| | - hard X ray
- (from the article "spectroscopy") ...powerful rotating anode X-ray machines. The synchrotron sources can also be optimized for the vacuum-ultraviolet portion, the soft (low-energy) X-ray portion (between 20 and 200 angstroms), or the hard (high-energy) ...
- hard-boiled fiction
- a tough, unsentimental style of American crime writing that brought a new tone of earthy realism or naturalism to the field of detective fiction. Hard-boiled fiction used graphic sex and ... [1 Related Articles]
- hard-chromium plating
- (from the article "electroplating") So-called hard-chromium plating likewise created a new way of improving the wear resistance of machine parts and improving their operation owing to good frictional and heat resistance properties. Worn or ...
- hard-edge painting
- (from the article "minimalism") Hard-edge painting is characterized by large, simplified, usually geometric forms on an overall flat surface; precise, razor-sharp contours; and broad areas of bright, unmodulated colour that have been stained into ...
- hard-ground etching
- (from the article "printmaking") Any acid-resistant coating used to make an etching is called a ground. In the past a great variety of different grounds were used, and each master had his own formula. ...
- hard-sphere molecule
- (from the article "liquid") ...use of computers to generate theoretical expressions for the activity coefficients of solutions. In many cases the calculations have been restricted to model systems, in particular to mixtures of hard-sphere ...
- Hardanger fiddle
- (from the article "stringed instrument") ...strings tuned according to the notes of the mode being played. The South Asian fiddle, or sarangi, has from 35 to 40 sympathetic strings; the Norwegian Hardanger ...
- Hardanger Fjord
- inlet, southwestern Norway. The country's second largest fjord and one of the most scenic, it extends inland northeastward for 70 miles (113 km) from Stord Island, at its entrance in ...
- Hardanger Plateau
- plateau in southwestern Norway. The largest peneplain (an eroded, almost level plain) in Europe, it has an area of about 2,500 square miles (6,500 square km) and an average elevation ... [1 Related Articles]
- Hardap Dam
- (from the article "Mariental") ...stop between Windhoek and Keetmanshoop. It was proclaimed a town in 1920 and a municipality in 1946. An important economic function of the town is the processing and transport of ...
- hardball roller hockey
- (from the article "roller-skating") ...a major impact on roller sports. The improved in-line skates were quickly adopted by speed skaters and also inspired a new variety of roller hockey. The original form of roller ...
- hardball squash rackets
- (from the article "squash rackets") Two different varieties of game are played: softball (the so-called "British," or "international," version) and hardball (the "American" version). In softball, which is the standard game internationally, the game is ...
- hardboard
- (from the article "furniture industry") Modern methods of furniture construction are largely based on the availability of man-made materials such as reliable plywood, laminated board, chipboard, and hardboard as distinct from natural solid wood. It ...
- hardcore punk
- (from the article "Black Flag") American band whose extensive touring and prolific recording helped to popularize hardcore punk, the genre that arose in California in the early 1980s in response to the punk movement of ...
- Hardecanute
- also spelled Hardicanute or Harthacnut, Danish Hardeknud king of Denmark from 1028 to 1042 and of England from 1040 to 1042. [4 Related Articles]
- Hardee, William J
- Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-65) who wrote a popular infantry manual used by both the North and the South.
- Harden, Marcia Gay
- (from the article "2000: Best Supporting Actress") Other Nominees
- Harden, Maximilian Felix Ernst
- political journalist, a spokesman for extreme German nationalism before and during World War I and a radical socialist after Germany's defeat. [1 Related Articles]
- Harden, Sir Arthur
- English biochemist and corecipient, with Hans von Euler-Chelpin, of the 1929 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for work on the fermentation of sugar and the enzyme action involved.
- Hardenberg, Karl August, Furst von
- Prussian statesman and administrator, who preserved the integrity of the Prussian state during the Napoleonic Wars. Domestically he was able to continue the reforms introduced by Karl, Freiherr vom Stein; ... [4 Related Articles]
- hardening
- (from the article "cement") The setting and hardening of a cement is a continuous process, but two points are distinguished for test purposes. The initial setting time is the interval between the mixing of ...
