| | - Hajarah, Al-
- (from the article "Iraq") ...miles (168,000 square km), almost two-fifths of the country. The western desert, an extension of the Syrian Desert, rises to elevations above 1,600 feet (490 metres). The southern desert is ...
- Hajdu-Bihar
- megye (county), eastern Hungary. It is bordered by the county of Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg to the north, by Romania to the east, and by the counties of Bekes to ...
- Hajdusag
- (from the article "Hajdu-Bihar") ...cold. In the 19th century the Tisza was regulated through the construction of the Tiszalok Dam and the 60-mile (100-km) Main Canal, which supplies water to the Hortobagy steppe and ...
- Hajduszoboszlo
- (from the article "Hajdu-Bihar") ...black soil. Rice, wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, sunflowers, and lentils all flourish in the county wherever recurring drought has been eliminated by irrigation projects. Natural gas is exploited at Hajduszoboszlo, ...
- Hajek, Igor
- Czech writer, translator, teacher, and foreign literary editor, 1964-69, of the radical Czechoslovak Writers' Union's Literarni Noviny (b. March 22, 1931--d. April 19, 1995).
- Hajek, Jiri
- Czech politician (b. June 6, 1913, Krhanice, Czech.--d. Oct. 22, 1993, Prague, Czech Republic), was forced from office as a Communist Party official during the 1968 Soviet crackdown and was ...
- Haji
- (from the article "Agung, Abulfatah") ...trade but successfully opposed Dutch expansion into the area in the early part of his reign. In the 1670s, however, when he attempted to change the succession to his throne ...
- Haji Gak
- (from the article "Afghanistan") High-grade iron ore has been discovered at Hajji Gak, northwest of Kabul. Copper has been mined at 'Aynak, near Kabul, and uranium in the mountains near Khvajah Rawash, east of ...
- haji ware
- Japanese earthenware developed in the 4th century AD (during the Tumulus period) from the Yayoi ware of the preceding period. Great amounts of this everyday ware were produced into the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Haji, Raja
- Buginese soldier and statesman under whose leadership Buginese adventurers spread throughout the Malay Peninsula. The power of the Buginese (a people originally from the southern Celebes) dated from the early ...
- hajib
- in Muslim Spain and Mamluk Egypt, a high government official. The term originally designated a chamberlain, but under the Spanish Umayyads (756-1031) the hajib functioned as a chief minister, paralleling ...
- Hajipur
- town, north-central Bihar state, northeastern India. Hajipur lies in the northern Bihar Plains, which are part of the Middle Ganges Plains. It is located on the land route from Vaishali, ...
- hajj
- in Islam, the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim of either sex must make at least once in his or her lifetime. ... [11 Related Articles]
- Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar, al-
- (from the article "Euclid") ...impact of the Elements on Islamic mathematics is visible through the many translations into Arabic from the 9th century forward, three of which must be mentioned: two ...
- Hajjaj, al-
- one of the most able of provincial governors under the Umayyad caliphate (661-750). He played a critical role in consolidating the administrative structure of the Umayyad dynasty during its early ... [12 Related Articles]
- Hajji Bektash Wali
- (from the article "Bektashi") any member of an order of Muslim mystics founded, according to their own traditions, by Hajji Bektash Wali of Khorasan, Iran. It acquired definitive form in the 16th century in ...
- Hajji Ben Amor, Abdullah al-
- (from the article "Tunisia") ...of them Renaissance Party members or sympathizers. They included Daniel Zarrouk and Mohammed Abbou, a lawyer who had been sentenced in April 2005 to three and a half years' imprisonment. ...
- Hajji Firuz
- (from the article "Iran, ancient") By approximately 6000 BC these patterns of village farming were widely spread over much of the Iranian plateau and in lowland Khuzestan. Tepe Sabz in Khuzestan, Hajji Firuz in Azerbaijan, ...
- Hajjibekov, Uzeir
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") The opera and ballet are widely attended. Some of Azerbaijan's composers, notably Uzeir Hajjibekov (the operas Ker-Ogly and Leyli and Mejnun and the operetta Arshin Mal 'Alan) and Kara Karayev ...
