| | - Gion-matsuri
- (from the article "Kyoto") The three major festivals (matsuri)-Aoi in May, Gion in July, and Jidai in October-are almost national events. The Jidai-matsuri ("Festival of the Ages") is a parade depicting, in period costume, ...
- Giono, Jean
- French novelist, a celebrant of nature whose works are set in Provence and whose rich and diverse imagery has been widely admired. [1 Related Articles]
- Giordani, Pietro
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...della Crusca (1817-26; "Proposal for Some Corrections and Additions to the Crusca Dictionary"), which attacked the Tuscanism of the Crusca. By contrast, the patriot Pietro Giordani-for a time a journalistic ...
- Giordano, Gus
- American jazz dancer and choreographer was one of the pioneers of the style known as jazz dance and succeeded in gaining it the respect already enjoyed by ballet and modern ...
- Giordano, Luca
- the most celebrated and prolific Neapolitan painter of the late 17th century. His nickname Luca Fa Presto ("Luca, Work Quickly") is said to derive from his painter-copyist father's admonitions, which ...
- Giordano, Umberto
- Italian opera composer in the verismo, or "realist," style, known for his opera Andrea Chenier. [1 Related Articles]
- Giorgi International System of Measurement
- (from the article "Giorgi, Giovanni") ...at the University of Rome and also held appointments at the universities of Cagliari and Palermo and at the Royal Institute for Higher Mathematics. He is best known for developing ...
- Giorgi, Giovanni
- Italian physicist who proposed a widely used system for the definition of electrical, magnetic, and mechanical units of measurement.
- Giorgione
- extremely influential Italian painter who was one of the initiators of a High Renaissance style in Venetian art. His qualities of mood and mystery were epitomized in [7 Related Articles]
- Giorgis, House of
- (from the article "Lalibela") ...carved from a single rock hill. House of Medhane Alem ("Saviour of the World") is the largest church, 109 feet (33 metres) long, 77 feet (23 metres) wide, and 35 ...
- Giot, P. R.
- (from the article "archaeology") ...a road got his stone from a neighbouring prehistoric cairn (burial mound) and, in so doing, discovered and partially destroyed a number of prehistoric burial chambers. The French archaeologist P.-R. ...
- Giotto
- European space probe that came within 596 km (370 miles) of the nucleus of Halley's Comet on March 13, 1986. [5 Related Articles]
- Giotto di Bondone
- the most important Italian painter of the 14th century, whose works point to the innovations of the Renaissance style that developed a century later. For almost seven centuries Giotto has ... [14 Related Articles]
- Giovanardi, Stefano
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...that there might have been more poets in Italy than readers of poetry. An authoritative 1,200-page anthology by two experts in the field, poet Maurizio Cucchi and critic of contemporary ...
- Giovanni Da Pian Del Carpini
- Franciscan friar, first noteworthy European traveller in the Mongol Empire, to which he was sent on a formal mission by Pope Innocent IV. He wrote the earliest important Western work ... [1 Related Articles]
- Giovanni di Paolo
- painter whose religious paintings maintained the mystical intensity and conservative style of Gothic decorative painting against the trend, progressively dominant in the art of 15th-century Tuscany, toward scientific naturalism and ...
- Giovanni Fiorentino, Ser
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...local Florentine lore, as well as historical and legendary verse narratives. Florentine narrative literature was represented by the Pecorone (c. 1378; "Dullard"), stories by Ser Giovanni Fiorentino after a pattern ...
- Giovanni, Nikki
- African-American poet whose writings ranged from calls for violent revolution to poems for children and intimate personal statements.
- Giovannino de' Grassi
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...drawings), and a famous sketchbook (c. 1395) containing a large number of drawings of animals (Bergamo, Municipal Library, Delta VII 14) from the workshop of an earlier court artist, Giovannino ...