- hardening off
- (from the article "horticulture") Frost injury to transplants can be prevented through processes that increase the plant's ability to survive the impact of unfavourable environmental stress. This is known as hardening off. Hardening off ...
- Harderwijk
- gemeente (municipality), central Netherlands. Chartered in 1231, Harderwijk was an important port on the former Zuiderzee and was a member of the Hanseatic League. It now lies opposite Flevoland Oost, ...
- Hardey, Mother Mary Aloysia
- American religious leader who expanded the presence of the Society of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic educational order, in the United States.
- Hardgrove Grindability Index
- (from the article "coal utilization") ...in a laboratory mill of standard design. The percent by weight of the coal that passes through a 200-mesh sieve (a screen with openings of 74 micrometres, or 0.003 inch) ...
- Hardgrove test
- (from the article "coal utilization") ...are the moisture and ash contents of a coal. In general, lignites and anthracites are more resistant to grinding than are bituminous coals. One commonly used method for assessing grindability ...
- Hardie, J Keir
- British labour leader, first to represent the workingman in Parliament as an Independent (1892) and first to lead the Labour Party in the House of Commons (1906). A dedicated socialist, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Hardin, Frieda Mae
- American naval "yeomanette" (b. Sept. 22, 1896, Eden Valley, Minn.-d. Aug. 9, 2000, Livermore, Calif.), enlisted in the Naval Reserve in 1918, at a time when many women were denied ...
- Hardin, John Wesley
- most notorious killer and quick-draw gunman of the Texas frontier. He killed at least 21 men in gun duels and ambushes in the period 1868-77.
- Hardin, Lil
- (from the article "Armstrong, Louis") ...cornet. Oliver's Creole Jazz Band was the apex of the early, contrapuntal New Orleans ensemble style, and it included outstanding musicians such as the brothers Johnny and Baby Dodds and ...
- Harding Commission
- (from the article "South Africa") ...in 1843. Theophilus Shepstone received an appointment in 1845 as a diplomatic agent (later secretary for native affairs), and his position served as a prototype for later native commissioners. The ...
- Harding Icefield
- (from the article "Alaskan mountains") ...8,000 feet. The highest peaks are in the sharp bend of the arc, where Mount Marcus Baker rises to 13,176 feet. The mountains are extremely rugged and heavily glaciated, resulting ...
- Harding, Chester
- American painter of Romantic portraits of prominent American and English figures from the early 19th century.
- Harding, Florence
- American first lady (1921-23), the wife of Warren G. Harding, 29th president of the United States. Energetic, strong-willed, and popular, she was an important influence on her husband's business and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Harding, John, Baron Harding of Petherton
- British army officer, noted as the leader of the North African "Desert Rats" in World War II.
- Harding, Karl Ludwig
- astronomer, discovered (1804) and named Juno, third minor planet to be detected. He studied at the University of Gottingen under Georg Lichtenberg and later served as assistant to J.H. Schroter ...
- Harding, Saint Stephen
- third abbot of Citeaux (Latin: Cistercium) and a founder of the Cistercian Order. [2 Related Articles]
- Harding, Thomas
- (from the article "Jewel, John") ...of the Anglican Church"), described by Mandell Creighton as "the first methodical statement of the position of the Church of England against the Church of Rome." After Thomas Harding, who ...
- Harding, Tonya
- (from the article "Olympic Games") ...Among these past champions, however, only Gordeeva and Grinkov managed to earn a gold medal at Lillehammer. In the women's competition the major story centred on Americans Nancy Kerrigan and ...
- Harding, Warren
- American rock climber (b. June 18, 1924, Oakland, Calif.-d. Feb. 27, 2002, Happy Valley, Calif.), was the first climber to scale El Capitan, the 1,098-m (3,604-ft) granite monolith in Yosemite ...
- Harding, Warren G.