- Hajos, Alfred
- Hungarian swimmer who won three Olympic medals and was the first Olympic swimming champion. [1 Related Articles]
- Hajr, Wadi
- (from the article "Arabia") ...volcanic peninsulas of the lowland below the southern mountain face of Yemen. The coastal plain, about 30 miles wide behind Aden, is narrower nearly everywhere else. Along this coast the ...
- haka
- (from the article "New Zealand literature") ...asserting the performer's high lineage and threatening her detractors), kaioraora (expressions of hatred and abuse of an enemy, promising terrible revenge), and the haka (a chant accompanied by rhythmic movements, ...
- Hakam I, al-
- (from the article "Spain") 'Abd al-Rahman I's successors, Hisham I (788-796) and al-Hakam I (796-822), encountered severe internal dissidence among the Arab nobility. A rebellion in Toledo was put down savagely, and the internal ...
- Hakam II, al-
- (from the article "Spain") Al-Nasir was succeeded by his son al-Hakam II (961-976), who adopted the caliphal title of al-Mustansir. His peaceful reign succeeded in resolving the problem of the Maghrib, thanks to the ...
- hakama
- (from the article "dress") ...to have been worn regularly during the 7th and 8th centuries, the jackets of this period being called kinu, the men's trousers hakama, and ...
- Hakapehi
- (from the article "Nuku Hiva") ...trade in the early 19th century and subsequently became a favoured stopping place for whalers. The narrow valleys are fertile and, under a warm and humid climate, yield copra and ...
- Hakata
- (from the article "Poland") ...of Poznania and West Prussia. A colonization commission was set up in 1886. Eight years later a society for the promotion of German interests in the east came into being. ...
- hakawati
- (from the article "Arabic literature") Until the advent of broadcast media, the hakawati (storyteller) remained a major fixture of Arabic-speaking countries, choosing a select spot either in the open air of evening ...
- Hakawati troupe
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...The tightly controlled circumstances in which the Palestinians lived their lives also led to the appearance of one of the most interesting and creative theatre troupes in the Middle East, ...
- hake
- (genus Merluccius), any of several large marine fishes of the cod family, Gadidae. They are sometimes classed as a separate family, Merlucciidae, because of skeletal differences in the skull and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Haken, Wolfgang
- (from the article "four-colour map problem") The four-colour problem was solved in 1977 by a group of mathematicians at the University of Illinois, directed by Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken, after four years of unprecedented synthesis ...
- hakhamim
- (from the article "sofer") ...disappeared about the 2nd century BC, and New Testament references to "scribes" (often in connection with the Pharisees) are to doctors of the law, or jurists (usually called hakhamim), who ...
- Hakim Mosque, Al-
- (from the article "Islamic arts") The great Fatimid mosques of Cairo-al-Azhar (started in 970) and al-Hakim (c. 1002-03)-were designed in the traditional hypostyle plan with axial cupolas. It is only in such architectural details as ...
- Hakim, al-
- sixth ruler of the Egyptian Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty, noted for his eccentricities and cruelty, especially his persecutions of Christians and Jews. He is held by adherents of the Druze religion ... [10 Related Articles]
- Hakim, Tawfiq al-
- founder of contemporary Egyptian drama and a leading figure in modern Arabic literature. [4 Related Articles]
- Hakk ad-Din
- (from the article "Ifat") ...independent, Ifat became-as the northernmost of several Muslim states-the buffer between them and sometimes suffered from the advance southward of Ethiopian authority. When its sultan, Hakk ad-Din, warring against the ...
- Hakka
- group of North Chinese who migrated to South China, especially Guangdong, Fujian, and Guangxi provinces, during the fall of the Southern Song dynasty in the 1270s. Worldwide they are thought ... [8 Related Articles]
- Hakka language
- Chinese language spoken by considerably fewer than the estimated 80 million Hakka people living mainly in eastern and northern Guangdong province but also in Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Hunan, and Sichuan ... [5 Related Articles]
- Hakkari
- city, capital of Hakkari il (province), southeastern Turkey. It lies at an altitude of about 5,500 feet (1,700 metres), surrounded by mountains and overlooked by a medieval ...
