| | - Gillespie, Rowan
- (from the article "Dublin") ...the Irish Potato Famine (1845-49), when tens of thousands flocked into the city from the countryside. The 1997 Famine Memorial at Customs House Quay, designed and cast by the Dublin ...
- Gillespie, Thomas
- Scottish Presbyterian minister who assisted in founding the Relief Church (Oct. 22, 1761), a Presbyterian group advocating the right of a congregation to approve its minister.
- Gillete, Harper Lee
- (from the article "matador") ...alternativa (the ceremony in which a novice becomes a full matador) in Spain and became recognized as matadores de toros. Harper Lee Gillete, who performed in Mexico, ...
- Gillette
- town, seat (1911) of Campbell county, northeastern Wyoming, U.S., midway between the Black Hills (east) and the Bighorn Mountains (west). It developed after the arrival in 1891 of the Burlington ...
- Gillette, King Camp
- American inventor and first manufacturer of a razor with disposable blades. [2 Related Articles]
- Gillette, William Hooker
- American playwright and actor noted for his portrayal of the title role in Sherlock Holmes, which he adapted for the stage from Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's stories.
- Gilliatt, Penelope
- English writer of essays, short stories, screenplays, and novels. Her fiction is noted for its sensitive, sometimes wry look at the challenges and complexities of modern life in England and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gillie Callum
- (from the article "sword dance") ...the Balkans) and also appear in India, Borneo, and other areas. Characteristically, one or more dancers execute precise, complicated steps over and between the swords. The famed Scottish solo dance ...
- Gillieron, Jules
- (from the article "linguistics") The famous French linguistic atlas of Jules Gillieron and Edmond Edmont was based on a completely different concept. Using a questionnaire of about 2,000 words and phrases that Gillieron had ...
- Gillies, Harold Delf
- (from the article "medicine, history of") ...For almost the first time, surgeons realized that their work did not end with a healed wound. In 1915 Robert Jones set up special facilities for orthopedic patients, and at ...
- Gilliland, John L.
- (from the article "glassware") Among the outstanding makers of fine lead glass in the middle Atlantic states were the Brooklyn Flint Glass Works of John L. Gilliland and Company and the Dorfinger Glass Works. ...
- Gillingham
- town and port, unitary authority of Medway, geographic and historic county of Kent, southeastern England, on the River Medway. Gillingham is one of the three Medway towns. Before the establishment ...
- Gillis W. Long Hansen's Disease Center
- (from the article "leprosy") ...near Carville, Louisiana, on the Mississippi River near New Orleans. Early in the 20th century, the Carville home was transferred to U.S. federal control and became officially known as the ...
- Gilliss, James Melville
- U.S. naval officer and astronomer who founded the Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., the first U.S. observatory devoted entirely to research.
- Gillman, Sid
- American football coach (b. Oct. 26, 1911, Minneapolis, Minn.-d. Jan. 3, 2003, Los Angeles, Calif.), was regarded as the progenitor of the modern passing game. He became head coach at ...
- Gillot, Claude
- French painter, engraver, and theatrical designer best known as the master of the great painter Antoine Watteau. Gillot directed scenery and costume design for both opera and theatre. An accomplished ... [4 Related Articles]
- gillotage
- (from the article "photoengraving") ...by depositing an etchant-resistant material about the sidewalls of etched lines and dots, thus preventing lateral etching. The method of rolling a waxy ink onto sidewalls of lines and dots, ...
- Gillray, James
- English caricaturist chiefly remembered for lively political cartoons directed against George III of England and Napoleon I. Often scurrilous and violent in his criticism, he brought a highly dramatic sense ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gilly, David
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...Frederick William II of Prussia (reigned 1786-97) decided to make Berlin a cultural centre dominated by German artists. Among the architects he called to Berlin were Carl Gotthard Langhans and ...
- Gilly, Friedrich
- (from the article "Western architecture") Friedrich Gilly built little, dying in 1800, but he left some remarkable designs that justify his central place in German Neoclassicism. His project for a monument to Frederick the Great ...