- 29th president of the United States (1921-23). Pledging a nostalgic "return to normalcy" following World War I, Harding won the presidency by the greatest popular vote margin to that time. ... [14 Related Articles]
- Hardinge, Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron
- British diplomat and viceroy of India who improved British relations in India and was instrumental in securing India's support for Great Britain in World War I. [1 Related Articles]
- Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount
- British soldier and statesman who was governor-general of India in 1844-48.
- Hardinge, Sir Arthur
- (from the article "Kenya") ...the British government made Buganda a protectorate and paid the company £250,000 to surrender its charter to the area that is now Kenya. The East Africa Protectorate was then proclaimed, ...
- hardness
- (from the article "Mohs hardness scale and observations on hardness of some additional materials") 4. Hardness and ductility depend on perfection of the crystal structure. It is thus found that irradiation results in a loss of ductility and an increase in hardness. Such effects ...
- hardness tester
- device that indicates the hardness of a material, usually by measuring the effect on its surface of a localized penetration by a standardized rounded or pointed indenter of diamond, carbide, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Hardoi
- city, central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies northwest of Lucknow on the Northern Railway, at a major road junction. Hardoi is a market for grain and other crops. ...
- Hardouin, Jean
- French Jesuit scholar who edited numerous secular and ecclesiastical works, most notably the texts of the councils of the Christian church.
- hardstone
- (from the article "jewelry") Among the semiprecious stones used in jewelry are amethyst, garnet, aquamarine, amber, jade, turquoise, opal, lapis lazuli, and malachite. Matrix jewelry is cut from a stone such as opal or ...
- hardun
- (from the article "agama") Agama agama, a common gray lizard with a red or yellow head, is well adapted to gardens and to the bush and grasslands. The hardun (A. stellio), ...
- hardware
- (from the article "lock") mechanical device for securing a door or receptacle so that it cannot be opened except by a key or by a series of manipulations that can be carried out only ...
- hardware
- (from the article "information system") Today even the smallest firms, as well as many households, own or lease computers. These are usually microcomputers, also called personal computers. Large organizations typically employ multiple computer systems, from ...
- Hardwick, Elizabeth
- American novelist, short-story writer, and essayist known for her eloquent literary and social criticism. [2 Related Articles]
- Hardwick, Thomas W.
- (from the article "Felton, Rebecca Ann") In 1922 Governor Thomas W. Hardwick of Georgia, in a symbolic gesture, appointed Felton to fill the U.S. Senate seat left vacant by the death of Senator Thomas E. Watson, ...
- Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, 1st earl of, Viscount Royston
- English lord chancellor, whose grasp of legal principle and study of the historical foundations of equity, combined with his knowledge of Roman civil law, enabled him to establish the principles ...
- hardwood
- (from the article "building construction") ...displacing the traditional wool and cotton. It can be easily maintained, and its soft visual and tactile texture, as well as its sound-absorbing qualities, make it attractive for residential use. ...
- hardwood fibre
- (from the article "papermaking") ...into two groups: coniferous trees, usually called softwoods, and deciduous trees, or hardwoods. Softwood cellulose fibres measure from about 2 to 4 millimetres (0.08 to 0.16 inch) in length, and ...
- Hardy Cross method
- (from the article "Cross, Hardy") By the use of Cross's technique, known as the moment distribution method, or simply the Hardy Cross method, calculation can be carried to any required degree of accuracy by successive ...
- hardy rubber tree
- (from the article "Eucommiaceae") family of dicotyledonous flowering plants comprising the single species Eucommia ulmoides. It is an elmlike tree of central and eastern China notable as a woody plant of temperate regions with ...
- Hardy, Albert
- ("BERT"), British photojournalist who covered the world as chief photographer for Picture Post magazine, 1941-57 (b. May 19, 1913--d. July 3, 1995).
- Hardy, Alexandre
- playwright, the first Frenchman known to have made his living as a dramatist, who claimed authorship of some 600 plays. [1 Related Articles]
- Hardy, Godfrey Harold
- leading English pure mathematician whose work was mainly in analysis and number theory. [3 Related Articles]
- Hardy, Jessica
- (from the article "Swimming") In the women's competition, Australia's Leisel Jones broke Beard's world record in the 200-m breaststroke, finishing in 2 min 21.72 sec, and edged American Jessica Hardy to claim another world ...
