Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

Greenwich ... Gressmann, Hugo

Greenwich: outer borough of London on the south bank of the River Thames, in the historic county of Kent. Greenwich is famous for its naval and military connections and its green ...
Greenwich: urban town (township), Fairfield county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S., on Long Island Sound. It was founded in 1640 by the New Haven colony agents Robert Feaks and Captain Daniel Patrick, who ...
Greenwich Mean Time: (GMT), the former name for mean solar time of the longitude (0°) of the former Royal Observatory at Greenwich, Eng. This longitude is called the Greenwich meridian (q.v.). Greenwich Mean ...
Greenwich meridian: imaginary line used to indicate 0° longitude that passes through Greenwich, a borough of London, and terminates at the North and South poles. An international conference held in Washington, D.C., ...
Greenwich Village: residential section of Lower Manhattan, New York City, U.S. It is bounded by 14th Street, Houston Street, Broadway, and the Hudson River waterfront. A village settlement during colonial times, it ...
Greenwood: city, seat (1897) of Greenwood county, western South Carolina, U.S. The city lies at the northern entrance to the Long Cane Ranger District of Sumter National Forest. It was first ...
Greenwood: county, western South Carolina, U.S. It consists of a hilly piedmont region bordered to the northeast by Lake Greenwood, which is impounded on the Saluda River by Buzzard Roost Dam. ...
Greenwood: city, seat (1871) of Leflore county, northwestern Mississippi, U.S. It lies along the Yazoo River, 96 miles (154 km) north of Jackson. The original settlement (1834), known as Williams Landing, ...
Greenwood, Arthur: British Labour Party politician who was a noteworthy advocate of British resistance to the aggression of Nazi Germany just before World War II.
Greer, Germaine: Australian-born English writer and feminist who championed the sexual freedom of women.
gregale: strong and cold wind that blows from the northeast in the western and central Mediterranean region, mainly in winter. Most pronounced on the island of Malta, the gregale sometimes approaches ...
gregarine: any protozoan of the sporozoan class Gregarinidea (or Gregarinea). Gregarines occur as parasites in the body cavities and the digestive systems of invertebrates. Representative genera are Monocystis in earthworms and ...
Gregg shorthand: system of rapid writing based on the sounds of words that uses the curvilinear motion of ordinary longhand. Devised by the Irishman John Robert Gregg (1867-1948), who originally called it ...
Gregg, John Robert: Irish-born American inventor of a shorthand system named for him.
Gregoire, Henri: French prelate who was a defender of the Constitutional church, the nationalized Roman Catholic church established in France during the Revolution, and of the rights of Jews and blacks.
Gregoras, Nicephorus: Byzantine humanist scholar, philosopher, and theologian whose 37-volume Byzantine History, a work of erudition, constitutes a primary documentary source for the 14th century.
Gregorian calendar: solar dating system now in general use. It was proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a reform of the Julian calendar.
Gregorian chant: monophonic, or unison, liturgical music of the Roman Catholic Church, used to accompany the text of the mass and the canonical hours, or divine office. Gregorian chant is named after ...
Gregorian Reform: eleventh-century religious reform movement associated with its most forceful advocate, Pope Gregory VII (reigned 1073-85). Although long associated with church-state conflict, the reform's main concerns were the moral integrity and ...
Gregorian University: Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Rome. It was founded in 1551 as the Collegium Romanum (College of Rome) by St. Ignatius of Loyola and St. Francis Borgia and ...
Gregory: antipope from May to December 1012.
Gregory: antipope from 1118 to 1121.
Gregory I, Saint: pope from 590 to 604, reformer and excellent administrator, "founder" of the medieval papacy, which exercised both secular and spiritual power. His epithet, "the Great," reflects his status as a ...
Gregory II Cyprius: Greek Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople (1283-89) who strongly opposed reunion of the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches.
Gregory II, Saint: pope from 715 to 731.
Gregory III, Saint: pope from 731 to 741.
