Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

Getafe ... Ghatak, Ritwik

Getafe: city, south-central Madrid provincia (province) and comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), central Spain. Notable buildings include a large Piarist seminary and the 16th-century Church of ...
Getaz toe: (from the article "textile") ...machine employ double-hooked needles directly opposite each other in the same plane to knit the leg and foot portions, the heel and the toe. The toe is later closed in ...
Gethsemane: garden across the Kidron Valley on the Mount of Olives (Hebrew Har ha-Zetim), a mile-long ridge paralleling the eastern part of Jerusalem, where Jesus is said to have prayed on ...
Geto-Dacian: (from the article "Getae") ...Getae and Dacians were closely related; some historians even suggest that these were names applied to a single people by different observers or at different times. Their culture is sometimes ...
Gettier, Edmund L.: (from the article "epistemology") Although there has been much disagreement about the nature of justification, the Platonic definition of knowledge was widely accepted until the mid-20th century, when the American philosopher Edmund L. Gettier ...
Getting, Ivan A.: American scientist (b. Jan. 18, 1912, New York, N.Y.-d. Oct. 11, 2003, Coronado, Calif.), conceived and helped develop what became the Global Positioning System while serving (1960-77) as founding president ...
Getty Center: (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") Several other thematic shows brought an inspired look at art and its relation to society. The Getty Center in Los Angeles organized a curious exhibition entitled "The Business of Art: ...
Getty Images: (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...of their negatives, a practice that spread to other agencies and became standard. Eventually, however, power shifted away from photographers as giant online image libraries such as Corbis and Getty ...
Getty Oil Company: (from the article "Getty, J. Paul") American oil billionaire reputed to be the richest man in the world at the time of his death. He owned a controlling interest in the Getty Oil Company and in ...
Getty Trust: private operating foundation that was founded by the American oil billionaire J. Paul Getty in 1953 for the purpose of establishing the J. Paul Getty Museum, which opened to the ... [1 Related Articles]
Getty Villa: (from the article "Architecture") ...free-form pile of sharply angular shapes of shining titanium. Resembling a frozen explosion, the building became an instant city landmark. American architects Machado and Silvetti revamped the Getty Villa, a ...
Getty, Estelle: American actress, earned a legion of fans and seven straight Emmy Award nominations (1986-92; she won in 1988) for her portrayal of Sophia Petrillo, the tiny sharp-tongued Sicilian octogenarian in ...
Getty, J. Paul: American oil billionaire reputed to be the richest man in the world at the time of his death. He owned a controlling interest in the Getty Oil Company and in ... [1 Related Articles]
Getty, Sir J Paul, Jr.: American-born British philanthropist (Sept. 7, 1932, Italy-d. April 17, 2003, London, Eng.), after years of bohemian dissipation, devoted his later life to doing good works with his inherited fortune. In ...
Gettysburg: borough (town), Adams county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., 38 miles (61 km) southwest of Harrisburg, just north of the Maryland border. Laid out in the 1780s by James Gettys and called ...
Gettysburg Address: world-famous speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication (Nov. 19, 1863) of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pa., the site of one of the decisive battles of the ... [3 Related Articles]
Gettysburg College: private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, U.S. Though it is affiliated with the Lutheran church, the college maintains a policy of nonsectarian instruction. The college offers a ...
Gettysburg National Cemetery: (from the article "Adams") ...It is best known as the site of the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863), commonly regarded as the turning point of the American Civil War in favour of the ...
Gettysburg National Military Park: (from the article "Gettysburg") The borough with its surrounding area is now virtually a museum focusing on Gettysburg National Military Park, 9 square miles (23 square km) in area and site of the hallowed ...
Gettysburg, Battle of: (July 1-3, 1863), major engagement in the American Civil War fought 35 miles (56 km) southwest of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, that was a crushing Southern defeat. After defeating the Union forces ... [8 Related Articles]
Getxo: city, suburb of Bilbao, Vizcaya provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain. It is located near where the ...
