| | - ghatam
- large, narrow-mouthed earthenware water pot used as a percussion instrument in India. Unlike other Indian percussion instruments, such as the tabla and mridanga, the ghatam does not ...
- Ghats
- two mountain ranges forming the eastern and western edges, respectively, of the Deccan (q.v.) plateau of peninsular India. In Hindi ghat means "river landing stairs" or "mountain pass" and has ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ghavam el-Saltaneh, Ahmad
- Iranian politician who was a five-time prime minister of Iran (1921-22, 1922-23, 1942-43, 1946-47, 1952).
- Ghawar, Al-
- (from the article "Saudi Arabia") ...the first offshore field in the Middle East, at Ra's Al-Saffaniyyah, just south of the former Saudi Arabia-Kuwait neutral zone, and oil was discovered in the zone itself in 1953. ...
- Ghawr ash-Sharqiyah Canal
- (from the article "Yarmuk River") After the Six-Day War of 1967, the government of Israel opened the lower Yarmuk River valley, with its fine scenery, hot springs, and interesting Roman ruins, to tourist traffic. The ...
- Ghawr Plain
- (from the article "Jordan River") ...bank and the Yabis on the left. The Jordan River's plain then spreads out to a width of about 15 miles (24 km) and becomes very regular. The flat, arid ...
- ghaybah
- (Arabic: "absence," or "concealment"), Islamic doctrine, especially among such Shi'ite sects as the Ithna 'Ashariyah, or "Twelvers." The term refers to the disappearance from view of the 12th and last ... [1 Related Articles]
- ghazal
- in Islamic literature, genre of lyric poem, generally short and graceful in form and typically dealing with themes of love. As a genre the ghazal developed in Arabia in the ... [13 Related Articles]
- Ghazal River, El-
- (from the article "Chad, Lake") ...of the basin dips to the northeast of the modern lake, reaching its lowest point in the Djourab Depression, some 300 miles away. Lake Chad occasionally overflows into the generally ...
- Ghazali, al-
- Muslim theologian and mystic whose great work, Ihya' 'ulum ad-din ("The Revival of the Religious Sciences"), made Sufism (Islamic mysticism) an acceptable part of orthodox Islam. [16 Related Articles]
- Ghazan, Mahmud
- most prominent of the Il-Khans (subordinate khans) to rule the Mongol dynasty in Iran. Reigning from 1295 to 1304, he is best known for the conversion of his state to ... [6 Related Articles]
- Ghazi
- (from the article "Iraq") Faysal was succeeded by his son, King Ghazi (1933-39), who was young and inexperienced-a situation that gave political leaders an opportunity to compete for power. Without political parties to channel ...
- ghazi
- (from the article "Orhan") Under Orhan's leadership, the small Ottoman principality in northwestern Anatolia continued to attract Ghazis (warriors for the Islamic faith) from surrounding Turkish emirates fighting against Byzantium. In 1324 the Byzantine ...
- Ghazi Muhammad
- (from the article "Shamil") ...logic, rhetoric, and Arabic, acquired prestige as a learned man, and in 1830 joined the Muridis, a Sufi (Islamic mystical) brotherhood. Under the leadership of Ghazi Muhammad, the brotherhood had ...
- Ghazi, Abdul Rashid
- Pakistani Islamic militant was the younger son of Maulana Abdullah, founder of the Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) and its associated radical Islamic religious schools (madrassas). Against his father's wishes, Ghazi ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ghazi-ud-Din, 'Imad ul-Mulk
- (from the article "'Alamgir II") A son of the emperor Jahandar Shah (reigned 1712-13), 'Alamgir was always the puppet of more powerful men and was placed on the throne by the imperial vizier 'Imad ul-Mulk ...
- Ghaziabad
- town, administrative headquarters of Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. Founded in 1740, it is located on the Grand Trunk Road 12 mi (19 km) east of New Delhi. ...
- Ghazipur
- town, administrative headquarters of Ghazipur district, Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, northeast of Varanasi (Benares), on the Ganges River. Its ancient name of Gadhipur was changed to Ghazipur in about ...
