| | - Gibbon, Lardner
- (from the article "Amazon River") ...on the Amazon River. An official expedition was sent from the United States to Amazonia in the mid-19th century; in 1854 in Washington, D.C., William Lewis Herndon published the report ...
- Gibbon, Lewis Grassic
- Scottish novelist whose inventive trilogy published under the collective title A Scots Quair (1946) made him a significant figure in the 20th-century Scottish Renaissance. [1 Related Articles]
- Gibbons v. Ogden
- (1824), U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the principle that states cannot, by legislative enactment, interfere with the power of Congress to regulate commerce. The state of New York agreed in ... [5 Related Articles]
- Gibbons, Abigail Hopper
- American social reformer, remembered especially for her activism in the cause of prison reform.
- Gibbons, Cedric
- art director for the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) motion-picture studio; his name appears on nearly 1,500 films produced by that studio during the 32 years (1924-56) that he worked there. [12 Related Articles]
- Gibbons, Gillian
- (from the article "Religion") Gillian Gibbons, a British teacher, was convicted in November in Khartoum, Sudan, of having insulted Islam by allowing her predominantly Muslim students to name a teddy bear Muhammad. The court ...
- Gibbons, Grinling
- British wood-carver known for his decorative woodwork and for much stone ornamentation at Blenheim and Hampton Court palaces and at St. Paul's Cathedral. [5 Related Articles]
- Gibbons, James
- archbishop of Baltimore and second Roman Catholic cardinal of North America.
- Gibbons, Orlando
- organist and composer, one of the last great figures of the English polyphonic school. [1 Related Articles]
- Gibbons, Stella
- English novelist and poet whose first novel, Cold Comfort Farm (1932), a burlesque of the rural novel, won for her in 1933 the Femina Vie Heureuse Prize and immediate fame.
- gibbous starlet
- (from the article "sea star") Spiny sea stars, order Spinulosa, typically have clusters of spines; they have suction-tube feet but rarely pedicellariae. A common example in stony-bottomed European waters is the gibbous starlet (Asterina gibbosa). ...
- Gibbs free energy
- (from the article "thermodynamics") All batteries depend on some chemical reaction of the form reactants → products for the generation of electricity or on the reverse reaction as the battery is recharged. The change ...
- Gibbs, Frederick H.
- (from the article "Gibbs, William Francis") ...1913 to please his father but abandoned the profession after winning his first and only case. Turning to naval architecture, he studied for a year in seclusion; then, in partnership ...
- Gibbs, Herschelle
- (from the article "Cricket") Pakistan beat the West Indies at home but lost in South Africa in a fractious series that was marred by a racist outburst by South African batsman Herschelle Gibbs against ...
- Gibbs, J Willard
- theoretical physicist and chemist who was one of the greatest scientists in the United States in the 19th century. His application of thermodynamic theory converted a large part of physical ... [9 Related Articles]
- Gibbs, James
- Scottish architect whose synthesis of Italian and English modes, exemplified in his church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, set a standard for 18th-century British and American church architecture.
- Gibbs, Sir Harry Talbot
- Australian judge (b. Feb. 7, 1917, Sydney, Australia-d. June 25, 2005, Sydney), served 17 years (1970-87) on the High Court of Australia, becoming chief justice in 1981. He was much ...
- Gibbs, William Francis
- naval architect and marine engineer who directed the mass production of U.S. cargo ships during World War II, designed the famous, standardized cargo-carrying Liberty ships, and made many improvements in ...
- Gibbs-Duhem equation
- thermodynamic relationship expressing changes in the chemical potential of a substance (or mixture of substances in a multicomponent system) in terms of changes in the temperature T and pressure P ... [1 Related Articles]
- gibbsite
- the mineral aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] an important constituent of bauxite (q.v.) deposits, particularly those in the Western Hemisphere, where it occurs as white, glassy crystals, earthy masses, or crusts. In ... [3 Related Articles]
- Gibeah
- ancient town of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin, located just north of Jerusalem. The site, severely denuded by wind and rain, was partly excavated by William F. Albright in 1922 ...