Getz, Stan: American jazz tenor saxophonist, perhaps the best-known musician of jazz's "cool school," noted for his mellow, lush tone. [1 Related Articles]
Geulincx, Arnold: Flemish metaphysician, logician, and leading exponent of a philosophical doctrine known as occasionalism based on the work of Rene Descartes, as extended to include a comprehensive ethical theory. [3 Related Articles]
Geuzen: the largely Calvinist Dutch guerrilla and privateering forces whose military actions initiated the Netherlands' revolt against Spanish rule (1568-1609). The term was first applied derisively to the lesser nobility who, ... [8 Related Articles]
Geva, Tamara: Russian-born American actress and ballerina who performed with the Soviet State Dancers and Diaghilev's Ballets Russes before introducing (1927) the works of choreographer George Balanchine, to whom she was briefly ...
Gevaert Photo-Producten NV: (from the article "Agfa-Gevaert NV") Belgian corporate group established in 1964 in the merger of Agfa AG of Leverkusen, West Germany, and Gevaert Photo-Producten NV of Mortsel, Belgium. The merger established twin operating companies, one ...
Gevaert, Kim: (from the article "Belgium") ...had to be content with being a runner-up in several other major tournaments, but she ended the year as the world's number one female player after winning the Madrid Masters ...
Gevaudan: ancient region of France, formerly located in the southern province of Languedoc and corresponding to most of the modern departement of Lozere. A Roman community called Civitas Gabalitana, or Gabalitanus ...
Gevaudan, Beast of: (from the article "Gevaudan") Gevaudan gained notoriety in the 18th century as the roaming ground of a mysterious Beast of Gevaudan (Bete du Gevaudan), which inspired much popular literature and contemporary excitement. It appeared ...
Gevers, Marie: Belgian novelist and poet whose works, almost without exception, evoke Kempenland, a rural area in which she spent most of her life; her family estate, Missembourg, was situated near Antwerp.
gewere: (from the article "Germanic law") The main notion in the law of property was gewere, or the power exercised by the owner, which did not clearly distinguish between legal title and physical control. Various forms ...
gewu: (from the article "Confucianism") ...brother's lead, formulated the famous dictum, "self-cultivation requires reverence; the extension of knowledge consists in the investigation of things." By making special reference to gewu ("investigation of things"), he raised ...
Gewurztraminer: (from the article "Alsace") Alsace has a rich, highly intensive agriculture characterized by small farms. This is particularly true of the vineyards that dominate the foothills of the Vosges. Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Sylvaner, Auxerrois, and ...
Geyelin, Philip: American journalist and editor (b. Feb. 27, 1923, Devon, Pa.-d. Jan. 9, 2004, Washington, D.C.), gradually shifted the editorials in the Washington Post to an anti-Vietnam War stance from the ...
Geygyol, Lake: (from the article "Azerbaijan") ...form the second important mountain system, which includes the Shakhdag, Murovdag, and Zangezur ranges, their summits rising to nearly 13,000 feet, and also the Karabakh Upland. The large and scenic ...
Geyl, Pieter: Dutch historian whose works on The Netherlands are highly respected both for their wealth of information and for their scholarly, incisive critical analysis.
Geyr von Schweppenburg, Leo: German tank commander in World War II.
geyser: hot spring that intermittently spouts jets of steam and hot water. The term is derived from the Icelandic word geysir, meaning "to gush." [4 Related Articles]
Geysir: geyser located in the Hauka valley (Haukadalur), southwestern Iceland. The spouting hot spring gave its name (in use since 1647) to similar phenomena around the world. It spouted boiling water ...
geyya: (from the article "anga") 2. Geyya, or geya (a technical term meaning mixed prose and verse), sutta that incorporates gatha ("verse").
Geza: (from the article "Arpad dynasty") ...for the next half century raided their neighbours and collected booty. But, after their defeat by Emperor Otto I (Battle of Lechfeld; Aug. 10, 955), they became less belligerent. During ...
geza: (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...in the section Dance and theatre: The development of dance and theatre in the East Asian nations. Its musical events can be divided into onstage activities (debayashi) and offstage groups ...
Geza I: (from the article "Ladislas I") The son of Bela I of Hungary and the Polish princess Rycheza (Ryksa), Ladislas was born in exile. Returning to Hungary, he and his brother Geza refused to contest the ...
Geza II: (from the article "Hungary") ...to secure the throne for his own son Stephen II (1116-31). Bela II (1131-41), the blinded boy, whom his father's friends had brought up in secrecy, and Bela's eldest son, ...