- Ghaznavid Dynasty
- (AD 977-1186), Turkish dynasty that ruled in Khorasan (in northeastern Iran), Afghanistan, and northern India. [12 Related Articles]
- Ghazni
- city, east-central Afghanistan. It lies beside the Ghazni River on a high plateau at an elevation of 7,300 feet (2,225 m). Afghanistan's only remaining walled town, it is dominated by ... [9 Related Articles]
- Ghedi, Ali Muhammad
- (from the article "Somalia") ...Somalia's government under President Abdiqassim Salad Hassan was barely functioning in 2007; a new transitional government comprised President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, assisted by Prime Ministers Ali Muhammad Ghedi, Salim Aliyow ...
- ghee
- clarified butter, a staple food on the Indian subcontinent. As a cooking oil, ghee is the most widely used food in India, apart from wheat and rice. [2 Related Articles]
- Ghee Hin
- Chinese secret society that flourished in Malaya in the 19th and early 20th centuries. During the 1800s many Chinese migrated to Malaya, bringing their secret societies with them. The Ghee ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ghelderode, Michel de
- eccentric Belgian dramatist whose folkish morality plays resound with violence, demonism, holy madness, and Rabelaisian humour. He has affinities with Fernand Crommelynck but is bleaker and more extreme in his ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ghent
- city, Flanders Region, northwestern Belgium. Ghent lies at the junction of the canalized Lys (Leie) and Scheldt (Schelde) rivers and is the centre of an urban complex that includes Ledeberg, ... [6 Related Articles]
- Ghent azalea
- (from the article "azalea") ...6.5 feet) high; and the pinxter flower (R. periclymenoides), a shrub 1 to 2 metres (3 to 6.5 feet) high, with pink to whitish flowers. Hundreds of horticultural forms have ...
- Ghent University
- state-financed coeducational institution of higher learning with limited autonomy in Ghent, Belg. Founded in 1817 under King William I of The Netherlands, the university at first conducted its instruction in ...
- Ghent, Pacification of
- (Nov. 8, 1576), declaration by which the northern and southern provinces of the Low Countries put aside their religious difference and united in revolt against the Spanish Habsburgs. The declaration ... [4 Related Articles]
- Ghent, Treaty of
- (Dec. 24, 1814), agreement in Belgium between Great Britain and the United States to end the War of 1812 on the general basis of the status quo antebellum (maintaining the ... [7 Related Articles]
- Ghent-Bruges school
- group of manuscript illuminators and scribes active during the last quarter of the 15th and first part of the 16th centuries, principally in the Flemish cities of Ghent and Bruges. ...
- Ghent-Terneuzen Canal
- waterway running 31 km (19 miles) south to north between Ghent, Belg., and the Western Scheldt estuary at Terneuzen, Neth. The canal was built in 1824-27 and was reconstructed in ... [3 Related Articles]
- Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe
- longtime head of the Romanian Communist Party, prime minister (1952-55), and president of Romania's State Council (1961-65). [3 Related Articles]
- Gherardesca family
- one of the foremost families of the Tuscan nobility, whose lands included the counties of Gherardesca, Donoratico, and Montescudaio, near Pisa. At the beginning of the 13th century, they led ...
- Gherea, Constantin Dobrogeanu
- (from the article "Romanian literature") ...in Romania. The periodical Viata Romaneasca (1906), based on the Russian model of "populism," had a social and political ideology. The critic Constantin Dobrogeanu Gherea's theories followed Karl Marx, although ...
- gherkin
- (Cucumis anguria), trailing vine, of the gourd family (Cucurbitaceae), grown for its edible fruit. The gherkins sold in pickle mixtures are not C. anguria but rather are small pickled immature ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ghermezian, Jacob
- Canadian businessman (b. 1902, Azerbaijan-d. Jan. 3, 2000, Edmonton, Alta.), founded a highly successful family business, Triple Five Corp., that included the West Edmonton Mall, the world's largest shopping and ...
- Ghesquiere, Nicolas
- (from the article "Fashions") ...Topshop; a tunic-and-narrow-trousers ensemble produced for autumn-winter in charcoal flannel by Yves Saint Laurent's designer in chief Stefano Pilati; and a Burberry fox-fur-trimmed trench coat. Nicolas Ghesquiere's autumn-winter collection for ...
- Ghetto
- (from the article "Venice") ...with life centred on the square, or campo (site of the community well), and its parish church. Perhaps the most clearly recognizable such area today is the ...
- ghetto
- formerly a street, or quarter, of a city set apart as a legally enforced residence area for Jews. One of the earliest forced segregations of Jews was in Muslim Morocco ... [3 Related Articles]
- Gheyn, Matthias van den
- Flemish organist, composer, and an outstanding virtuoso of the carillon, particularly known for his brilliant improvisations.