- Gipkens, Julius
- (from the article "graphic design") ...primarily used magazine illustrators versed in realistic narrative images for their own propaganda posters. The contrast between these two approaches can be seen in a comparison of German designer Gipkens's ...
- gipon
- tunic worn under armour in the 14th century and later adapted for civilian use. At first a tight-fitting garment worn next to the shirt and buttoned down the front, it ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gipp, George
- American gridiron football player at the University of Notre Dame (1917-20) who became a school legend. [1 Related Articles]
- Gippius, Zinaida Nikolayevna
- Russian Symbolist poet who wrote in a metaphysical vein. [2 Related Articles]
- Gippsland
- region of southeastern Victoria, Australia, extending northeast from Western Port (near Melbourne) to the New South Wales border and south from the Eastern Highlands to the coast, with an area ...
- Gippsland Lakes
- (from the article "ocean") ...ones may occur where river estuaries flood behind barriers. This occurs on the east coast of the United States, where lagoons extend intermittently for nearly 1,500 kilometres along the coast. ...
- Gir Forest National Park
- national park in Gujarat state, west-central India, located about 37 miles (60 km) south-southwest of Junagadh town in a hilly region of dry scrubland. It has an area of about ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gir Range
- low mountain range in western Gujarat state, west-central India, on the southern Kathiawar Peninsula. The range is extremely rugged with a steep slope seaward to the south and a gradual ... [1 Related Articles]
- giraffe
- long-necked, cud-chewing hoofed mammal of Africa, with long legs and a coat pattern of irregular brown patches on a light background. Giraffes are the tallest of all land animals; males ... [2 Related Articles]
- giraffe piano
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") ...to right, and the case above the keyboard took the form of a tall isosceles triangle. Or a grand piano was essentially set on end with its pointed tail in ...
- Giraffidae
- (from the article "artiodactyl") ...into sub-Saharan Africa, although they have reached the Americas. There are about 30 species, the greatest number being concentrated in South America and tropical Asia. The giraffe and the okapi ...
- Giralda
- (from the article "Sevilla") ...the city's principal mosque, which had been built by the Almohads in 1180-1200 on the site of an earlier Visigothic church. One of the mosque's few surviving portions, its minaret, ...
- Giraldi, Giambattista
- Italian poet and dramatist who wrote the first modern tragedy on classical principles to appear on the Italian stage (Orbecche), and who was one of the first writers of tragicomedy. ... [3 Related Articles]
- Giraldus Cambrensis
- archdeacon of Brecknock, Brecknockshire (1175-1204), and historian, whose accounts of life in the late 12th century stand as a valuable historical source. His works contain vivid anecdotes about the Christian ... [2 Related Articles]
- girandole
- elaborate wall bracket incorporating one or more candleholders and frequently a mirror to reflect the light. An object of luxury, it was usually embellished with carving and gilding. Although the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Girard, Albert
- (from the article "Leonardo Pisano") ...sequence (in which the relation between two or more successive terms can be expressed by a formula) known in Europe. Terms in the sequence were stated in a formula by ...
- Girard, Rodolphe
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...grudgingly accepted by the Quebecois at first, quickly became an important classic very much in tune with the predominant agriculturalist ideology. However, Quebec authors such as Rodolphe Girard (Marie Calumet ...
- Girard, Stephen
- American financier and philanthropist whose purchase of government bonds during the War of 1812 provided economic support for continuation of U.S. military campaigns.
- Girardelli, Marc
- An Austrian-born Alpine ski racer who represented Luxembourg could justly claim to be the most versatile performer in his sport since becoming, in 1989, the first to end a season ...
- Girardi, Joe
- (from the article "Baseball") ...for relief pitchers held by Lee Smith. Jim Thome of the Chicago White Sox was voted Comeback Player of the Year in the AL; Nomar Garciaparra of the Dodgers achieved ...