- gillyflower
- any of several scented flowering plants, especially the carnation, or clove pink (Dianthus caryophyllus), stock (Matthiola incana), and wallflower (Cheiranthus cheiri). However, the gillyflower of Chaucer, Spenser, and Shakespeare was ...
- Gilman reagent
- another name for organocopper compounds used for carbon-carbon bond formation in organic synthesis. Compounds of this type were first described in the 1930s by the American chemist Henry Gilman, for ...
- Gilman, Alfred G.
- American pharmacologist who shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with American biochemist Martin Rodbell for their separate research in discovering molecules called G proteins, which are intermediaries ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gilman, Caroline Howard
- popular American writer and publisher, much of whose work reflected her conviction of the importance of the family as a foundation for societal harmony.
- Gilman, Charlotte Anna Perkins
- American feminist, lecturer, writer, and publisher who was a leading theorist of the women's movement in the United States. [1 Related Articles]
- Gilman, Daniel Coit
- American educator and first president of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.
- Gilman, Harold
- (from the article "London Group") ...Club, another exhibiting association. The London Group brought together several English artists' alliances, the most important of which was the Camden Town Group, whose members included the painters Harold Gilman, ...
- Gilman, Henry
- (from the article "Gilman reagent") another name for organocopper compounds used for carbon-carbon bond formation in organic synthesis. Compounds of this type were first described in the 1930s by the American chemist Henry Gilman, for ...
- Gilmer, Elizabeth Meriwether
- American journalist who achieved great popular success as an advice columnist and with sentimentalized coverage of sensational crime stories.
- Gilmore, John E.
- U.S. jazz drummer and tenor saxophonist whose improvisations highlighted the Sun Ra trio (b. Sept. 28, 1931--d. Aug. 20, 1995).
- Gilmore, Mary
- (from the article "Australian literature") The character of the times is perhaps best represented in the work of such diverse writers as Mary Gilmore, Walter Murdoch, and Miles Franklin. The life span of each of ...
- Gilmore, Patrick
- leading American bandmaster and a virtuoso cornetist, noted for his flamboyant showmanship, innovations in instrumentation, and the excellence of his bands. [1 Related Articles]
- Gilmour, David
- (from the article "Pink Floyd") ...July 28, 1945London-d. Sept. 15, 2008London), and guitarist David Gilmour (b. March 6, 1944Cambridge).
- Gilpatric, Guy
- (from the article "underwater diving") ...or the latter over the former may be used in cold water. Skin diving was first popularized in the 1920s and 1930s in the Mediterranean and off the California coast, ...
- Gilpin, Bernard
- English cleric, one of the most conscientious and broad-minded upholders of the Elizabethan church settlement, which recognized the English sovereign, rather than the pope, as head of the English church.
- Gilpin, Laura
- American photographer noted for her images of the landscape and native people of the American Southwest.
- Gilpin, William
- (from the article "Price, Sir Uvedale, 1st Baronet") British landscape designer and, with the writer-artist William Gilpin and Richard Payne Knight, one of the chief aestheticians of the Picturesque movement in landscaping.views on garden and landscape design
- Gilruth, Robert Rowe
- American aeronautical engineer and administrator (b. Oct. 8, 1913, Nashwauk, Minn.-d. Aug. 17, 2000, Charlottesville, Va.), oversaw the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo projects and thus had enormous influence on the ...
- Gilson, Etienne
- French Christian philosopher and historian of medieval thought, one of the most eminent international scholars of the 20th century.
- gilsonite
- (from the article "Bitumens") ...applications even today. The Pitch Lake on the island of Trinidad was the first large commercial source, but natural sources have since declined in importance as petroleum became the major ...
- gimbal
- (from the article "chronometer") The modern chronometer is, broadly speaking, a large, well-made watch but with a detached chronometer escapement, suspended in gimbals (a set of rings connected by bearings) poised so as to ...