- Ghezzi, Ivan
- (from the article "Anthropology and Archaeology") ...setting of the sun and the movements of stars to monitor the passage of the seasons. The heavens provided a calendar for planting, harvest, and other agricultural activities. Peruvian archaeologist ...
- Ghezzi, Pier Leone
- Italian artist and probably the first professional caricaturist. [1 Related Articles]
- Ghiaurov, Nicolai
- Bulgarian opera singer (b. Sept. 13, 1929, Velingrad, Bulg.-d. June 2, 2004, Modena, Italy), enraptured audiences worldwide with his commanding onstage presence and his tremendous bass voice. Considered one of ...
- Ghibellines
- (from the article "Ghibelline") in medieval Italy, member of the pro-imperial party, opponents of the pro-papal Guelfs. See Guelf and Ghibelline.for more content related to this topicGuelf and ...
- Ghiberti, Lorenzo
- important early Italian Renaissance sculptor, whose doors ("Gates of Paradise"; 1425-52) for the Baptistery of the cathedral of Florence are considered one of the greatest masterpieces of Italian art in ... [12 Related Articles]
- ghibli
- hot and dusty wind descending from the interior highlands of Libya toward the Mediterranean Sea. See foehn. [2 Related Articles]
- Ghica, Ion
- member of a great Romanian princely family, prominent man of letters, economist, and prime minister of Romania (1866-67, 1870-71).
- Ghil, Rene
- (from the article "Symbolist movement") The principal Symbolist poets include the Frenchmen Stephane Mallarme, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Jules Laforgue, Henri de Regnier, Rene Ghil, and Gustave Kahn; the Belgians Emile Verhaeren and Georges Rodenbach; ...
- Ghilzay
- one of the largest of the Pashto-speaking tribes in Afghanistan, whose traditional territory extended from Ghazni and Kalat-i-Ghilzai eastward into the Indus Valley. They are reputed to be descended at ... [3 Related Articles]
- ghina' al-San'ani, al-
- (from the article "Yemen") ...or turbi, now largely replaced by the 'ud) and genres (such as al-ghina' al-san'ani, or Sanaani song) are quite unique.
- Ghiordes carpet
- floor covering handwoven in the town of Ghiordes (Gordes), northeast of Izmir in western Anatolia (now in Turkey). The prayer rugs of Ghiordes, together with those of Kula and Ladik, ...
- Ghiordes knot
- (from the article "rug and carpet") There are various ways of knotting the pile yarn around the warp yarn. The Turkish, or symmetrical, knot is used mainly in Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Iran (formerly Persia), and ...
- Ghiorso, Albert
- (from the article "einsteinium") ...periodic table, atomic number 99. Not occurring in nature, einsteinium (as the isotope einsteinium-253), produced by intense neutron irradiation of uranium-238, was identified in December 1952 by Albert Ghiorso and ...
- Ghirlandaio, Domenico
- early Renaissance painter of the Florentine school noted for his detailed narrative frescoes, which include many portraits of leading citizens in contemporary dress. [3 Related Articles]
- Ghisi, Giorgio
- (from the article "printmaking") One of the exceptions was Giorgio Ghisi of Mantua, who in his isolated regional development escaped the corrupting influence of Rome. His 1550 visit to Antwerp made Ghisi an important ...
- Ghitani, Jamal al-
- (from the article "Literature") ...that included friends, conferences, literary festivals, personalities encountered, work experience in Europe and the Arab world, and the author's peregrinations across Arab and Western countries. Jamal al-Ghitani published Nithar al-mahw ...
- Ghiyas-ud-Din
- (from the article "Mu'izz-ud-Din Muhammad ibn Sam") Mu'izz-ud-Din's elder brother, Ghiyas-ud-Din, acquired power east of Herat in the region of Ghur (Ghowr, in present Afghanistan) c. 1162. Mu'izz-ud-Din always remained his brother's loyal subordinate. Thus Mu'izz-ud-Din expelled ...
- Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq
- (from the article "India") Ghazi Malik, who ascended the throne as Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (reigned 1320-25), had distinguished himself prior to his accession by his successful defense of the frontier against the Mongols. His ...
- Ghiyath-al-Din
- (from the article "India") ...of entrenched nobles had tried to protect their privileged position against newcomers who were developing claims to power. Thus, the distribution of high offices among Persian newcomers by Sultan Ghiyath ...