Gregory IV: pope from 827 to 844.
Gregory IX: one of the most vigorous of the 13th-century popes (reigned 1227-41), a canon lawyer, theologian, defender of papal prerogatives, and founder of the papal Inquisition. Gregory promulgated the Decretals in ...
Gregory Narekatzi, Saint: also called Gregory Of Narek poet and theologian who is generally considered the first great Armenian poet and the principal literary figure in Armenia during the 10th century. He was ...
Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint: 4th-century Church Father whose defense of the doctrine of the Trinity (God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) made him one of the greatest champions of orthodoxy against Arianism.
Gregory of Nyssa, Saint: philosophical theologian and mystic, leader of the orthodox party in the 4th-century Christian controversies over the doctrine of the Trinity. Primarily a scholar, he wrote many theological, mystical, and monastic ...
Gregory Of Rimini: Italian Christian philosopher and theologian whose subtle synthesis of moderate nominalism with a theology of divine grace borrowed from St. Augustine strongly influenced the mode of later medieval thought characterizing ...
Gregory of Sinai: Greek Orthodox monk, theologian, and mystic, the most prominent medieval advocate of Hesychasm, a Byzantine form of contemplative prayer directed toward ecstatic mystical experience.
Gregory of Tours, Saint: bishop and writer whose Ten Books of Histories (often wrongly called The History of the Franks) is the major 6th-century source for studying the Merovingian kingdom of the Franks.
Gregory Thaumaturgus, Saint: Greek Christian apostle of Roman Asia and champion of orthodoxy in the 3rd-century Trinitarian (nature of God) controversy. His Greek surname, meaning "wonder worker," was derived from the phenomenal miracles, ...
Gregory the Illuminator, Saint: according to tradition, the 4th-century apostle of Christianity in Armenia.
Gregory V: from 996 to 999, the first German pope, whose pontificate was among the most turbulent in history.
Gregory VI: original name Giovanni Graziano pope from 1045 to 1046.
Gregory VII, Saint: one of the greatest popes of the medieval church, who lent his name to the 11th-century movement now known as the Gregorian Reform or Investiture Controversy. Gregory VII was the ...
Gregory VIII: original name Alberto De Morra pope from Oct. 21 to Dec. 17, 1187.
Gregory X, Blessed: pope from 1271 to 1276, who reformed the assembly of cardinals that elects the pope.
Gregory XI: the last French pope and the last of the Avignonese popes, when Avignon was the papal seat (1309-77). He reigned from 1370 to 1378.
Gregory XII: pope from 1406 to 1415. He was the last of the Roman line during the Western Schism (1378-1417), when the papacy was contested by antipopes in Avignon and in Pisa.
Gregory XIII: pope from 1572 to 1585, who promulgated the Gregorian calendar and founded a system of seminaries for Roman Catholic priests.
Gregory XIV: original name Niccolo Sfondrati pope from 1590 to 1591.
Gregory XV: pope from 1621 to 1623.
Gregory XVI: pope from 1831 to 1846. His efforts to consolidate papal authority within the church were matched by his support of traditional monarchies throughout Europe.
Gregory, Augusta, Lady: Irish writer and playwright who, by her translations of Irish legends, her peasant comedies and fantasies based on folklore, and her work for the Abbey Theatre, played a considerable part ...
Gregory, Cynthia: American ballerina who was noted principally for classical roles.
Gregory, Dick: African-American comedian, civil rights activist, and spokesman for health issues, who became nationally recognized in the 1960s for a biting brand of comedy that attacked racial prejudice. By addressing his ...
Gregory, Horace: American poet, critic, translator, and editor noted for both conventional and experimental writing.
Gregory, James: Scottish mathematician and astronomer who discovered infinite series representations for a number of trigonometry functions, although he is mostly remembered for his description of the first practical reflecting telescope, now ...