- Hakluyt, Richard
- English geographer noted for his political influence, his voluminous writings, and his persistent promotion of Elizabethan overseas expansion, especially the colonization of North America. His major publication, The principall Navigations, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Hakodate
- city, southern Hokkaido ken (prefecture), Japan, on the Tsugaru-kaikyo (Tsu garu Strait) between Hokkaido and Honshu. The city is built along the northwestern base of a rocky promontory that forms ...
- Hakone
- town, Kanagawa ken (prefecture), south-central Honshu, Japan. It lies on the southern bank of Lake Ashino, in the caldera of the extinct volcano Mount Hakone. The town, a post station ...
- Hakuho
- (from the article "Wrestling") Mongolian-born ozeki (champion) Hakuho won consecutive yusho (victories) at the first two basho (grand tournaments) of 2007, the Haru (spring) Basho in March and the Natsu (summer) Basho in May, ...
- Hakuho period
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") In the early 640s the Soga clan was afflicted with bloody internal intrigue, which offered its rivals the opportunity to usurp power. In 645 Prince Nakono Oe (later the emperor ...
- Hakuin
- priest, writer, and artist who helped revive Rinzai Zen Buddhism in Japan.
- Hakulinen, Veikko
- Finnish cross-country skier who earned seven Olympic medals in three Olympic competitions between 1952 and 1960. He also won world championships in the 15-km event in 1954 and 1958. [1 Related Articles]
- hal
- in Sufi Muslim mystical terminology, a spiritual state of mind that comes to the Sufi from time to time during his journey toward God. The ahwal are graces of God ... [1 Related Articles]
- Hal Saflieni
- (from the article "Paola") ...a small village until the late 19th century, when it grew rapidly as a residential district for workers from the adjacent Grand Harbour dockyards. It has a well-preserved Neolithic temple ...
- Halabi, al-
- jurist who maintained the traditions of Islamic jurisprudence in the 16th century.
- Halaf Period
- (from the article "art and architecture, Mesopotamian") ...traces of them were first found, and the same names are sometimes attributed to the prehistoric periods during which they were predominant. Hence, Hassuna, Hassuna-Samarra', and Halaf in northern Iraq ...
- Halaf, Tall
- archaeological site of ancient Mesopotamia, on the headwaters of the Khabur River near modern Ra's al-'Ayn, northeastern Syria. It is the location of the first find of a Neolithic culture ... [1 Related Articles]
- Halafian ware
- (from the article "Halaf, Tall") ...northeastern Syria. It is the location of the first find of a Neolithic culture characterized by glazed pottery painted with geometric and animal designs. The pottery is sometimes called Halafian ...
- Halakhah
- in Judaism, the totality of laws and ordinances that have evolved since biblical times to regulate religious observances and the daily life and conduct of the Jewish people. Quite distinct ... [13 Related Articles]
- Halang language
- language spoken chiefly in the central highlands of south-central Vietnam near Kon Tum. The number of speakers in Vietnam is estimated at some 10,000. Halang is a member of the ...
- Halapua, Sitiveni
- (from the article "Tonga") ...but in July he and his wife were killed in a traffic accident in California, where they were canvassing expatriate Tongans for their opinions on the democratization of government. Economist ...
- Halas, George
- founder, owner, and head coach of the Chicago Bears gridiron football team in the U.S. professional National Football League (NFL). Halas revolutionized American football strategy in the late 1930s when ... [4 Related Articles]
- Halas, John
- British motion-picture animator and producer (b. April 16, 1912, Budapest, Hung.--d. Jan. 20/21, 1995, London, England), was, with his wife, Joy Batchelor (died 1991), the force behind the largest cartoon ... [2 Related Articles]
- Halas, John; and Batchelor, Joy
- British husband-and-wife production team, noted for their influential animated films.
- Halasz, Istvan
- (from the article "chromatography") ...because liquid coatings were swept away by the mobile phase. Previously gas chromatography had employed chemical bonding of an organic stationary phase to solids to reduce adsorptive activity; Istvan Halasz ...