- gimbaling inertial navigation system
- (from the article "inertial guidance system") There are two fundamentally different types of inertial navigation systems: gimbaling systems and strapdown systems. A typical gimbaling inertial navigation system, such as might be used on board a missile, ...
- Gimbel, Norman
- (from the article "1979: Other Winners") ...Song Score and Its Adaptation or Adaptation Score: Ralph Burns for All That JazzOriginal Song: "It Goes Like It Goes" from Norma Rae; music by David Shire, lyrics by Norman ...
- Gimie, Mount
- (from the article "Saint Lucia") The island is of volcanic origin and is bisected from north to south by a central ridge of wooded mountains, the highest point being Mount Gimie (3,145 feet [958.6 metres]). ...
- gimlet
- (from the article "gin") ...are usually served unmixed or with water. The drier types, sometimes called London dry, may be served unmixed or may be combined with other ingredients to make such cocktails as ...
- gimlet
- (from the article "hand tool") ...hole may be drilled or bored; awls, gimlets, and augers also produce holes. An awl is the simplest hole maker, for, like a needle, it simply pushes material to one ...
- Gimpl, Stefan
- (from the article "Skiing") ...Cup, as Dominique Maltais (who finished third in Turin, behind Switzerland's Tanja Frieden and American Lindsey Jacobellis) topped the SBX World Cup rankings, followed by Maelle Ricker. Austrian Stefan Gimpl ...
- Gimson, Ernest
- English designer of furniture, one of the Cotswold school of designers who sought to combine the traditions of rural craftsmanship with the theories and practice of William Morris. [1 Related Articles]
- gin
- (from the article "measurement system") ...of one great mina of water. The qa was a subdivision of two other units; 300 qa equaled 60 gin or ...
- gin
- flavoured, distilled, colourless to pale yellow liquor made from purified spirits usually obtained from a grain mash and having the juniper berry as its principal flavouring ingredient. It includes both ...
- Gin Act
- (from the article "United Kingdom") The Gin Act of 1751 was designed to reduce consumption of raw spirits, regarded by contemporaries as one of the main causes of crime in London. In 1752 Britain's calendar ...
- gin and tonic
- (from the article "gin") ...types, sometimes called London dry, may be served unmixed or may be combined with other ingredients to make such cocktails as the martini and gimlet and such long drinks as ...
- gin rummy
- card game of the rummy family that became an American fad in the 1940s. [1 Related Articles]
- Ginastera, Alberto
- a leading 20th-century Latin-American composer, known for his use of local and national musical idioms in his compositions. [2 Related Articles]
- Giner de Los Rios, Francisco
- Spanish philosopher, literary critic, and educator who became the most influential exponent of krausismo, a liberal educational and philosophical movement prominent in Spain during the 19th century, emphasizing the development ...
- ginger
- (Zingiber officinale), herbaceous perennial plant of the family Zingiberaceae, probably native to southeastern Asia, or its aromatic, pungent rhizome (underground stem) used as a spice, flavouring, food, and medicine. Its ...
- ginger ale
- (from the article "Comparison of energy, carbohydrates, and alcohol in some common beverages") ...citric acid may also be added. Ginger beer is bottled before fermentation is complete. It is carbonated and mildly alcoholic. There is also a soft (nonalcoholic) ginger beer; it is ...
- ginger beer
- beverage, once popular in the United Kingdom, made by fermenting a mixture of ginger, water, sugar, cream of tartar, yeast, and water. Lemon peel and juice or citric acid may ...
- ginger lily
- any ornamental plant of the genus Hedychium, of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). About 50 species occur in tropical and subtropical regions (e.g., India, southwestern China). The rhizomes (underground stems) are ...
- gingerbread
- in architecture and design, elaborately detailed embellishment, either lavish or superfluous. Although the term is occasionally applied to highly detailed and decorative styles, it is more often applied specifically to ...
- gingerbread
- (from the article "baking") ...in that the devil's food batter is adjusted to an alkaline level with sodium bicarbonate; chiffon cakes, deriving their unique texture from the effect of liquid shortening on the foam ...
