(from the article "metabolism") ...a hexokinase with a high affinity for glucose-i.e., only small amounts of glucose are necessary for enzymatic activity-effects the reaction. In addition, the liver contains a glucokinase, which requires a ...
formation in living cells of glucose and other carbohydrates from other classes of compounds. These compounds include lactate and pyruvate; the compounds of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the terminal stage ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "motivation") ...that these two areas share in the control of hunger motivation by activating and deactivating hunger as glucose levels within the blood change. It was further assumed that the specialized ...
(from the article "nutrition, human") ...than 65 years. Two carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin, also are being studied for their possible role in protecting against age-related vision loss. Research suggests that the dietary supplement glucosamine, a ...
one of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars (monosaccharides). Glucose (from Greek glykys; "sweet") has the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is found in fruits and honey and is ... [34 Related Articles]
(from the article "metabolism") ...elements of phosphoric acid at the point shown by the broken arrow in [16], rather than water, as in the digestive hydrolysis of polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch. The ...
(from the article "metabolism") ...by reversal of the hexokinase or glucokinase reactions that effect the formation of glucose 6-phosphate from glucose and ATP [1]; rather, glucose 6-phosphate is hydrolyzed in a reaction catalyzed by ...
(from the article "metabolism") ...catabolism of glucose, it is first necessary to invest ATP. During step [1] the alcohol group at position 6 of the glucose molecule readily reacts with the terminal phosphate group ...
(from the article "metabolism") ...pathway, or pentose phosphate cycle. During reaction [12], hydrogen atoms or electrons are removed from the carbon atom at position 1 of glucose 6-phosphate in a reaction catalyzed by glucose ...
procedure to assess the ability of the body to metabolize glucose, the principal blood sugar. In persons with normal, or slightly elevated, blood-sugar levels, the body tolerance to sugar is ... [2 Related Articles]
hereditary metabolic defect characterized by an increased tendency of the red blood cells to break and release their hemoglobin (hemolysis), especially after the intake of certain drugs. The condition is ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Brassicales") ...anatomically, ultrastructurally, and chemically, as well as being recognizable easily in molecular comparisons. Indeed, the smell and taste of the plants in Brassicales result from the presence of glucosinolates-sulfur-containing compounds ...
gelatin-like adhesive substance extracted from animal tissue, particularly hides and bones, or from fish, casein (milk solids), or vegetables. Glue was used as early as 3000 BC in wooden furniture ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Glueck, Sheldon; and Glueck, Eleanor") ...1920. He studied at Georgetown University, National University Law School (LL.B.), and Harvard University (M.A., Ph.D.) and taught at Harvard from 1925 to 1963, becoming professor emeritus in 1963. Eleanor ...
(from the article "Glueck, Sheldon; and Glueck, Eleanor") Sheldon Glueck went to the United States from his native Poland in 1903 and was naturalized in 1920. He studied at Georgetown University, National University Law School (LL.B.), and Harvard ...
American criminologists and researchers at Harvard Law School, a husband-and-wife team whose numerous studies of criminal behaviour and of the results of correctional treatment profoundly influenced criminal justice, both legislatively ...
(from the article "Glueck, Sheldon; and Glueck, Eleanor") Subsequent books by the Gluecks included Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency (1950), in which they published their controversial Social Prediction Tables by which they claimed potential delinquents could be identified by the ...
(from the article "supersymmetry") ...which have been given the names of selectrons and squarks. Similarly, known bosons such as the photon and the gluon should have fermionic supersymmetric partners, called the photino and the ...
(from the article "Poaceae") ...the spikelet, a small structure consisting of a short axis, the rachilla, to which are attached chaffy, two-ranked, closely overlapping scales. There are three kinds of scales. The lowermost, called ...
the so-called messenger particle of the strong nuclear force, which binds subatomic particles known as quarks within the protons and neutrons of stable matter as well as within heavier, short-lived ... [10 Related Articles]
(from the article "Native American literature") ...the Central Algonquin to the west, and some of the most elementary stories are known to all groups in this region. This mythology centres on a culture hero known as ...
(from the article "photosynthesis") ...is sucrose, which is translocated from the green cells of the leaves to other parts of the plant. Other key products include the carbon skeletons of certain primary amino acids, ...