- Gibeon
- important town of ancient Palestine, located northwest of Jerusalem. Its inhabitants submitted voluntarily to Joshua at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan (Josh. 9). Excavations undertaken in 1956 ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gibney, Frank Bray
- American author and journalist (b. Sept. 21, 1924, Scranton, Pa.-d. April 9, 2006, Santa Barbara, Calif.), as a naval intelligence officer during World War II, learned Japanese and became expert ...
- Gibney, Sheridan
- (from the article "1936: Other Winners") Screenplay: Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney for The Story of Louis PasteurOriginal Story: Pierre Collings and Sheridan Gibney for The Story of Louis PasteurCinematography: Gaetano Gaudio for Anthony AdverseArt Direction: ...
- Gibraltar
- British overseas territory occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain's southern Mediterranean coast, just northeast of the Strait of Gibraltar. It is 3 miles (5 km) long and 0.75 mile (1.2 ... [16 Related Articles]
- Gibraltar candytuft
- (from the article "Gibraltar") There are more than 500 species of small flowering plants on Gibraltar, and the Gibraltar candytuft is a flower native only to the Rock. Wild olive and pine trees grow ...
- Gibraltar remains
- Neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at Gibraltar, on the southern tip of Spain. The Gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves, many of which were at times occupied by ...
- Gibraltar, Rock of
- (from the article "Barbary macaque") ...face. Adult males weigh about 16 kg (35 pounds), adult females 11 kg. The species was introduced into Gibraltar, probably by the Romans or the Moors. According to legend, British ...
- Gibraltar, Strait of
- channel connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, lying between southernmost Spain and northwesternmost Africa. It is 36 miles (58 km) long and narrows to 8 miles (13 km) ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gibran, Khalil
- Lebanese American philosophical essayist, novelist, poet, and artist. [4 Related Articles]
- Gibson Desert
- arid zone in the interior of Western Australia. The desert lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn between the Great Sandy Desert (north), the Great Victoria Desert (south), the Northern ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gibson girl
- (from the article "Gibson, Charles Dana") artist and illustrator, whose Gibson girl drawings delineated the American ideal of femininity at the turn of the century.
- Gibson v. Florida Legislative Commission
- (from the article "legislative investigative powers") In Gibson v. Florida Legislative Commission (1963) the Supreme Court held that a state legislative investigation of the Miami National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was a ...
- Gibson, Althea
- American tennis player who dominated women's competition in the late 1950s. She was the first black player to win the French (1956), Wimbledon (1957-58), and U.S. Open (1957-58) singles championships. [1 Related Articles]
- Gibson, Bob
- American professional National League (NL) right-handed baseball pitcher, who was at his best in crucial games. In nine World Series games, he won seven and lost two. [1 Related Articles]
- Gibson, Charles Dana
- artist and illustrator, whose Gibson girl drawings delineated the American ideal of femininity at the turn of the century. [1 Related Articles]
- Gibson, Donald Eugene
- American singer-songwriter (b. April 3, 1928, Shelby, N.C.-d. Nov. 17, 2003, Nashville, Tenn.), was one of the creators of the "Nashville sound" and, because of his usually unhappy love songs, ...
- Gibson, Edmund
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...popular loyalty, and assaults on its position would arouse nationwide discontent. Walpole therefore determined to reach an accommodation with the church, and in 1723 he came to an agreement with ...
- Gibson, Eleanor J.
- (from the article "perception") ...learning. Disputes now focus on the process of perceptual learning itself. Most theoretical alternatives reflect two underlying themes: discovery and enrichment. The discovery thesis is reflected in Eleanor J. Gibson's ...
- Gibson, J. L.
- (from the article "ice hockey") ...Thus the first acknowledged professional hockey team in the world was formed in the United States, in 1903, in Houghton, Michigan. The team, the Portage Lakers, was owned by a ...
- Gibson, James J.
