| | - hedonistic calculus
- (from the article "Utilitarianism") ...Utilitarians also assume that it is possible to compare the intrinsic values produced by two alternative actions and to estimate which would have better consequences. Bentham believed that a hedonic ...
- hedonistic paradox
- (from the article "Epicureanism") ...comes only afterward); that the tendency of a child to imitate his parents can be, in fact, quite painful; and that, as a 19th-century Utilitarian, Henry Sidgwick, has argued, in ...
- hedonistic Utilitarianism
- (from the article "ethics") ...than any alternative action to increase-or, if that is impossible, to minimize any decrease in-the net balance of pleasure over pain in the universe. This view was often called "hedonistic ...
- Hedouville, Gabriel
- (from the article "Toussaint Louverture") Toussaint soon rid himself of another nominal French superior, Gabriel Hedouville, who arrived in 1798 as representative of the Directory. Knowing that France had no chance of restoring colonialism as ...
- Hedrick, Chad
- (from the article "Ice Skating") ...long-track speed skating with three golds, three silvers, and a bronze. Shani Davis (see Biographies) finished first in the men's 1,000-m final and won silver at 1,500 ...
- Hedtoft, Hans
- Danish politician and statesman who initiated a change in Danish policy from neutrality to active membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). [1 Related Articles]
- Hedwig glass
- Egyptian-made glass of the 11th or 12th century, of which only 12 known examples exist; they are among the last cut glass produced in the East. Their designs of stylized ...
- Hedwig, Johann
- botanist who did more than any other scientist to advance the knowledge of mosses.
- Hedwig, Saint
- (from the article "Hedwig glass") ...cut in high relief, a technique derived from rock-crystal cutting. Carried to Europe by returning crusaders, these glasses often became the property of Western churches. Their name derives from St. ...
- Hedychium greenei
- (from the article "ginger lily") ...by other plants and having aerial roots exposed to the humid atmosphere. The approximately 70-centimetre- (2-foot-) long leaves are green above and bluish on the underside; in one species (Hedychium ...
- Heeckeren family
- (from the article "Almelo") An independent barony belonging to the van Rechteren family, Almelo was acquired through marriage (1350) by the lords of Heeckeren, who also gained the countship of Limburg in 1711. A ...
- Heeger, Alan J.
- American chemist who, with Alan G. MacDiarmid and Shirakawa Hideki, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2000 for their discovery that certain plastics can be chemically modified to conduct ...
- heel
- in anatomy, back part of the human foot, below the ankle and behind the arch, and the corresponding part of the foot in other mammals that walk with their heels ... [1 Related Articles]
- heel
- (from the article "ship") ...correctly applied hydrostatic principles but is far from sufficient. If the many items of weight on a ship are not distributed with considerable precision, the ship will float at unwanted ...
- Heel stone
- (from the article "Stonehenge") ...setting of bluestones was aligned approximately upon the sunrise at the summer solstice, the alignment being continued by a newly built and widened approach (the Avenue), together with a pair ...
- heeler
- (from the article "team roping") ...The event is timed, and the team with the lowest time wins. The team is allowed three throws. The first roper, called the header, must rope the steer about the ...
- Heem, Jan Davidsz de
- one of the greatest Baroque painters of still life in Holland. His most numerous and characteristic works are arrangements of fruits, metal dishes, and wine glasses; compositions of books and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Heemskerck, Jacob van
- Dutch naval commander and merchant remembered for his voyage in the Barents Sea region in search of an Arctic passage to India and for his victory over the Spanish fleet ... [1 Related Articles]
- Heemskerck, Maerten van
- one of the leading Mannerist painters in 16th-century Holland working in the Italianate manner.
- Heemstede
- gemeente (municipality), western Netherlands. It lies along the Ring Canal, which borders the reclaimed Haarlem Lake polder, drained between 1840 and 1852. Heemstede is chiefly a residential suburb for Amsterdam ...
- Heenan, John C.