Gregory, Wilton D.: American Roman Catholic prelate, archbishop of Atlanta, Georgia (from 2005). He also served as bishop of Belleville, Illinois (1994-2005), and was the first African American president of the U.S. Conference ...
Greiff, Leon de: Latin-American poet notable for his stylistic innovations.
Greifswald: city, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania Land (state), northeastern Germany. It lies 20 miles (30 km) southeast of Stralsund near the mouth of the Ryck River, which empties into Greifswalder ...
Grein, Jack Thomas: original name Jacob Thomas Grein critic, playwright, and theatre manager who influenced British drama at the turn of the century.
greisen: modification of granite, an intrusive igneous rock; it consists essentially of quartz and white mica (muscovite) and is characterized by the absence of feldspar and biotite. The rock usually has ...
gremio: (Portuguese: "guild"), any of the organized guilds that were founded during the Moorish occupation of Portugal (7th-14th century) by men who worked in the same craft and who generally lived ...
Grenada: city, seat (1870) of Grenada county, north-central Mississippi, U.S. It lies along the Yalobusha River at the eastern edge of the Mississippi River valley, 111 miles (179 km) north of ...
Grenada: island of the West Indies. It is the southernmost of the Lesser Antilles, lying in the eastern Caribbean Sea about 100 miles (160 kilometres) north of the coast of Venezuela. ...
grenade: small explosive, chemical, or gas bomb that is used at short range. The word grenade probably derived from the French word for pomegranate, because the bulbous shapes of early grenades ...
grenadier: any of about 300 species of abundant deep-sea fishes of the family Macrouridae found along the ocean bottom in warm and temperate regions. The typical grenadier is a large-headed fish ...
grenadier: soldier particularly selected and trained to hurl grenades. The earliest grenadiers (late 16th century) were not organized in special units, but by the mid-17th century they formed special companies within ...
Grenadines: chain of about 600 islands and islets in the southeastern part of the Lesser Antilles in the West Indies, ranging over 60 miles (100 km) generally southwesterly from Saint Vincent ...
Grenfell, Sir Wilfred: English medical missionary who was the tireless benefactor of the people of Labrador.
Grenoble: town, capital of Isere departement, Rhone-Alpes region, southeastern France (Dauphine), southeast of Lyon. It lies along the Isere River, 702 feet (214 m) above sea level, at the foot of ...
Grenoble I, II, and III, Universities of: coeducational, autonomous, state-financed institutions of higher learning in Grenoble, France. The universities were founded under France's 1968 Orientation Act providing for the reform of higher education. They replaced the original ...
Grenville, George: English politician whose policy of taxing the American colonies, initiated by his Revenue Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765, started the train of events leading to the ...
Grenville, Sir Richard: colourful and daring English naval commander who fought heroically, against overwhelming odds, in a celebrated encounter with a Spanish fleet off Flores Island in the Azores.
Grenville, William Wyndham Grenville, Baron: British politician, son of prime minister George Grenville; he was himself head of the coalition "Ministry of all the Talents," Feb. 11, 1806-March 25, 1807. His greatest achievement was the ...
Gresham's law: observation in economics that "bad money drives out good." More exactly, if coins containing metal of different value have the same value as legal tender, the coins composed of the ...
Gresham, Sir Thomas: English merchant, financier, and founder of the Royal Exchange.
Gresham, Walter Quintin: leading Republican politician after the American Civil War who abandoned his party to serve as U.S. secretary of state (1893-95) under the Democratic administration of President Grover Cleveland.
Gresset, Jean-Baptiste-Louis: French poet and dramatist who received immediate and lasting acclaim for his irreverently comic narrative poem Ver-Vert (1734; Ver-Vert, or the Nunnery Parrot), describing with wit tinged with malice the ...
Gressly, Amanz: Swiss geologist who originated the study of stratigraphic facies when he discovered lateral differences in the character and fossil content of strata in the Jura Mountains, reflecting a variation of ...
Gressmann, Hugo: German Old Testament scholar who was a prominent advocate of the religio-historical approach.