- (from the article "epistemology") ...realists they held that, rather than mental entities, sense data might be physical parts of the surface of the perceived object itself. Other direct realists, such as the perceptual psychologist ...
- Gibson, John
- British Neoclassical sculptor who tried to revive the ancient Greek practice of tinting marble sculptures. [1 Related Articles]
- Gibson, Josh
- American professional baseball player called the black Babe Ruth, one of the greatest players kept from the major leagues by the unwritten rule (enforced until the year of his death) ... [6 Related Articles]
- Gibson, Kenneth A.
- (from the article "Newark") ...in the city from less than one-fifth in 1950 to about three-fifths by the 1990s. African Americans obtained some political power in Newark in 1970, when the city elected its ...
- Gibson, Kirk
- (from the article "Los Angeles Dodgers") ...who became the first player to win both the Cy Young and Rookie of the Year awards in the same season, on his way to leading the Dodgers to their ...
- Gibson, Mel
- American-born Australian actor, who became an international star with a series of action-adventure films in the 1980s and later earned acclaim as a director and producer. [6 Related Articles]
- Gibson, Wilfred Wilson
- British poet who drew his inspiration from the workaday life of ordinary provincial English families.
- Gibson, William
- American writer of science fiction who was the leader of the genre's "cyberpunk" movement. [1 Related Articles]
- Gibson, William Hamilton
- American illustrator, author, and naturalist whose well-received images reached a large audience through the popular magazines of his day.
- Gichtel, Johann Georg
- Protestant visionary and theosophist, who promoted the quasi-pantheistic teaching of the early 17th-century Lutheran mystic Jakob Bohme and compiled the first complete edition of Bohme's works (1682-83, 10 vol.). Alienated ...
- gidayu
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...with different weight bridges and design of plectrums. The voice quality of the singers is quite different as well. For example, a professional shinnai singer would find the performance of ...
- Giddens, Anthony
- (from the article "social structure") ...identical, meanings, including social network, social figuration, and social system. Starting with his work in general sociological theory in the mid-1970s, British sociologist Anthony Giddens suggested the term structuration to ...
- giddha
- traditional pastoral dance performed by women of the Punjab, India, and Pakistan at festival times and at the sowing and reaping of the harvest. Patterned on a circle, it is ... [3 Related Articles]
- Giddings, Franklin H.
- one of the scholars responsible for transforming American sociology from a branch of philosophy into a research science utilizing statistical and analytic methodology.
- Giddings, J. Calvin
- (from the article "chromatography") In 1964 the American chemist J. Calvin Giddings, referring to a theory largely worked out for gas chromatography, summarized the necessary conditions that would give liquid chromatography the resolving power ...
- Giddy, Davies
- (from the article "Davy, Sir Humphry, Baronet") ...and somewhat impetuous, Davy had plans for a volume of poems, but he began the serious study of science in 1797, and these visions "fled before the voice of truth." ...
- Gide, Andre
- French writer, humanist, and moralist who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1947. [7 Related Articles]
- Gideon
- a judge and hero-liberator of Israel whose deeds are described in the Book of Judges. The author apparently juxtaposed two traditional accounts from his sources in order to emphasize Israel's ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gideon v. Wainwright
- (from the article "assigned counsel") ...types of offenses. Although Great Britain provided legal aid earlier (1949) than the United States, the United States was at the forefront in providing assigned counsel. Beginning in 1963 in ...
- Gideons International
- organization of Protestant business and professional lay men that places copies of the Bible or New Testament in hotel rooms, hospitals, penal institutions, schools, and other locations. Organized by three ...
- Gidley, Philip
- (from the article "Melbourne") ...1802, when Lieutenant John Murray and Captain Matthew Flinders visited the bay within a few months of each other. This area was then part of the colony of New South ...
- Giedroyc, Jerzy
- Russian-born Polish editor and publisher (b. July 27, 1906, Minsk, Russia [now in Belarus]-d. Sept. 14, 2000, Paris, France), saw the political value of literature and, while living in Warsaw, ...