- American heavyweight champion (i.e., of the United States and Canada) under the London Prize Ring, or bare-knuckle, rules. He fought Tom Sayers for the world championship in a famous bout. [1 Related Articles]
- Heer, Rolf de
- (from the article "Performing Arts") The year's most artistically ambitious Australian feature was Rolf de Heer's Ten Canoes, a multifaceted cautionary story of rivalry and respect set a thousand years ago, and the first feature ...
- Heerenveen
- gemeente (municipality), northern Netherlands. Founded in 1551, Heerenveen ("Lords' Peat Bog") was at first a peat-cutting town. Now industrialized, it is home to businesses dedicated to food-processing, electronics, and the ...
- Heerlen
- gemeente (municipality), southeastern Netherlands. It lies just northeast of Maastricht. Situated on the site of the Roman settlement Coriovallum (with remains of a Roman bath), it is essentially a modern ...
- Heerman, Victor
- (from the article "1932/33: Other Winners") Original Story: Robert Lord for One Way PassageAdaptation: Victor Heerman and Sarah Y. Mason for Little WomenCinematography: Charles Bryant Lang, Jr., for A Farewell to ArmsArt Direction: William S. Darling ...
- Heermann, Georg
- (from the article "Western sculpture") In Upper Saxony there was also a native tradition before the arrival of Permoser, represented by the heavy figures of Georg Heermann and Konrad Max Sussner, both of whom had ...
- Heever, C. M. van den
- (from the article "South African literature") ...van Bruggen and Jan van Melle. The two foremost Romantic novelists were D.F. Malherbe, who wrote numerous prolix narratives on Biblical themes and South African pioneering history; and C.M. van ...
- Heever, F. P. van den
- (from the article "South African literature") ...and C.M. van den Heever, whose work is based mostly on the Afrikaner's conflicts in the transition from a rural to an urban society and implies a natural bond between ...
- Hefei
- city and capital of Anhui sheng (province), China. It has been the provincial capital since 1952. Hefei, in central Anhui, is a natural hub of communications, being ... [1 Related Articles]
- Heffelfinger, Pudge
- collegiate gridiron football player and coach who exemplified the spirit of the early years of American football. Standing well over 6 feet (1.8 metres) tall and weighing just over 200 ...
- Hefferon, Charles
- (from the article "Dorando Pietri: Falling at the Finish") Pietri and the winner, John Joseph Hayes of the United States, had both been long shots. The favourite, Charles Hefferon of South Africa, led until the final six miles. Pietri's ...
- Heflin, Van
- (from the article "1942: Best Supporting Actor") Other Nominees
- Hefner, Lake
- (from the article "lake") ...and for different years); about 75 centimetres (2.5 feet) for Lake Mendota, Wisconsin; over 210 centimetres (seven feet) for Lake Mead, Arizona and Nevada; about 140 centimetres (4.5 feet) for ...
- Hefti, Neal Paul
- American jazz and film sound-track composer played a major role in forming the unique sounds and styles of Woody Herman's classic First Herd (1944-46) as well as Count Basie's late-1950s ...
- Hegang
- city, eastern Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. It is a prefecture-level municipality (shi) situated in the southeastern section of the Xiao Hinggan (Lesser Khingan) ...
- Hegedus, Andras
- Hungarian politician who, while serving as his country's youngest prime minister (April 1955-October 1956), signed the treaty establishing the Warsaw Pact as well as the formal document requesting the help ...
- Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
- German philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis. [66 Related Articles]
- Hegelianism
- the collection of philosophical movements that developed out of the thought of the 19th-century German philosopher G.W.F. Hegel. The term is here so construed as to exclude Hegel himself and ... [16 Related Articles]
- Hegesias
- (from the article "Anniceris") ...to reviving some of the original principles of the school. During his lifetime the Cyrenaic school was undergoing a transformation, and two key figures responsible for this change were Theodorus ...
- Hegesippus
- supposed author of a free Latin adaptation of the Jewish War of Josephus, under the title De bello Judaico et excidio urbis Hierosolymitanae. The seven books of Josephus are compressed ...
- Hegesippus, Saint
- Greek Christian historian and champion of orthodoxy who opposed the heresy of Gnosticism (q.v.). His single known work, five books of memoirs, constitutes a prime source on the organizational structure ...
