second method used ...
impluvium: (from the article "atrium") ...the atrium held the altar to the family gods, the Lares. The atrium was designed either with or without columns; it had, universally, a marble basin known as the
import: (from the article "free trade") a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). A free-trade policy does not necessarily ...
import foreland: (from the article "hinterland") ...Export and import hinterlands have complementary forelands that lie on the seaward side of the port. An export foreland is the region to which the goods being shipped from the ...
import hinterland: (from the article "hinterland") As the study of ports became more sophisticated, maritime observers identified export and import hinterlands. An export hinterland is the backcountry region from which the goods being shipped from the ...
import quota: (from the article "quota") Tariff quotas may be distinguished from import quotas. A tariff quota permits the import of a certain quantity of a commodity duty-free or at a lower duty rate, while quantities ...
import substitution: (from the article "economic development") ...number of manufactured goods. The experience of colonialism, and the distrust of the international economy that it engendered, led policymakers in most developing countries to adopt a policy of import ...
import substitution industrialization: (from the article "Latin America, history of") ...developed industrial nations of the "centre" as against the developing nations of the "periphery." Their strategy therefore included emphasis on economic diversification and import substitution industrialization (ISI) for the sake ...
import tax: (from the article "tariff") Import duties are the most important and most common types of custom duties. As noted above, they may be levied for either revenue or protection, or both, but tariffs are ...
imposition: (from the article "printing") ...pieces or in lines of lead alloy, is an operation called makeup. This is preceded, if the same form is to include several smaller pages to be printed together, such ...
impossibility: (from the article "criminal law") ...In continental European and some Anglo-American legal systems, attempt may also consist of conduct that would be criminal if the circumstances were as the actor believed them to be. A ...
impossibility theorem: (from the article "Arrow, Kenneth J.") ...to general economic equilibrium theory. He was cowinner (with Sir John R. Hicks) of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1972. Perhaps his most startling thesis (built on elementary mathematics) ...
impossible event: (from the article "probability theory") ...is denoted A ∩ B; the union of A and B is the set of all experimental outcomes belonging to A or B (or both) and is denoted A ∪ ...
impossible figure: (from the article "number game") At first glance, drawings such as those in Figure 5 appear to represent plausible three-dimensional objects, but closer inspection reveals that they cannot; the representation is flawed by faulty perspective, ...
impotence: in general, the inability of a man to achieve or maintain penile erection and hence the inability to participate fully in sexual intercourse. In its broadest sense the term impotence ... [9 Related Articles]
impredicative construction: (from the article "mathematics, foundations of") A number of 19th-century mathematicians found fault with the program of reducing mathematics to arithmetic and set theory as suggested by the work of Cantor and Frege. In particular, the ...
impregnation rite: (from the article "Hinduism") The impregnation rite, consecrating the intended time of conception, consists of a ritual meal of pounded rice (mixed with various other things according to whether the married man desires a ...
impression: (from the article "epistemology") Hume recognized two kinds of perception: "impressions" and "ideas." Impressions are perceptions that the mind experiences with the "most force and violence," and ideas are the "faint images" of impressions. ...
Impression Exhibition of 1889: (from the article "Roberts, Tom") ...camps in the Australian bush. Later he joined Charles Conder and Arthur Streeton in the Eaglemont camp, where his influence on his fellow artists culminated in the historic nine-inch-by-five-inch Impression ...
Impressionism: a major movement, first in painting and later in music, that developed chiefly in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Impressionist painting comprises the work produced between ... [55 Related Articles]
impressionist story: (from the article "short story") Several American writers, from Poe to James, were interested in the "impressionist" story that focusses on the impressions registered by events on the characters' minds, rather than the objective reality ...
Impressions, the: (from the article "Chicago soul") The first record from the city with a distinctly soulful sound was Jerry Butler and the Impressions' "For Your Precious Love" (1958). Butler and the Impressions parted company to pursue ...
impressment: enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods. Until the early 19th century this practice flourished in port towns throughout the world. ... [1 Related Articles]
Impressment Bill: (from the article "United Kingdom") The initiative had returned to Pym and his allies, who now proceeded to pass much of their stalled legislation, including the exclusion of the bishops from the Lords and the ...
imprimatur: (Latin: "let it be printed"), in the Roman Catholic church, a permission, required by contemporary canon law and granted by a bishop, for the publication of any work on Scripture ...
Imprimerie Royale: (from the article "typography") ...had, generally speaking, deteriorated in vigour and quality. In France, the first comeback step was taken in 1640 by Louis XIII, who, under the influence of Cardinal de Richelieu, established ...
imprinting: in psychobiology, a form of learning in which a very young animal fixes its attention on the first object with which it has visual, auditory, or tactile experience and thereafter ... [7 Related Articles]
imprinting: process of transferring writing from a master copy to another form. There are three basic methods of imprinting: (1) spirit hectograph master cards, (2) stencil cards, and (3) metal or ...
imprinting defect: (from the article "congenital disorder") ...lethal condition. The best known of the many congenital disorders of connective tissue is Marfan syndrome, a rare cause of sudden death in young athletes. The rare class of genetic ...
imprisonment: (from the article "crime") ...Serious offenses are handled by the courts, which were reformed in 1996 to make them more adversarial and to give the defense counsel more independence. Punishments for serious offenses include ...
impromptu: a 19th-century piano composition intended to produce the illusion of spontaneous improvisation. In keeping with this fundamental premise, there is no particular form associated with the impromptu, although ternary and ...
improper rotation: (from the article "symmetry") ...within the solid. Inversions move every atom to another position in the crystal; the old and new positions of the atom lie upon a line, at the middle of which ...
improved mobile telephone service: (from the article "telephone and telephone system") In 1964 AT&T introduced a second generation of mobile telephony, known as improved mobile telephone service (IMTS). This provided full-duplex operation, automatic dialing, and automatic channel searching. Initially 11 channels ...
Improving America's Schools Act: (from the article "land-grant college") ...1914 appropriated funds to the land-grant colleges to promote the development of scientific methods of agriculture. Land-grant status was conferred on 30 Native American tribal colleges under the Improving America's ...