- Girardin, Brigitte
- (from the article "Dependent States") Brigitte Girardin, the French minister for overseas territories, visited Mayotte on January 24-25. Discussions during the trip were devoted to the struggle against illegal immigration, which the minister intended to ...
- Girardin, Emile de
- popular French journalist, called the Napoleon of the press for his success in publishing inexpensive newspapers with massive circulations. [1 Related Articles]
- Girardin, Marquis de
- (from the article "Rousseau, Jean-Jacques") ...Rousseau does seem to have recovered his peace of mind in his last years, when he was once again afforded refuge on the estates of great French noblemen, first the ...
- Girardon, Francois
- the most representative sculptor employed on the great sculptural project of decorating Versailles during the period of Louis XIV. [2 Related Articles]
- Girardot
- river port, central Colombia, at the confluence of the upper Magdalena (there bridged) and Bogota rivers, opposite Flandes. The site, once a canoe outpost named Pastor Montero, was donated for ...
- Giraud, Henri
- army officer and one of the leaders, in World War II, of the French Committee of National Liberation. [5 Related Articles]
- Giraud, Jean
- (from the article "comic strip") ...on better paper and was flashier in style, and it was made into a book as well as a film. The French equivalent was Metal Hurlant (begun 1975), composed of ...
- Giraudoux, Jean
- French novelist, essayist, and playwright who created an impressionistic form of drama by emphasizing dialogue and style rather than realism. [1 Related Articles]
- GIRD
- (from the article "space exploration") ...Glushko carried out pioneering work on rocket engines. Meanwhile, other rocket enthusiasts in the Soviet Union organized into societies that by 1931 had consolidated into an organization known as GIRD ...
- girder
- (from the article "girder") in building construction, a horizontal main supporting beam that carries a vertical concentrated load. See beam.girderGirders supporting the ceiling of Hinkle Fieldhous
- girdle
- (from the article "corset") During the 20th century the corset was gradually replaced as everyday wear by the brassiere and the girdle, but it remained in use as costume wear and among those engaged ...
- girdle
- (from the article "lepidopteran") ...of some sulfur butterflies (family Pieridae), swallowtails (family Papilionidae), and gossamer-winged butterflies (family Lycaenidae), is supported in a head-up position by a threadlike silk girdle about the body.
- girdle tie
- in Egyptian religion, protective amulet formed like a knot and made of gold, carnelian, or red glazed ware. Most samples of the girdle tie have been found tied around the ...
- girdle-tailed lizard
- any of various south and east African and Madagascan lizards belonging to the family Cordylidae. They are live-bearers, having as few as one to four young per litter.
- girdling
- (from the article "brilliant cut") ...a finished gem with the maximum fire and brilliancy. It is the most popular style of faceting for diamonds. A brilliant-cut stone is round in plan view and has 58 ...
- girdling
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...century. By the early 19th century, it had been established that water ascends from roots into leaves through xylem and that photosynthetic products descend through phloem. Experiments now called girdling ...
- Giresun
- city and seaport, northeastern Turkey. It lies along the Black Sea about 110 miles (175 km) west of Trabzon. The older parts of the city lie on a peninsula crowned ...
- Girgrah, Isra
- (from the article "Yemen") ...1992. Two Yemeni boxers living abroad enjoyed great success: Naseem Hamed, a British boxer of Yemeni ancestry, held the world featherweight title during the late 1990s and early 21st century; ...
- giri
- (from the article "Japan") ...(domestic dramas focusing on urban society), both for joruri. He also wrote more than 30 kabuki plays. The chief theme running through Chikamatsu's works is the idea of giri ("duty"), ...
- Giri, Varahagiri Venkata
- statesman, president of India from 1969 to 1974. [1 Related Articles]
- Giridharadaja
- (from the article "Harishchandra") ...the prosperous banker whose intrigues against his master, the Nawab of Bengal, and deception by Robert Clive is a celebrated incident of modern Indian history. His father, Gopalachandra (pen name ...