- Hegius, Alexander
- German schoolmaster who is remembered both for his effective promotion of the new humanism and for the subsequent fame of his pupils. [1 Related Articles]
- Heh
- (from the article "Hu, Sia, and Heh") in Egyptian religion, deified abstractions personifying, respectively, "creative command" (or "authoritative utterance"), "perception" (or "intelligence"), and "eternity." They were all essential forces in the creation and continuance of the cosmos. ...
- Heha, Mount
- (from the article "Burundi") Burundi's topography includes the eastern flank of the Western Rift Valley. A chain of mountains and high plateaus formed from ancient Precambrian rock rises to 9,055 feet (2,760 metres) at ...
- Hehe
- Bantu-speaking agricultural people occupying the Iringa region of southern Tanzania. Numbering about 192,000 in the late 20th century, the Hehe are a cluster of peoples with similar language and culture. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Hei River
- river rising in central Gansu province, China, and flowing into the western Alxa Plateau (Ala Shan Desert) in western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The river is formed by a series ...
- hei tiki
- small neck pendant in the form of a human fetus, used by the Maori of New Zealand as a fertility symbol. Usually carved of green nephrite or a jadelike stone ...
- Heian period
- in Japanese history, the period between 794 and 1185, named for the location of the Imperial capital, which was moved from Nara to Heian-kyo (Kyoto) in 794. The Chinese pattern ... [19 Related Articles]
- Heian shrine
- (from the article "Kyoto") ...rebuilt exactly, and Ginkaku Temple (Ginkaku-ji), the Silver Pavilion, both of which were products of the Ashikaga shoguns' attraction to Zen. The great Shinto shrines are Kitano, Yasaka, and Heian, ...
- heiau
- (from the article "Halawa Valley") ...AD 650, which makes it one of the oldest Hawaiian settlements. The area possesses one of the most complete collections of ancient residential sites, more than a dozen
- Heiberg, Gunnar
- dramatist, exponent of Expressionism, considered the most noteworthy Norwegian playwright after Ibsen.
- Heiberg, Johan Ludvig
- playwright, poet, literary historian, and critic whose romantic idealism in a sense epitomized the Danish Romantic school, which he helped bring to an end when he established a new era ... [1 Related Articles]
- Heiberg, Johanne Luise
- nee Patges Danish actress and manager, lionized by the intelligentsia of her day.
- Heiberg, Peter Andreas
- Danish poet, playwright, and militant spokesman for the radical political ideas generated by the French Revolution.
- Heidegger, Martin
- German philosopher, counted among the main exponents of existentialism. His groundbreaking work in ontology and metaphysics determined the course of 20th-century philosophy on the European continent and exerted an enormous ... [24 Related Articles]
- Heidelberg
- city, Baden-Wurttemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. The city lies on the canalized Neckar River where it emerges from the forested hills of Odenwald into the Rhine plain. ...
- Heidelberg Castle
- (from the article "Heidelberg") ...base. Manufactures include machines, precision instruments, and leather, tobacco, and wood products. The main business, however, is the tourist trade; several million people visit the imposing Heidelberg Castle every year. ...
- Heidelberg Catechism
- Reformed confession of faith that is used by many of the Reformed churches. It was written in 1562 primarily by Caspar Olevianus, the superintendent of the Palatinate church, and Zacharias ... [5 Related Articles]
- Heidelberg jaw
- enigmatic human mandible, thought to be about 500,000 years old, found in 1907 in the great sandpit at Mauer, southeast of Heidelberg, Germany. Elephant and rhinoceros remains found in association ... [3 Related Articles]
- Heidelberg Romantics
- poets of the second phase of Romanticism in Germany, who were centred in Heidelberg about 1806. Their leaders were Clemens Brentano, Achim von Arnim, and Joseph von Gorres; their brief-lived ... [2 Related Articles]
- Heidelberg School
- (from the article "Australia") ...British, styles and themes. In the 1880s and '90s, however, Australian art began to forge its own identity when Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Frederick McCubbin, and others in the so-called ...