- Hardy, Oliver
- (from the article "Laurel and Hardy") ...Aug. 7, 1957, North Hollywood, Calif.) made more than 100 comedies together, with Laurel playing the bumbling and innocent foil to the pompous Hardy.association with McCarey
- Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, Baronet
- British naval officer closely associated with Adm. Horatio (afterward Viscount) Nelson, two of whose flagships he commanded during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. A sailor from 1781, he met ... [1 Related Articles]
- Hardy, Thomas
- (from the article "United Kingdom") These developments in radical ideology were made more significant by simultaneous developments in radical organization. In January 1792 a small coterie of London artisans led by a shoemaker, Thomas Hardy, ...
- Hardy, Thomas
- English novelist and poet who set much of his work in Wessex, his name for the counties of southwestern England. [5 Related Articles]
- Hardy-Weinberg law
- an algebraic equation that describes the genetic equilibrium within a population. It was discovered independently in 1908 by Wilhelm Weinberg, a German physician, and Godfrey Harold Hardy, a British mathematician. [4 Related Articles]
- Hare
- group of Athabaskan-speaking North American Indians originally living northwest of what is now Great Bear Lake in far northwestern Canada. Their name for themselves, Kawchottine, means "People of Great Hares"; ...
- hare
- any of about 30 species of mammals related to rabbits and belonging to the same family (Leporidae). In general, hares have longer ears and longer hind feet than rabbits. While ... [4 Related Articles]
- Hare Harbour
- (from the article "Anthropology and Archaeology") A long-term excavation of Hare Harbour, an archaeological site at Ile du Petit Mecatina, about 965 km (600 mi) northeast of Quebec, revealed a busy seasonal harbour and shoreline workshop ...
- Hare Krishna
- popular name of a semimonastic Vaishnava Hindu organization founded in the United States in 1965 by A.C. Bhaktivedanta (Swami Prabhupada; 1896-1977). This movement is a Western outgrowth of the popular ... [4 Related Articles]
- Hare system
- (from the article "proportional representation") ...systems use multimember constituencies. Systematic methods of applying proportional representation were first developed in the mid-19th century in Denmark by Carl Andrae and in Britain by Thomas Hare and John ...
- hare wallaby
- (from the article "wallaby") The two species of hare wallabies (Lagorchestes) are small animals that have the movements and some of the habits of hares. Often called pademelons, the three species of scrub wallabies ...
- hare's-foot fern
- (from the article "plant") ...subterranean and nongreen or, more commonly, surface-dwelling and photosynthetic; sperm motile; between 9,000 and 12,000 species; representative genera include Pteridium, Polypodium,
- hare's-tail grass
- (species Lagurus ovatus), annual grass of the family Poaceae, native to shores of the Mediterranean region, naturalized in Australia, and cultivated as an ornamental in North America. The oval flower ...
- Hare, David
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...felicitous concert with others; each form is a secret sanctum, a maximum of being wrested from a minimum of material. Reg Butler's work (e.g., "Woman Resting" [1951]) and that of ...
- Hare, David
- (from the article "Performing Arts") Dominating all was David Hare's Stuff Happens at the National Theatre. The lead-up to the U.S.-led offensive in Iraq was rivetingly shown as a series of power games and office ...
- Hare, R M
- British moral philosopher (b. March 21, 1919, Backwell, Somerset, Eng.-d. Jan. 29, 2002, Ewelme, Oxfordshire, Eng.), attempted to provide a rational understanding of moral beliefs. His moral theory, called prescriptivism, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Hare, Sir David
- British playwright and director, noted for his deftly crafted satires examining British society in the post-World War II era. [1 Related Articles]
- Hare, Sir John
- English actor-manager of London's Garrick Theatre from 1889 to 1895 and recognized as the greatest character actor of his day, excelling in old men's parts.
- Hare, Thomas
- (from the article "election") Developed in the 19th century in Denmark and in Britain, the single transferable vote formula-or Hare system, after one of its English developers, Thomas Hare-employs a ballot that allows the ...