- Halawa Valley
- valley, northeastern Molokai island, Hawaii, U.S. On the northeastern flank of Kamakou summit (4,961 feet [1,512 metres]), it is a deep, verdant gorge 1.75 miles (2.8 km) long and 0.5 ...
- halberd
- weapon consisting of an ax blade balanced by a pick with an elongated pike head at the end of the staff. It was usually about 1.5 to 1.8 metres (5 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Halberstadt
- city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Germany, on the Holtemme River in the foreland of the northern Harz mountains, southwest of Magdeburg. It became a bishopric about 814 and was granted ... [2 Related Articles]
- Halberstam, David
- American journalist and author who received a Pulitzer Prize in 1964 for his penetrating coverage of the Vietnam War as a staff reporter (1960-67) for The New ... [1 Related Articles]
- Halberstam, Solomon
- Polish-born American religious leader (b. 1907, Bobowa, Pol.-d. Aug. 2, 2000, New York, N.Y.), emigrated in the late 1940s to New York, where in Borough Park, a section of Brooklyn, ...
- Halbertsma, Eeltsje
- (from the article "Frisian literature") It was not until the Romantic period of the 19th century, however, that Frisian literature began to flourish as a national literature. About this time the Halbertsma brothers-Eeltsje, Joast, and ...
- Halbertsma, Joast
- (from the article "Frisian literature") It was not until the Romantic period of the 19th century, however, that Frisian literature began to flourish as a national literature. About this time the Halbertsma brothers-Eeltsje, Joast, and ...
- Halbertsma, Tsjalling
- (from the article "Frisian literature") It was not until the Romantic period of the 19th century, however, that Frisian literature began to flourish as a national literature. About this time the Halbertsma brothers-Eeltsje, Joast, and ...
- Halchidhoma
- (from the article "Yuman") Two major divisions of Yumans are recognized: the river Yumans, who lived along the lower Colorado and middle Gila rivers and whose major groups included, from north to south, the ...
- Haldane, Elizabeth Sanderson
- Scottish social-welfare worker and author.
- Haldane, J.B.S.
- British geneticist, biometrician, physiologist, and popularizer of science who opened new paths of research in population genetics and evolution. [1 Related Articles]
- Haldane, John Scott
- British physiologist and philosopher chiefly noted for his work on the physiology of respiration.
- Haldane, Richard Burdon, 1st Viscount Haldane of Cloan
- Scottish lawyer, philosopher, and statesman who instituted important military reforms while serving as British secretary of state for war (1905-12). [1 Related Articles]
- Haldar, Hiralal
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...be interpreted in the light of German idealism. The Hegelian notion of Absolute Spirit found a resonance in the age-old Vedanta notion of Brahman. The most eminent Indian Hegelian scholar ...
- Haldas, Las
- (from the article "pre-Columbian civilizations") ...Examples include La Florida, a huge pyramid in Lima that formed the nucleus of a yet-unmapped building complex. The Tank site at Ancon consists of a series of stone-faced platforms ...
- Haldeman, H.R.
- American advertising executive and campaign manager who served as White House chief of staff during the Richard M. Nixon administration (1969-73). He is best known for his involvement in the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Halden
- town, southeastern Norway. It lies along Idde Fjord, which forms part of the border between Norway and Sweden, at the mouth of the Tistedalselva (river). The site was settled in ...
- Halder, Franz
- (from the article "World War II") ...were across the Narew attacking the line of the Bug River, behind Warsaw. All the German armies had made progress in fulfilling their parts in the great enveloping maneuver planned ...
- Haldi
- the national god of the ancient kingdom of Urartu, which ruled the plateau around Lake Van, now eastern Turkey, from about 900 to about 600 BC. Haldi was represented as ... [2 Related Articles]
- Haldimand, Sir Frederick
- British general who served as governor of Quebec province from 1778 to 1786.
- Hale Observatories
- astronomical research unit that included the Palomar Observatory of the California Institute of Technology and the Mount Wilson Observatory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Both observatories were ...