- Giridih
- town, Bihar state, northeastern India. It lies 72 miles (115 km) northeast of Hazaribagh town, on both banks of the Usri River. In 1871 a branch line of the Eastern ...
- girl groups
- primarily American female vocal groups popular from the early to the mid-1960s, the period between the heyday of early rock and roll and the British Invasion. The girl group era ... [1 Related Articles]
- Girl Scouts
- worldwide organization for girls, dedicated to training them in citizenship, good conduct, and outdoor activities. Robert (later Lord) Baden-Powell founded the Girl Guides in Great Britain in 1910 in response ... [3 Related Articles]
- Girl Scouts of America
- (from the article "Low, Juliette Gordon") In 1915, by which time the name had been changed to the Girl Scouts of the United States of America, the movement was formally organized on a national basis and ...
- Girnar
- (from the article "Gir Range") ...slope inland to the north. From it to the north runs a low, narrow, dissected range rising to Gorakhnath (3,665 feet [1,117 m], believed to be an extinct volcano) in ...
- Girnar Hills
- physical region on the Kathiawar Peninsula, Gujarat state, west-central India. At the foot of one of the hills is a rock bearing one of the Rock Edicts of Asoka (3rd ... [2 Related Articles]
- Giro d'Italia
- (from the article "Cycling") In September, Spaniard Roberto Heras won the Tour of Spain (Vuelta a Espana) for a record fourth time. Cycling's other major national tour, the Tour of Italy (Giro d'Italia) in ...
- Giro, Anna
- (from the article "Vivaldi, Antonio") In 1726 the contralto Anna Giro sang for the first time in a Vivaldi opera. Born in Mantua about 1711, she had gone to Venice to further her career as ...
- Girodet-Trioson, Anne-Louis
- painter whose works exemplify the first phase of the Romantic movement in French art. [1 Related Articles]
- Girodias, Maurice
- French publisher of banned books, including many classics of modern literature.
- Giron, Don Pedro
- (from the article "Padilla, Juan de") The junta soon alienated the nobility by its popular demands, and Charles cleverly moved to secure the nobility's loyalty. The junta also courted defeat in the field by replacing Padilla ...
- Girona
- provincia (province) in the Catalonia comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. Girona is the northeasternmost province of the autonomous community and of Spain. It ...
- Girona
- city, capital of Girona provincia (province), in the Catalonia comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), northeastern Spain. It lies on the Onar River in the foothills ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gironde
- (from the article "Aquitaine") region of France encompassing the southwestern departements of Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, and Pyrenees-Atlantiques. The present-day region roughly matches the western ...
- Gironde
- estuary on the Bay of Biscay, in Gironde departement, Aquitaine region, southwestern France, formed by the confluence of the Garonne and Dordogne rivers (qq.v.). It trends from southeast to northwest ... [1 Related Articles]
- Girondin
- a label applied to a loose grouping of republican politicians, some of them originally from the departement of the Gironde, who played a leading role in the ... [15 Related Articles]
- Gironella, Alberto
- Mexican painter who was an important member of a generation of Mexican artists that drew inspiration from Surrealism and rebelled against the politically inspired Muralism favoured by such earlier painters ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gironella, Jose Maria
- Spanish author best remembered for his long historical novel Los cipreses creen en Dios (1953; The Cypresses Believe in God), in which the conflicts ... [2 Related Articles]
- Girouard v. United States
- (from the article "Stone, Harlan Fiske") ...court upheld a state ruling that children who were Jehovah's Witnesses must join in saluting the American flag in public schools. This decision was overruled (1943) while Stone was chief ...
- Giroud, Francoise
- French journalist (b. Sept. 21, 1916, Geneva, Switz.-d. Jan. 19, 2003, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), cofounded and edited L'Express, France's first weekly newsmagazine, and coined the term nouvelle vague to describe the ...