(from the article "metabolism") A quantitatively more important route is that catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase, in which the glutamate formed in [26c] is oxidized to alpha-oxoglutarate, another TCA cycle intermediate [28]. Either NADP+ or ...
an amino acid occurring in substantial amounts as a product of the hydrolysis of proteins. Certain plant proteins (e.g., gliadin) yield as much as 45 percent of their weight as ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "nervous system") ...of the postsynaptic membrane. GABA is widely distributed in the brain, being especially prevalent at higher levels of the central nervous system. It is produced from glutamate by the enzyme ...
an amino acid, the monoamide of glutamic acid, and an abundant constituent of proteins. First isolated from gliadin, a protein present in wheat (1932), glutamine is widely distributed in plants; ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "metabolism") ...ammonia and a molecule of glutamate; ATP provides the energy for the reaction, which results in the formation of glutamine, ADP, and inorganic phosphate [29]. This reaction [29] is catalyzed ...
(from the article "Straight-chain dicarboxylic acids") ...acids with two COOH groups on the same carbon atom react in the same manner. With succinic acid, the two COOH groups combine with the loss of a water molecule ...
(from the article "carboxylic acid") ...in the same manner. With succinic acid, the two COOH groups combine with the loss of a water molecule to produce succinic anhydride. Glutaric acid, with five carbon atoms, behaves ...
a tripeptide (i.e., compound composed of three amino acids), the chemical name of which is gamma-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine. Widely distributed in nature, it has been isolated from yeast, muscle, and ... [1 Related Articles]
a yellowish gray powdery mixture of water-insoluble proteins occurring in wheat and other cereal grains and composed chiefly of the proteins gliadin and glutenin. Its presence in flour helps make ... [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "flour") The wide variety of wheat flours generally available includes whole wheat, or graham, flour, made from the entire wheat kernel and often unbleached; gluten flour, a starch-free, high-protein, whole wheat ...
(from the article "muscle system, human") ...have shifted in modern humans in relation to the hip joint, so that they now act as abductors to balance the trunk on the weight-bearing leg during walking. Part of ...
(from the article "muscle system, human") To counteract this, the muscles (gluteus minimus and gluteus medius) that are used by the chimpanzee to push the leg back (hip extensors) have shifted in modern humans in relation ...
(from the article "muscle system, human") To counteract this, the muscles (gluteus minimus and gluteus medius) that are used by the chimpanzee to push the leg back (hip extensors) have shifted in modern humans in relation ...
any of the large, fleshy muscles of the buttocks, stretching from the back portion of the pelvic girdle (hipbone) down to the greater trochanter, the bony protuberance at the top ...
(from the article "nutritional disease") Research in the 1990s led to the development of a new tool, the glycemic index, which reflects the finding that different carbohydrate foods have effects on blood glucose levels that ...
(from the article "configuration") ...was a difficult process; therefore, there were few substances with known absolute configurations (e.g., tartaric acid). Many configurations were, for convenience, assigned by correlation with glyceraldehyde, for which the following ...
(from the article "metabolism") Step [6], in which glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is oxidized, is one of the most important reactions in glycolysis. It is during this step that the energy liberated during oxidation of the ...
(from the article "metabolism") ...electron transfer; the coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), is reduced to form NADH + H+ in the process. The NAD+ thus reduced is bound to the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, ...
(from the article "fat") ...ordinary temperatures, such as 25° C (77° F), but they begin to liquefy at somewhat higher temperatures. Chemically, fats are identical to animal and vegetable oils, consisting primarily of glycerides, ...
(from the article "glycerol") ...soaps from animal and vegetable fats and oils, but industrial syntheses based on propylene or sugar has accounted for an increasingly large percentage of U.S. production since that time. The ...
a clear, colourless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the alcohol family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. Until 1948 all glycerol was obtained as a by-product in making soaps from ... [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "metabolism") ...readily derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis (see [4]). In a reaction catalyzed by glycerol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase [61], dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reduced to glycerol 1-phosphate; reduced NAD+ provides ...
(from the article "metabolism") Glycerol is readily derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis (see [4]). In a reaction catalyzed by glycerol 1-phosphate dehydrogenase [61], dihydroxyacetone phosphate is reduced to glycerol 1-phosphate; reduced ...
(from the article "metabolism") It requires but two reactions to channel glycerol into a catabolic pathway (see Figure 2). In a reaction catalyzed by glycerolkinase, ATP is used to phosphorylate glycerol; the products are ...
(from the article "metabolism") ...1-phosphate and ADP. Glycerol 1-phosphate is then oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate [20], an intermediate of glycolysis. The reaction is catalyzed by either a soluble (cytoplasmic) enzyme, glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, or a ...
(from the article "lipid") Lipids of this class are the most abundant in biological membranes; their general structure is shown in the figure. In glycerophospholipids, fatty acids (given the generic labels R1 and R2) ...
the simplest amino acid, obtainable by hydrolysis of proteins. Sweet-tasting, it was among the earliest amino acids to be isolated from gelatin (1820). Especially rich sources include gelatin and silk ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "soybean") The origins of the soybean plant are obscure, but many botanists believe it to have derived from Glycine ussuriensis, a legume native to central China. The soybean has been used ...