- gingham
- plain-woven fabric, originally made completely of cotton fibres but later also of man-made fibres, which derives its colour and pattern effects from carded or combed yarns. The name comes from ...
- gingivitis
- inflammation of the gums (gingivae). Symptoms include tender, sometimes swollen, gums that bleed easily. Areas of tissue destruction (necrosis) or ulceration may develop, and fever and halitosis may be present ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gingold, Josef
- Russian-born U.S. violinist and teacher (b. Oct. 28, 1909--d. Jan. 11, 1995).
- Gingoog
- city and port, northern Mindanao, Philippines. It lies at the head of Gingoog Bay, which is an inlet of the Bohol Sea. It was founded in 1750 by Recollect missionaries ...
- Gingrich, Arnold
- (from the article "Esquire") American monthly magazine, founded in 1933 by Arnold Gingrich. It began production as an oversized magazine for men that featured a slick, sophisticated style and drawings of scantily clad young ...
- Gingrich, Newt
- American politician, who served as speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1995-98). He was the first Republican to hold the office in 40 years. [1 Related Articles]
- Gini Coefficient
- (from the article "China") ...previous administration, the government began to take active measures to ease rural poverty. The widening wealth gap in Chinese society had prompted social protests and distrust in government. The Gini ...
- Gini, Corrado
- Italian statistician and demographer.
- ginkgo
- (Ginkgo biloba), tree that is the only living representative of the order Ginkgoales (division Ginkgophyta). This order included a group of gymnosperms composed of the family Ginkgoaceae, which comprised approximately ... [6 Related Articles]
- Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park
- (from the article "Ellensburg") ...edge of the high desert, is also known for its dude ranches. Sheep and cattle are raised there, and hay, wheat, and potatoes are grown on land irrigated through the ...
- Ginkgoaceae
- (from the article "ginkgophyte") ...leaves borne mainly on spur (short) branches; male and female trees; seeds with a fleshy outer layer that upon decay, emits an odour of rancid butter; a single order, Ginkgoales; ...
- Ginkgoales
- (from the article "ginkgophyte") ...especially in fossil forms; leaves borne mainly on spur (short) branches; male and female trees; seeds with a fleshy outer layer that upon decay, emits an odour of rancid butter; ...
- ginkgolide B
- (from the article "Corey, Elias James") ...important molecules, the prostaglandins, and in the 1970s he followed with the leukotrienes, a group of biologically active fatty acids. Another remarkable achievement was the synthesis in 1988 of ginkgolide ...
- ginkgophyte
- any member of the division Ginkgophyta, a group of gymnospermous plants of particular interest to paleobotanists. Two of the three genera of ginkgophytes, Ginkgoites and [3 Related Articles]
- Ginnie Mae
- (from the article "Fannie Mae") ...Mac were authorized to buy and sell conventional mortgages as well as those insured by the FHA or VA, which were now guaranteed by a new Government National Mortgage Association, ...
- Ginnungagap
- (from the article "Germanic religion and mythology") ...appears to be the most rational description of the cosmogony. The story is told by an age-old seeress who was reared by primeval giants. In the beginning there was nothing ...
- Ginori, Lorenzo
- (from the article "Doccia porcelain") ...with surrounding flowers; and a range of polychrome or white-figured reliefs of mythological subjects often erroneously named Capodimonte and introduced during the highly successful directorship of Lorenzo Ginori (1757-91). Doccia ...
- Ginori, Marchese Carlo
- (from the article "Doccia porcelain") porcelain produced at a factory near Florence founded by Marchese Carlo Ginori in 1735; until 1896 the enterprise operated under the name Doccia, since then under the name Richard-Ginori. After ...
- Ginsberg, Allen
- American poet whose epic poem Howl (1956) is considered to be one of the most significant products of the Beat movement (q.v.). [6 Related Articles]
- Ginsberg, Harold Samuel
- American microbiologist (b. May 27, 1917, Daytona Beach, Fla.-d. Feb. 2, 2003, Woods Hole, Mass.), did pioneering work in virology; his research into adenoviruses showed how viral genes function in ...