- Gielgud, Sir John
- English actor, producer, and director, who is considered one of the greatest performers of his generation on stage and screen, particularly as a Shakespearean actor. He was knighted in 1953 ... [4 Related Articles]
- Giemsa smear
- (from the article "herpes simplex") ...woman near term, cesarean section is usually recommended. HSV-2 infections have also been associated by circumstantial evidence with the later development of cervical cancer. The Pap smear and Giemsa smear ...
- Gierek, Edward
- Communist Party organizer and leader in Poland, who served as first secretary from 1970 to 1980. [2 Related Articles]
- Gierke, Otto Friedrich von
- legal philosopher who was a leader of the Germanist school of historical jurisprudence in opposition to the Romanist theoreticians of German law (e.g., Friedrich Karl von Savigny). An incomplete knowledge ... [2 Related Articles]
- Giers, Nikolay Karlovich
- statesman and foreign minister of Russia during the reign of Alexander III (ruled 1881-94). He guided Russia into a rapprochement with France and thereby formed the basis of the Russo-Franco-British ...
- Giesbert, Franz-Olivier
- (from the article "Literature") The most troubling account of a father-son relationship, however, was that described in well-known journalist Franz-Olivier Giesbert's autobiographical L'Americain. Giesbert's father, an American suffering from survivor's guilt after his participation ...
- Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von
- German historian, author of the first general history of medieval Germany based on modern critical methods, and a student of Leopold von Ranke.
- Gieseking, Walter
- German pianist acclaimed for his interpretations of works by Classical, Romantic, and early 20th-century composers.
- Gieseler, Johann Karl Ludwig
- (from the article "doctrine and dogma") Most modern historians, however, have stressed their difference. According to J.K.L. Gieseler, a 19th-century German church historian, in Dogmengeschichte,Dogma is not doctrinal opinion, not the pronouncement of any given teacher, ...
- Giessen
- city, Hessen Land (state), west-central Germany. It lies on the Lahn River between the Westerwald and Vogelsberg (mountains), north of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in 1197, ...
- GIF
- (from the article "data compression") ...system), StuffIt (on Apple computers), and gzip (on computers running UNIX); all use lossless compression. A common format for compressing static images, especially for display over the Internet, is GIF ...
- Giffard, Henri
- (from the article "airship") The first successful airship was constructed by Henri Giffard of France in 1852. Giffard built a 160-kilogram (350-pound) steam engine capable of developing 3 horsepower, sufficient to turn a large ...
- Gifford, Edward W.
- American anthropologist, archaeologist, and student of California Indian ethnography who developed the University of California Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, into a major U.S. collection.
- Gifford, William
- English satirical poet, classical scholar, and early editor of 17th-century English playwrights, best known as the first editor (1809-24) of the Tory Quarterly Review, founded to combat ... [2 Related Articles]
- gift
- in law, a present or thing bestowed gratuitously. The term is generally restricted to mean gratuitous transfers inter vivos (among the living) of real or personal property. A valid gift ... [4 Related Articles]
- gift exchange
- the transfer of goods or services that, although regarded as voluntary by the people involved, is part of the expected social behaviour. Gift exchange may be distinguished from other types ... [4 Related Articles]
- gift tax
- a levy imposed on gratuitous transfers of property-i.e., those made without compensation. Provisions for such taxes are common in national tax systems.
- giftbook
- an illustrated literary miscellany, or collection of verse, tales, and sketches. The giftbook was popular in England and the United States during the second quarter of the 19th century and ...
- gifted child
- any child who is naturally endowed with a high degree of general mental ability or extraordinary ability in a specific sphere of activity or knowledge. The designation of giftedness is ... [5 Related Articles]
- Gifu
- city and prefecture (ken), central Honshu, Japan, occupying an area of 4,091 sq mi (10,596 sq km). It is landlocked and dominated by mountains except in the south, where the ...
- Gifu
- (from the article "Gifu") Gifu city is noted for paper lantern manufacture and for sweetfish (ayu) fishing with cormorants in the summer. Takayama holds festivals (April and September) during which wheeled floats are paraded ...