- Heidelberg, University of
- state-supported institution of higher learning at Heidelberg, Ger. Modelled on the University of Paris, it was founded in 1386 by the elector Rupert I and, like other German universities, was ... [2 Related Articles]
- heiden
- (from the article "jinja") ...consist of three units: (1) the honden (also called shinden), the main sanctuary, where the spirit of the deity is enshrined, normally approached only by the priests; (2) the heiden ...
- Heiden, Eric
- American athlete who at the 1980 Olympic Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York, U.S., became the first skater to win gold medals in all speed-skating events (500, 1,000, 1,500, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Heidenstam, Verner von
- poet and prose writer who led the literary reaction to the Naturalist movement in Sweden, calling for a renaissance of the literature of fantasy, beauty, and national themes. He won ... [1 Related Articles]
- Heider, Fritz
- (from the article "personality") ...fact about an attractive person and may try either to ignore that fact or to mitigate (rationalize) it. These propensities make up a "common sense psychology," in the words of ...
- heifer
- (from the article "cattle") ...the sex and age of cattle, the male is first a bull calf and if left intact becomes a bull; if castrated he becomes a steer and in about two ...
- Heifetz, Jascha
- Russian-born American violinist noted for his conscientious musical interpretation, his smooth tone, and his technical proficiency. His name became associated with musical perfection.
- height
- (from the article "human development") ...highly regulated and controlled. The fundamental questions of growth relate to these processes of regulation, to the program that controls the loom, a subject as yet little understood. Meanwhile, height ...
- height growth unit
- (from the article "tree") The two primary determinants of height growth are the number of height growth units (the node plus its subtending internode) produced during each growing season and elongation of the internodes. ...
- Height, Dorothy
- American civil and women's rights activist, a widely respected and influential leader of organizations focused primarily on improving the circumstances of and opportunities for African-American women.
- Heigl, Katherine Marie
- In 2008 Emmy Award-winning American actress Katherine Heigl, who portrayed Dr. Isobel (Izzie) Stevens on the hit television series Grey's Anatomy, seemed to be on the precipice of being crowned ...
- Heijermans, Herman
- Dutch author and playwright, both naturalistic and didactic, who in his work attacked all aspects of bourgeois hypocrisy.
- Heiji Disturbance
- (from the article "Japan") ...major differences without reliance on the power of the warriors. Conflicts over rewards arose between the two successful Hogen generals, Minamoto Yoshitomo and Taira Kiyomori, and, in the Heiji Disturbance ...
- heika
- (from the article "Ohara") ...mood. The Ohara school's use of taller, narrow-mouthed vases is of the shoka (free and informal) style, but it is known as heika. The ...
- Heikal, Muhammad Hassanein
- leading Egyptian journalist who gained fame as the editor in chief of Al-Ahram, the semiofficial Egyptian newspaper. During his tenure (1957-74) Al-Ahram was called the New York Times of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Heike monogatari
- medieval Japanese epic, which is to the Japanese what the Iliad is to the Western world-a prolific source of later dramas, ballads, and tales. It stems from unwritten traditional tales ... [4 Related Articles]
- Heil, Jennifer
- (from the article "Skiing") Despite the problems, it was another season of brilliant skiing for Canadian Jenn Heil and Dale Begg-Smith, the Canadian who skied for Australia. The 2006 Olympic moguls champions successfully defended ...
- Heilbroner, Robert Louis
- American economist (b. March 24, 1919, New York, N.Y.-d. Jan. 4, 2005, New York City), was the author of several of the most widely read books on economics in the ...
- Heilbronn
- city, Baden-Wurttemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies along the Neckar River and is surrounded by vineyards and the Swabian Forest. Built on the site of an ...
- Heilbronn, League of
- (from the article "Oxenstierna, Axel, Greve") ...Oxenstierna's hands. Preserving to himself much of the king's authority and prestige, he negotiated with electors as an equal, and the project of making him elector of Mainz was canvassed. ...
- Heilbrun, Carolyn
- American scholar and feminist literary critic who became known for the mystery stories she published under a pseudonym. [1 Related Articles]
- Heiler, Johann Friedrich
- (from the article "religion, study of") Friedrich Heiler (1892-1967), like Otto a professor at Marburg (Germany), was a strong proponent of the phenomenological and comparative method, as in his major work on prayer. Heiler, however, went ...