(from the article "advanced ceramics") ...exceed 1,000° C (1,800° F) and convert the material to fine, intimately mixed, and relatively nonagglomerated crystallites of the complex oxide desired. This technique is referred to as the glycine-nitrate ...
(from the article "protist") ...tentacles, suckers, hooks, spines, hairs, or other anchoring devices have evolved. Many species have an external covering sheath, which is a glycopolysaccharide surface coat sometimes known as the glycocalyx. Cyst ...
white, amorphous, tasteless polysaccharide (C6H1005)n. It is the principal form in which carbohydrate is stored in higher animals, occurring primarily in the liver and muscles. It also is found in ... [16 Related Articles]
(from the article "Hers' disease") hereditary deficiency of the liver enzyme glycogen phosphorylase, which governs the metabolic breakdown of glycogen to the simple sugar glucose, which can then be used to meet the body's energy ...
any of a group of enzymatic deficiencies resulting in altered glycogen metabolism. They are subdivided on the basis of the specific deficiency into 13 types designated O and by successive ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "glycogen storage disease") ...type IV, also known as Andersen's disease (q.v.), a deficiency in amylo-1,4,6-transglucosylase, with an abnormal structure of glycogen; type VI, a deficiency in liver phosphorylase; type IX, a deficiency in ...
(from the article "glycogen storage disease") In the liver group, type O is set apart as a deficiency in UDPG-glycogen transferase, resulting in inadequate rates of glycogen synthesis. It appears in infants with a reduction in ...
(from the article "glycogen storage disease") ...muscular dystrophy early in life or a progressive myopathy in the teens or later. Other types-type V, also known as McArdle's disease (q.v.), a deficiency in muscle phosphorylase; type VII, ...
(from the article "glycogen storage disease") ...myopathy in the teens or later. Other types-type V, also known as McArdle's disease (q.v.), a deficiency in muscle phosphorylase; type VII, a deficiency in phosphofructokinase; type VIII, a deficiency ...
(from the article "glycogen storage disease") ...V, also known as McArdle's disease (q.v.), a deficiency in muscle phosphorylase; type VII, a deficiency in phosphofructokinase; type VIII, a deficiency in phosphohexoisomerase; and type X, a deficiency in ...
(from the article "glycogen storage disease") ...(q.v.), a deficiency in amylo-1,4,6-transglucosylase, with an abnormal structure of glycogen; type VI, a deficiency in liver phosphorylase; type IX, a deficiency in phosphorylasekinase; type XI, a deficiency in phosphoglucomutase; ...
(from the article "glycogen storage disease") ...with an abnormal structure of glycogen; type VI, a deficiency in liver phosphorylase; type IX, a deficiency in phosphorylasekinase; type XI, a deficiency in phosphoglucomutase; and type XII, a deficiency ...
any of a class of organic compounds belonging to the alcohol family; in the molecule of a glycol, two hydroxyl (OH) groups are attached to different carbon atoms. The term ... [1 Related Articles]
any member of a group of fat-soluble substances particularly abundant in tissues of the nervous system of animals. They are members of the class of sphingolipids (q.v.), but differ from ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "metabolism") The transformation of glucose. Quantitatively, the most important source of energy for cellular processes is the six-carbon sugar glucose (C6H12O6). Two structures of glucose are shown in Figure 3, in ...
(from the article "blood group") ...the red cell membrane, have a polypeptide backbone to which carbohydrates are attached. An abundant glycoprotein, band 3, contains ABO, Hh, and Ii antigens. Another integral membrane glycoprotein, glycophorin A, ...
(from the article "blood group") ...band 3, contains ABO, Hh, and Ii antigens. Another integral membrane glycoprotein, glycophorin A, contains large numbers of sialic acid molecules and MN blood group structures; another, glycophorin B, contains ...
(from the article "blood") ...descendants requires particular kinds of CSFs; for example, the CSF erythropoietin is needed for the maturation of red cells, and granulocyte CSF controls the production of granulocytes. These glycoproteins, as ...
(from the article "bleeding and blood clotting") ...and morphological changes associated with platelet activation and secretion. The property of adhesiveness for normal platelets requires a protein on the surface of the platelet membrane, known as glycoprotein Ib, ...
(from the article "bleeding and blood clotting") Platelet aggregation is the property of platelets to clump with each other to form a platelet plug. Two proteins on the platelet membrane play an important role in platelet aggregation: ...