- Ghiz, Joseph A.
- Canadian premier (1986-92) of Prince Edward Island and eloquent advocate for the failed Meech Lake and Charlottetown accords, which would have granted special powers to Quebec in an attempt to ...
- Ghizeghem, Hayne van
- (from the article "rondeau") ...le regart de vos beaux yeulx" ("For a Glance from Your Lovely Eyes") of Dufay. Such songs would represent the peak of the rondeau's history were it not for the ...
- ghol
- (from the article "Daman") ...main crop of the region, but wheat has been introduced. There is a dairy and some light industry. Fishing and tapping of the toddy palm for its juice are also ...
- ghoomar
- (from the article "South Asian arts") The national social folk dance of Rajasthan is the ghoomar, danced by women in long full skirts and colourful chuneris (squares of cloth draping head and shoulders and tucked in ...
- ghop bagi
- (from the article "jacks") Jewish girls of eastern Europe traditionally played ghop bagi with five bones. On the first play, from the bones scattered on the ground or carpet, one was ...
- ghorfa
- (from the article "Medenine") ...(Berber) groups and was the chief town of the Southern Military Territories during the French protectorate (1881-1955). The honeycomb-like aboveground granaries (ghorfas) that belonged to the Ouerghemma ...
- Ghosananda, Maha
- Cambodian Buddhist patriarch devoted his life to the search for peace, especially for reconciliation and peaceful coexistence in his homeland after the 1979 overthrow of the brutal Khmer Rouge. ...
- Ghose, Rash Behari
- (from the article "India") In 1907 the Congress held its annual meeting in Surat, but the assembly, plagued by conflict, never came to order long enough to hear the presidential address of its moderate ...
- Ghose, Zulfikar
- Pakistani-American author of novels, poetry, and criticism about cultural alienation.
- Ghosh, Girish Chandra
- (from the article "South Asian arts") ...("Mirror of the Indigo"), dealing with the tyranny of the British indigo planters over the rural Bengali farm labourers, paved the way for professional theatre. The actor-director-writer Girish Chandra Ghosh ...
- Ghosn, Carlos
- (from the article "Business Overview") ...single shareholder, Kirk Kerkorian, proposed that GM enter into a partnership with two foreign automakers, Nissan Motor and Renault. Kerkorian's belief was that GM would benefit from the insight of ...
- ghost
- soul or spectre of a dead person, usually believed to inhabit the netherworld and to be capable of returning in some form to the world of the living. According to ... [3 Related Articles]
- ghost bat
- (from the article "ghost bat") ...yellow-edged ears, and long, nearly transparent wings. Males bear a peculiar hook-shaped ornament on their tail membrane, the function of which is unclear. Compared to other insect-eating bats, D. albus ...
- ghost bat
- some of the few bats known to possess white or gray fur; not every bat with white fur is called a ghost bat. Ghost bats are tropical, but only one, ...
- ghost crab
- any of approximately 20 species of shore crabs (order Decapoda of the class Crustacea). O. quadratus, the beach crabs noted for their running speed, occur on dry sand above the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ghost Dance
- either of two distinct cults in a complex of late 19th-century religious movements that represented an attempt of Indians in the western United States to rehabilitate their traditional cultures. Both ... [10 Related Articles]
- Ghost Festival
- (from the article "purgatory") ...depends largely upon the offerings made by family members. The monastic community, as a "field of merit" for lay donors, serves an intermediary function. The popularity of the annual Ghost ...
- ghost glide
- (from the article "theatre") ...in stage floors made possible new scenic effects to meet the audience demand. The traps of the Elizabethan and Georgian eras, for instance, were greatly elaborated. The most famous trap ...
- ghost pipefish
- (from the article "gasterosteiform") ...Aulorhynchidae (tube snout), Indostomidae (indostomid), Aulostomidae (trumpet fishes), Fistulariidae (cornetfishes), Centriscidae (shrimpfishes), Macrorhamphosidae (snipefishes), Solenostomidae (ghost pipefishes), and Syngnathidae (pipefishes and sea horses).relationship to pipefishes
- ghost shrimp
- (from the article "perciform") The blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis, depends entirely upon holes dug by the ghost shrimp (Callianassa) for a home, and is unable to live without its help. Other gobies are known ...