- Hale rocket
- (from the article "rocket and missile system") ...flight-stabilizing guide stick. By designing jet vents at an angle, he was able to spin the rocket. He developed various designs, including curved vanes that were acted upon by the ...
- Hale Telescope
- one of the world's largest and most powerful reflecting telescopes, located at the Palomar Observatory, Mount Palomar, Calif. Financed by the Rockefeller Foundation, the telescope at Palomar was completed in ... [6 Related Articles]
- Hale, Alan
- (from the article "Hale-Bopp, Comet") long-period comet that was spectacularly visible to the naked eye, having a bright coma and a thick white dust tail. It was discovered independently in July 1995 by Alan Hale ...
- Hale, Edward Everett
- American clergyman and author best remembered for his short story "The Man Without a Country." [1 Related Articles]
- Hale, George Ellery
- American astronomer known for his development of important astronomical instruments, including the Hale Telescope, a 200-inch (508-cm) reflector at the Palomar Observatory, near San Diego. The most effective entrepreneur in ... [2 Related Articles]
- Hale, Horatio
- American anthropologist, who made valuable linguistic and ethnographic studies of North American Indians. His major contribution is the influence he exerted on the development of Franz Boas, whose ideas came ...
- Hale, John Parker
- American lawyer, senator, and reformer who was prominent in the antislavery movement. [1 Related Articles]
- Hale, Kathleen
- British children's writer and illustrator (b. May 24, 1898, Broughton, Lanarkshire, Scot.-d. Jan. 26, 2000, Bristol, Eng.), delighted children and adults alike with a series of whimsical books featuring the ...
- Hale, Louise Closser
- successful American character actress who was also the author of popular novels.
- Hale, Lucretia Peabody
- American novelist and writer of books for children. [1 Related Articles]
- Hale, Nathan
- American Revolutionary officer who attempted to spy on the British and was hanged. [3 Related Articles]
- Hale, Sarah Josepha
- American writer who, as the first female editor of a magazine, shaped many of the attitudes and thoughts of women of her period. [2 Related Articles]
- Hale, Sir Matthew
- one of the greatest scholars on the history of English common law, well known for his judicial impartiality during England's Civil War (1642-51). He also played a major role in ...
- Hale, Sue Sally
- American polo player (b. Aug. 23, 1937, Los Angeles, Calif.-d. April 29, 2003, Coachella Valley, Calif.), for nearly 20 years played in polo tournaments disguised as a man, A. Jones, ...
- Hale, William
- (from the article "rocket and missile system") The next significant development in rocketry occurred about the middle of the 19th century. William Hale, a British engineer, invented a method of successfully eliminating the deadweight of the flight-stabilizing ...
- Hale-Bopp, Comet
- long-period comet that was spectacularly visible to the naked eye, having a bright coma and a thick white dust tail. It was discovered independently in July 1995 by Alan Hale ... [1 Related Articles]
- Haleakala
- shield volcano, south-central Maui island, Hawaii, U.S. It is a central feature of Haleakala National Park. Haleakala has one of the world's largest dormant volcanic craters, which was formed mainly ... [1 Related Articles]
- Haleakala National Park
- area centred on Haleakala Crater, south-central Maui island, Hawaii, U.S. Authorized as a part of Hawaii National Park (now Hawaii Volcanoes National Park) in 1916, Haleakala Crater was redesignated a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Halebid
- historic site and modern village, south-central Karnataka (formerly Mysore) state, southwestern India. It is situated north-northwest of the town of Hassan. It grew up beside a large artificial lake, known ... [1 Related Articles]
- Haleji, Lake
- (from the article "Karachi") The three main sources of the city's water supply are Lake Haleji, 55 miles (90 km) away, fed by the Indus River; wells that have been sunk in the dry ...
- Halekii-Pihana Heiaus State Monument
- (from the article "Wailuku") ...and Japanese gardens and Kaahumanu Church (1837; present building, 1876). The church was built to honour Queen Kaahumanu, who embraced Christianity and assisted its spread in Hawaii. Nearby is Halekii-Pihana ...
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