- Ginsburg, Charles P.
- (from the article "magnetic recording") In 1956 Charles P. Ginsburg and Ray Dolby of Ampex Corporation, a U.S. electronics firm, developed the first practical videotape recorder. Their machine revolutionized television broadcasting; recorded shows virtually replaced ...
- Ginsburg, Christian David
- Hebrew and biblical scholar who was the foremost authority in England on the Masorah (authoritative Jewish tradition concerning the correct text of the Hebrew Bible). [1 Related Articles]
- Ginsburg, Ruth Bader
- associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993. She was only the second woman to serve on the Supreme Court. [3 Related Articles]
- ginseng
- ("root of heaven"), either of two herbs of the family Araliaceae, Panax quinquefolium and P. schinseng, or their roots. The root has long been used as a drug in China ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ginuwa
- (from the article "Itsekiri") Myths of origin establish that Ginuwa, the Itsekiri founder and first olu (king), was originally a prince of Benin, so that subsequent kings are descendants of the
- Ginza
- commercial zone, Chuo ward, Tokyo, the main shopping area of the city. The name comes from the words gin meaning "silver" and za meaning "guild"; in 1612 the Japanese government ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ginzberg, Louis
- Lithuanian-born American Judaic scholar.
- Ginzberg, Mordecai Aaron
- (from the article "Hebrew literature") ...of Judaism, while a poet, Rachel Morpurgo, struck some remarkably modern chords. For the Jews of the Russian Empire, the Enlightenment proper began with Isaac Baer Levinsohn in the Ukraine ...
- Ginzburg, Aleksandr Ilich
- Russian journalist, dissident, and human rights advocate (b. Nov. 21, 1936, Moscow, U.S.S.R.-d. July 19, 2002, Paris, France), edited the literary journal Syntaksis ("Syntax"), often said to have been the ...
- Ginzburg, Leone
- (from the article "Ginzburg, Natalia") Ginzburg was the widow of the Italian literary figure and patriot Leone Ginzburg, who operated a publishing house for a time, was arrested for antifascist activities, and died in prison ...
- Ginzburg, Natalia
- Italian author who dealt unsentimentally with family relationships in her writings. [2 Related Articles]
- Ginzburg, Ralph
- American publisher, author, and photojournalist (b. Oct. 28, 1929, New York, N.Y.-d. July 6, 2006, New York City), was at the centre of two highly publicized 1960s court cases involving ...
- Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich
- Russian physicist and astrophysicist, who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2003 for his pioneering work on superconductivity. He shared the award with Alexey A. Abrikosov of Russia and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gioberti, Vincenzo
- Italian philosopher, politician, and premier of Sardinia-Piedmont (1848-49), whose writings helped bring about the unification of the Italian states. [1 Related Articles]
- Giocondo, Fra Giovanni
- Italian humanist, architect, and engineer, whose designs and written works signal the transition in architectural modes from early to high Renaissance. [1 Related Articles]
- Giocosa, La
- (from the article "education") ...boarding schools at Padua and Venice and, most importantly, from 1423 to 1446 one at Mantua, where he had been invited by the reigning lord, Gianfrancesco Gonzaga. This last school, ...
- Gioia del Colle
- town, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southern Italy. It has machinery, textile, distilling, and cheese-making industries.
- Giolitti, Giovanni
- statesman and five times prime minister under whose leadership Italy prospered. He had many enemies, however, and retained power by using the highly criticized technique called giolittismo, which is associated ... [4 Related Articles]
- giolittismo
- (from the article "Giolitti, Giovanni") statesman and five times prime minister under whose leadership Italy prospered. He had many enemies, however, and retained power by using the highly criticized technique called giolittismo, which is associated ...
- Giolla Coluim mac an Ollaimh
- (from the article "Celtic literature") ...Scotland or Ireland. The Scottish Gaelic poems date from about 1310 to 1520. The bard best represented is Fionnlagh Ruadh, bard to John, chief of clan Gregor (died 1519). There ...
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