- ghost story
- a tale about ghosts. More generally, the phrase may refer to a tale based on imagination rather than fact. Ghost stories exist in all kinds of literature, from folktales to ... [1 Related Articles]
- ghosts
- word game in which each player in turn presents a letter that must contribute to the eventual formation of a word but not complete it. The player whose letter completes ...
- Ghotbzadeh, Sadegh
- Iranian politician who helped establish Iran as an Islamic republic and was foreign minister of the country from 1979 to 1980.
- ghotul
- (from the article "Gond") The Muria are known for their youth dormitories, or ghotul, in the framework of which the unmarried of both sexes lead a highly organized social life; they receive training in ...
- ghoul
- in popular legend, demonic being believed to inhabit burial grounds and other deserted places. In ancient Arabic folklore, ghuls belonged to a diabolic class of jinn (spirits) and were said ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ghoul, Adnan al-
- (from the article "Israel") ...most of its top leaders-cofounder Sheik Ahmed Yassin (see Obituaries) on March 22, Abdel Aziz Rantisi on April 17, the Syria-based Subhi Khalil on September 26, and ...
- Ghoussoub, Mai
- Lebanese writer, publisher, and sculptor cofounded (with her longtime friend Andre Gaspard) Al Saqi (1979), the first bookshop in London to focus on Arab literature and Middle Eastern culture, ...
- ghrelin
- (from the article "endocrine system, human") Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide produced primarily in the stomach, but it is also produced in the upper small intestine and hypothalamus. Ghrelin secretion increases before meals and decreases after ...
- ghulam
- (from the article "'Abbas I") ...Islam, they were trained for service either in the army or in the administration of the state or the royal household. Shah 'Abbas felt that he could rely on the ...
- Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza
- Indian Muslim leader who founded an important Muslim sect known as the Ahmadiyah (q.v.). [3 Related Articles]
- Ghulam Muhammad
- (from the article "Bangladesh") ...became governor-general, but the real power lay with Liaquat Ali Khan, the prime minister. When Liaquat was assassinated in October 1951, Nazimuddin succeeded him as prime minister and installed Ghulam ...
- ghulat
- (from the article "Shi'ite") ...the turbulent social and political circumstances of the late 7th and early 8th centuries, political differences slowly began to take on theological proportions. Extremist (ghulat) groups began ...
- Ghundah Zhur
- (from the article "Iraq") ...an average elevation of about 8,000 feet (2,400 metres), rising to 10,000-11,000 feet (3,000-3,300 metres) in places. There, along the Iran-Iraq border, is the country's highest point, Ghundah Zhur, which ...
- Ghurdaqah, Al-
- capital of Al-Bahr al-Ahmar muhafazah (governorate), Egypt. The town is a small Red Sea port, but its main industry is oil exploration and production. It is the site of a ...
- Ghurid Sultanate
- rulers of a kingdom centred in Ghur (modern Ghowr) in west-central Afghanistan from the mid-12th to the early 13th century. Its founder was 'Ala'-ud-Din Husayn. [5 Related Articles]
- Ghurni
- (from the article "Krishnanagar") ...state, northeastern India, just south of the Jalangi River. A road and rail junction, it is the major agricultural distribution centre for the district. Sugar milling is the major industry, ...
- ghusl
- in Islam, the "major ablution" that entails washing the entire body in ritually pure water and is required in specified cases for both the living and the dead. The ghusl, ...
- Ghutah, al-
- (from the article "Damascus") ...attracted to a place where a river, the Barada, rising in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains (Al-Jabal al-Sharqi), watered a large and fertile oasis before vanishing into the desert. This tract, al-Ghutah, ...
- Gia Long
- emperor and founder of the Nguyen dynasty, the last dynasty of Vietnam before conquest by France. [9 Related Articles]
- Giac, Pierre de
- (from the article "La Tremoille, Georges de") In 1427, with the help of the Constable de Richemont, La Tremoille had King Charles VII's favourite, Pierre de Giac, kidnapped and drowned; he then married Giac's widow, Catherine (who ...
- Giacconi, Riccardo
- Italian-born physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2002 for his seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X rays, which helped lay the foundations for the field of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Giacometti, Alberto
- Swiss sculptor and painter, best known for his attenuated sculptures of solitary figures. Notable works include "Head of a Man on a Rod" (1947) and "Composition with Seven Figures and ... [3 Related Articles]
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