- Giroux, Robert
- American editor and publisher introduced and guided many of the top authors of the 20th century in a lengthy career in which he ascended to partner (1964) and chairman (1973) ...
- Girtin, Thomas
- British artist who at the turn of the 19th century firmly established the aesthetic autonomy of watercolour (formerly used mainly to colour engravings) by employing its transparent washes to evoke ...
- Girton College
- (from the article "coeducation") Antagonism to coeducation in England and on the European continent diminished more rapidly in higher education than in secondary. In England, Girton College at Cambridge was established for women in ...
- Giry, Arthur
- French historian noted for his studies of the French Middle Ages.
- Giryama
- (from the article "art, African") ...wood carving (especially of doors), silversmithing and other metalworking, and finely plaited polychrome mats. Farther inland, direct Arab cultural contact is less obvious. Like the Konso, the Giryama of Kenya ...
- GIS
- computer system for performing geographical analysis. GIS has four interactive components: an input subsystem for converting into digital form (digitizing) maps and other spatial data; a storage and retrieval subsystem; ... [1 Related Articles]
- gisant
- in sepulchral sculpture, a recumbent effigy representing the person dying or in death. The typical gisant depicts the deceased in "eternal repose," awaiting the resurrection in prayer or holding attributes ...
- Gisborne
- unitary authority, east-central North Island, New Zealand. The authority includes the eastern side of East Cape (the easternmost promontory of North Island), most of the Raukumara Range, and the Waipaoa ...
- Gisborne
- city ("district") and port on Poverty Bay, east coast of North Island, New Zealand. The city is located where the Waimata and Taruheru rivers join to form the Turanganui. It ...
- Giscard d'Estaing, Valery
- French political leader, who served as the third president of the Fifth Republic of France (1974-81). [6 Related Articles]
- Gisela
- (from the article "Conrad II") ...he matured early. Prudent and firm, he often displayed great chivalry as well as a strong sense of justice, and he was determined to gain the status that fortune had ...
- Giselbert
- (from the article "Henry I") Henry defeated Giselbert, king of Lotharingia, in 925, and that region, which had become independent of Germany in 910, was brought back under German control. Giselbert, who was recognized as ...
- Gish, Dorothy
- American actress who, like her sister Lillian, was a major figure in silent films, particularly director D.W. Griffith's classics. [1 Related Articles]
- Gish, Lillian
- American actress who, like her sister Dorothy, was a major figure in the early motion picture industry, particularly in director D.W. Griffith's silent film classics. She is regarded as one ... [3 Related Articles]
- Gisla saga
- an Icelandic saga set in northwestern Iceland and written probably before the middle of the 13th century, which tells of an outlaw poet, Gisli Sursson (d. c. AD 980), who ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gislebertus
- French sculptor who made major contributions to the Cathedral of Saint-Lazare in Autun and to several Burgundian churches from 1125 to 1135. [1 Related Articles]
- gismondine
- rare mineral in the zeolite family. Many specimens have been found in Ireland and Iceland in basaltic lavas, along with such other zeolites as chabazite, thomsonite, and phillipsite. Gismondine forms ...
- Gisors
- market town, Eure departement, Haute-Normandie region, northwestern France. It lies in the valley of the Epte River, northwest of Paris and southwest of Beauvais. The early town was dominated by ...
- Gisors, Treaty of
- (from the article "Philip II") When the Count of Flanders allied himself with the Champagne faction, there followed a serious revolt against the King. In the Peace of Boves, in July 1185 (confirmed by the ...
- Gissar Range
- (from the article "Asia") ...as a result of fractures at great depths, of which the Kopet-Dag and Fergana ranges provide typical examples, and of folding over a large radius, examples of which may be ...
- Gissey, Henri
- (from the article "stage design") Berain and Henri Gissey were attached to the Royal Cabinet of Louis XIV. Gissey is most famous for his celebrated Carrousel (1662), a horse spectacular never since ...
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