(from the article "bleeding and blood clotting") ...aggregation is the property of platelets to clump with each other to form a platelet plug. Two proteins on the platelet membrane play an important role in platelet aggregation: glycoprotein ...
(from the article "polysaccharide") ...are called heteropolysaccharides (heteroglycans). Most contain only two different units and are associated with proteins (glycoproteins; e.g., gamma globulin from blood plasma, acid mucopolysaccharides) or lipids (glycolipids; e.g., gangliosides in ...
any of a wide variety of naturally occurring substances in which a carbohydrate portion, consisting of one or more sugars or a uronic acid (i.e., a sugar acid), is combined ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "lipid") ...determining the physical properties of sphingolipids is the substituent group attached to carbon 1 of sphingosine. Minor variations in properties depend upon the particular fatty acid component. The glycosphingolipids, all ...
(from the article "renal system") ...period the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is increased by as much as 50 percent, corresponding to an increase in renal blood flow of up to 25 percent in the middle ...
(from the article "cell") ...In most cases, the signal sequence is cleaved from the protein by an enzyme called signal peptidase as it emerges on the luminal surface of the ER membrane. In addition, ...
(from the article "blood group") The genes responsible for inheritance of ABH and Lewis antigens are glycosyltransferases (a group of enzymes that catalyze the addition of specific sugar residues to the core precursor substance). For ...
(from the article "licorice") ...1 m long and about 1 cm (0.4 in.) in diameter. They are soft, fibrous, and flexible and are coloured bright yellow inside. The distinctive sweetness of licorice is imparted ...
(from the article "Madonna") ...addition to these rather ceremonial types, the Virgin also appears in the less-frequently represented, more intimate types of the galaktotrophousa, in which she nurses the Child, and the glykophilousa, in ...
English manor and estate and site of annual summer performances by the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. Located in East Sussex, Eng., just northeast of Brighton, the Elizabethan house was added to ...
(from the article "Glyndebourne") English manor and estate and site of annual summer performances by the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. Located in East Sussex, Eng., just northeast of Brighton, the Elizabethan house was added to ...
(from the article "Swansea") ...a university college with a special reputation in engineering and metallurgy. The Royal Institution of South Wales (1835) has a museum displaying the archaeology and natural history of the area. ...
(from the article "metabolism") succinate and glyoxylate. Glyoxylate, like oxaloacetate, is the anion of an alpha-oxoacid and thus can condense, in a reaction catalyzed by malate synthase, with acetyl coenzyme A; the products of ...
(from the article "metabolism") ...or in strict aerobes, however. Instead, in these organisms two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A give rise to the net synthesis of a four-carbon intermediate of the TCA cycle via ...
(from the article "plant") ...metabolites (often called secondary metabolites) are unique to plants and serve such functions as attracting pollinating insects, photosynthesis, and growth and development. Plant seedlings use the glyoxylic acid cycle to ...
genus of extinct giant mammals related to modern armadillos found as fossils in deposits in North and South America dating from the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs (5.3 million to 11,800 ...
(from the article "xenarthran") ...with 8 genera and 20 species, is the only surviving family of Cingulata. Five other families in this order are extinct and are known only from fossil remains. Members of ...
museum in Munich that houses a collection of Greek and Roman sculpture owned by the Bavarian state. The building, commissioned by King Louis I of Bavaria and designed in the ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "boreal forest") ...winter cold. The northernmost trees in North America are white spruce that grow along the Mackenzie River delta in Canada, near the shore of the Arctic Ocean. The northernmost trees ...
(from the article "gmelinite") hydrated sodium aluminosilicate mineral in the zeolite family [(Na2,Ca)Al2Si4O12·6H2O]. Its crystal structure and chemical composition are similar to those of chabazite (q.v.), with which it is commonly found.gmeliniteGmelinite.Paleonet
(from the article "Poland") ...and reduced in number from 49 to 16 in 1999. At the next level are some 300 powiaty (counties or districts), followed by about 2,500
town, north-central Austria, where the Traun River flows out of Lake Traun (Traunsee), a mountain lake. The site of Celtic and Roman settlements, Gmunden was fortified in the 12th century ...
(March 8, 1782), murder of 96 Ohio Indians, mostly Delawares, by an American Revolutionary War officer, Captain David Williamson, and his militia at Gnadenhutten Village south of what is now ...
(from the article "Tibet") ...begins late in the 6th century, when three discontented vassals of one of the princes among whom Tibet was then divided conspired to support the neighbouring lord of Yar-lung, whose ...
(from the article "spider") ...species; common and found worldwide. Often sit on flowers awaiting insects; some change colour; some live on or under bark.1,900 common and widespread species. Anterior (lateral) spinnerets cylindrical and ...