- gig
- any of several members of a class of light, open, two-wheeled, one-horse carriages, popular in France, England, and America. The gig, which first appeared in Paris in the 17th century, ...
- giga
- (from the article "gigue") ...formal ballet style. The French gigue was a lively dance often in 64 or 68 time, while the Italian giga was faster and set in 128 time. ...
- gigaelectron volt
- (from the article "particle accelerator") ...than 10,000 volts, giving them energies above 10,000 eV, or 10 kiloelectron volts (keV). Many particle accelerators reach much higher energies, measured in megaelectron volts (MeV, or million eV), gigaelectron ...
- gigaku
- (from the article "gigaku mask") grotesque wooden mask worn by participants in gigaku, a type of Japanese dance drama. Gigaku masks are the first known masks used in Japan and among the world's oldest extant ...
- gigaku mask
- grotesque wooden mask worn by participants in gigaku, a type of Japanese dance drama. Gigaku masks are the first known masks used in Japan and among the world's oldest extant ... [1 Related Articles]
- Giganti, Sala dei
- (from the article "Palazzo del Te") ...main axis. The principal rooms are the Sala di Psiche, with erotic frescoes of the loves of the gods; the Sala dei Cavalli, with life-size portraits of some of the ...
- gigantism
- excessive growth in stature, well beyond the average for the individual's heredity and environmental conditions. Tall stature may result from hereditary, dietary, or other factors. Gigantism is caused by disease ... [4 Related Articles]
- Gigantocypris
- (from the article "photoreception") ...of copepod and ostracod crustaceans possess eyes with mirrors, but the mirrors are so small that it is difficult to tell whether the images are used. An exception is the ...
- Gigantocypris agassizi
- (from the article "mussel shrimp") Mussel shrimp are only about 1-2 mm (about 0.04-0.08 inch) long. Common genera include Cypris and Cypridina. The largest ostracods are in the genus Gigantocypris and grow to 23 mm. ...
- Gigantomachy
- (from the article "giant") ...creatures often depicted with men's bodies terminating in serpentine legs. According to the Greek poet Hesiod, they were sons of Ge ("Earth") and Uranus ("Heaven"). The Gigantomachy was a desperate ...
- Gigantopithecus
- genus of large fossil ape, of which two species are known: Gigantopithecus bilaspurensis, which lived 6 to 9 million years ago in India, and Gigantopithecus blacki, which lived in China ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gigantopithecus blacki
- (from the article "human evolution") ...primates diversified. In Eurasia, contrarily, hominins disappeared by the beginning of the Pliocene. The only descendants of Late Miocene primates in Asia are the extinct Early-Middle Pleistocene Gigantopithecus blacki of ...
- Gigantoraptor erlianensis
- (from the article "Life Sciences") ...180 cm (70 in) in length. Analysis of the specimen suggested that the animal belonged to a previously unknown group of primitive European sauropods. Another newly discovered dinosaur species, Gigantoraptor ...
- Gigantoscorpio willsi
- (from the article "scorpion") ...the Caribbean Microtityus fundorai, is 12 mm (0.5 inch). A few precursors of modern scorpions were comparative giants. Fossils of two species (Gigantoscorpio willsi ...
- Gigli, Beniamino
- one of the greatest Italian operatic tenors of the first quarter of the 20th century.
- Gigli, Rina
- (from the article "Gigli, Beniamino") ...taste had flaws and his acting was somewhat stiff, his natural musicianship and the charm of his voice held operatic audiences. From 1946 he often appeared in opera with his ...
- Giglio Island
- mountainous, volcanic islet of the Tuscan Archipelago, in the Tyrrhenian Sea, opposite Mount Argentario, on the west coast of Italy. The island rises to 1,634 feet (498 m) and has ...
- Gignoux, Maurice-Irenee-Marie
- French geologist who contributed to knowledge of the stratigraphy of the Mediterranean during the Pliocene (5.3 to 1.6 million years ago) and Quaternary (from 1.6 million years ago to the ...
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