- Hare, William
- (from the article "Burke, William; and Hare, William") Hare immigrated to Scotland from Ireland and wandered through several occupations before becoming keeper of a lodging house in Edinburgh, where Burke, also Irish-born, arrived in 1827. On November 29 ...
- Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
- (1933), the first law setting a specific date for Philippine independence from the United States. It was passed by Congress as a result of pressure from two sources: American farmers, ... [3 Related Articles]
- harebell
- widespread, slender-stemmed perennial of the family Campanulaceae. The harebell bears nodding blue bell-like flowers. It is native to woods, meadows, and cliffsides of northern Eurasia and North America and of ...
- Harel, David
- (from the article "applied logic") ...of computer programs (e.g., does this program stop after a finite number of steps?) was soon taken up by others, notably Vaughan R. Pratt (dynamic logic), Amir Pnueli (temporal logic), ...
- Harel, Isser
- Israeli spymaster (b. 1912, Vitebsk, Belorussia, Russian Empire [now in Belarus]-d. Feb. 18, 2003, Petah Tiqwa, Israel), directed the abduction from Argentina of Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi official responsible for ... [1 Related Articles]
- Harel, Yossi
- Israeli Zionist and intelligence officer commanded the ship Exodus 1947, which sailed from the port of Sete (near Marseille) in July 1947, carrying more than 4,500 Jewish Holocaust survivors to ...
- harem
- in Muslim countries, the part of a house set apart for the women of the family. The word harimi is used collectively to refer to the women ... [2 Related Articles]
- Harer
- city, eastern Ethiopia, in the Ch'erch'er Mountains, at an elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 metres). Probably founded in the 7th century AD by immigrants from Hadramawt in southern Arabia, Harer ... [1 Related Articles]
- Hareri
- (from the article "Harer") ...supplemented by oilseed pressing and the processing of sansevieria fibre. Basket weaving is a commercially important craft, as is the production of silver jewelry. The population includes the local Hareri ...
- Hareri language
- (from the article "Ethio-Semitic languages") ...Orthodox church; Amharic, one of the principal languages of modern Ethiopia; Tigre, of northwestern Eritrea and Sudan; Tigrinya, or Tigrai, of northern Ethiopia and central Eritrea; Argobba; Hareri; and Gurage. ...
- Harford
- county, northeastern Maryland, U.S., bounded by Pennsylvania to the north, the Susquehanna River to the east, Chesapeake Bay to the south and southeast, and the Gunpowder River to the southwest. ...
- Hargeysa
- city, northwestern Somalia, and the capital of the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent state without international recognition. Hargeysa is located in an enclosed valley of the Galgodon (Ogo) highlands, ... [4 Related Articles]
- Harghita Mountains
- (from the article "Carpathian Mountains") ...highest altitude in the Rodna (Rodnei) Massif in Romania; they are built of crystalline rocks and reach a peak in Pietrosu (7,556 feet). To the south, extinct volcanoes in the ...
- Hargis, Billy James
- American evangelist (b. Aug. 3, 1925, Texarkana, Texas-d. Nov. 27, 2004, Tulsa, Okla.), founded the Christian Crusade, an international ministry with a special interest in battling communism. He built a ...
- Hargitay, Mickey
- (from the article "physical culture") ...was Hercules (1959). Other bodybuilders who were cast in movie roles included Gordon Scott (Tarzan), Reg Park (Hercules), Sean Connery (James Bond), and 1955 Mr. Universe Mickey ...
- Hargobind
- sixth Sikh Guru, who developed a strong Sikh army and gave the Sikh religion its military character, in accord with the instructions of his father, Guru Arjan (1563-1606), the first ... [3 Related Articles]
- Hargrave box kite
- kite designed, built, and flown by the aeronautical pioneer Lawrence Hargrave in the 1890s.
- Hargrave, Lawrence
- English aviation pioneer and inventor of the box kite. [2 Related Articles]
- Hargreaves, Alison
- British mountaineer who died in a blizzard while descending from an apparently successful assault on the Himalayan peak K2 only weeks after she had become the first woman to scale ...
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