- Heiles, Carl
- (from the article "celestial mechanics") The French astronomer Michel Henon and the American astronomer Carl Heiles discovered that when a system exhibiting periodic motion, such as a pendulum, is perturbed by an external force that ...
- Heilig, Morton
- (from the article "virtual reality") ...a promising method for creating virtual environments before the use of computers. After the release of a promotional film called This Is Cinerama (1952), the cinematographer Morton ...
- Heiligendamm Process
- (from the article "Germany") ...unrest due to a lack of definite targets. But the summit was considered a success in that the U.S. and some less-developed countries (LDCs) agreed to consider climate change a ...
- Heiliger, Bernard
- (from the article "Western sculpture") The segmented torso, popular with Arp, Laurens, and Picasso earlier, continued to be reinterpreted by Alberto Viani, Bernard Heiliger, Karl Hartung, and Raoul Hague. The emphasis of these sculptors was ...
- Heiligerlee, Battle of
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...his capacity as sovereign of the principality of Orange. Attacks took place as early as 1568. A small force led by Louis of Nassau, William's brother, enjoyed a modest victory ...
- Heilsgeschichte
- (from the article "time") This belief in Heilsgeschichte (salvational history) has been derived by Islam and Christianity from Judaism and Zoroastrianism. Late in the 12th century, the Christian seer Joachim of Fiore saw this ...
- Heilsspiegel altarpiece
- (from the article "Witz, Konrad") Little is known about Witz's life or training, but in 1434 he entered the painters' guild in Basel, where he worked most of his life. The Heilsspiegel altarpiece (c. 1435; ...
- Heilungkiang
- the northernmost sheng (province) of China's Northeast region. It is bounded on the north and east by Russia along the Amur River (Hei-lung Chiang) and the Ussuri (Wu-su-li) River, on ...
- Heim, Albert
- Swiss geologist whose studies of the Swiss Alps greatly advanced knowledge of the dynamics of mountain building and of glacial effects on topography and geology.
- Heimaey
- (from the article "Vestmanna Islands") The largest and only inhabited island is Heimaey, 4 miles (6 km) in length, on which the town of Vestmannaeyjar is located. Fishing and some limited farming are the chief ...
- Heimatkunst
- (from the article "Federer, Heinrich") Federer's wide reading kept his realistic art free from the nationalistic outlook of the Heimatkunst ("Homeland Art") movement, which took Swiss and German rural life as its subject in novels ...
- Heimdall
- in Norse mythology, the watchman of the gods. Called the shining god and whitest skinned of the gods, Heimdall dwelt at the entry to Asgard, where he guarded Bifrost, the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Heimlich maneuver
- emergency procedure that is used to dislodge foreign bodies from the throats of choking victims. In the early 1970s, the American surgeon Henry J. Heimlich observed that food and other ...
- Heimskringla
- (c. 1220; "Orb of the World"), collection of sagas of the early Norwegian kings, written by the Icelandic poet-chieftain Snorri Sturluson. It is distinguished by Snorri's classical objectivity, realistic psychology, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Heimwehr
- (German: Home Defense Force), any of the local organizations formed in various parts of Austria to expel invading Yugoslavs or preserve order immediately after World War I. Composed of conservative-minded ... [4 Related Articles]
- Hein, Piet
- (from the article "number game") ...has made a complete chain, it may meander across the board; it cannot end in a draw because the only way one player can block the other is by completing ...
- Heindel, Max
- (from the article "Rosicrucian") The other important modern organization is the Rosicrucian Fellowship, whose founder, Max Heindel, attended lectures in Germany by the theosophist Rudolf Steiner. After publishing purportedly secret doctrines against Steiner's wishes, ...
- Heindorf, Ray
- (from the article "1942: Other Winners") ...Above AllArt Direction, Color: Richard Day and Joseph Wright for My Gal SalMusic Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture: Max Steiner for Now, VoyagerScoring of a Musical Picture: Ray ...
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