Gezelle, Guido: Flemish priest and poet who was one of the masters of 19th-century European lyric poetry. [1 Related Articles]
Gezer: ancient royal Canaanite city, near present-day Ramla, Israel. Gezer is often mentioned in the Old Testament and in the Egyptian records of the New Kingdom, from Thutmose III (1479-26 BC) ... [1 Related Articles]
Gezer Calendar: (from the article "Hebrew alphabet") ...hundred inscriptions exist. As is usual in early alphabets, Early Hebrew exists in a variety of local variants and also shows development over time; the oldest example of Early Hebrew ...
gezera shawa: (from the article "biblical literature") One exegetical device of the Jewish rabbis (teachers, biblical commentators, and religious leaders) was that of gezera shawa, "equal category," according to which an obscure passage might be illuminated by ...
Gezhouba Dam: (from the article "Yangtze River") ...kilowatts, representing about two-fifths of the total energy potential of all the rivers of China. Until the Three Gorges Dam project got under way, the most ambitious project completed was ...
Gezing: town, southwestern Sikkim state, northern India. Gezing lies just west of the Rangit River on the Rathong-Kalet interfluve. The town has a hospital, a rest house, a higher secondary school, ...
Gezira Scheme: (from the article "Sudan, The") Irrigated areas along the White and Blue Niles produce the bulk of the country's commercial crops. These areas are centred on the Gezira Scheme (Al-Jazirah)-with its Mangil extension-between the Blue ...
Gezo: (from the article "Benin") ...attacked and defeated by the kingdom of Oyo, to the northeast (in modern Nigeria), to which it was obliged to pay tribute from 1730 onward. Dahomey attained the height of ...
Ggantija: (from the article "Gozo") ...principal town, Victoria, formerly called Rabat, stands near the middle of the island on one of a cluster of steep, conical hills in an intensively cultivated district. The megalithic ruined ...
Ghab Depression: (from the article "Syria") ...declines from 3,000 feet (900 metres) in the north to 2,000 feet in the south. Their highest point, at 5,125 feet (1,562 metres), occurs east of Latakia. Directly to the ...
Ghad Party, al-: (from the article "Egypt") In 2006 Ayman Nour, the leader of Egypt's al-Ghad ("Tomorrow") Party, who had been incarcerated on Dec. 5, 2005, continued serving a five-year term on charges that he had falsified ...
ghada: (from the article "Arabian Desert") ...more, thus nourishing xerophytes (plants adapted to survive under arid conditions). Shrubs unique to the area, called 'abl and ghada, send out long, shallow ...
Ghadamis: oasis, northwestern Libya, near the Tunisian and Algerian borders. It lies at the bottom of a wadi (seasonal river) bordered by the steep slopes of the stony al-Hamra' Plateau. Located ...
Ghadr: (Urdu: "Revolution"), an early 20th-century movement among Indians, principally Sikhs living in North America, to end British rule in their homeland of India. The movement originated with an organization of ... [2 Related Articles]
Ghaffar Khan, Abdul: the foremost 20th-century leader of the Pashtuns (or Pathans; a Muslim ethnic group of Pakistan and Afghanistan), who became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and was called "the Frontier Gandhi." [1 Related Articles]
Ghafiri: (from the article "Oman") ...imam was determined by an agreement made among the religious leaders and the heads of the major groups, particularly the leaders of the two major tribal confederations that came to ...
Ghaggar River: river, northern India. The Ghaggar rises in the Siwalik Range, northwestern Himachal Pradesh state, and flows about 200 miles (320 km) southwest through Haryana state, where it receives the Saraswati ... [1 Related Articles]
Ghaghara River: major left-bank tributary of the Ganges River, rising as the Karnali River (Chinese: K'ung-ch'iao Ho) in the Tibetan Himalayas and flowing southeast into Nepal. Cutting southward across the Siwalik Hills, ... [2 Related Articles]
ghaghra: (from the article "dress") ...fabrics available in India and designed a graceful new style of dress that Muslim women adopted forthwith. This costume consisted of an open-front pleated skirt, or ghaghra, ...
Ghagra, battle of: (from the article "India") ...his campaigns to subjugate the Rajputs of Chanderi. When Afghan risings turned him to the east, he had to fight, among others, the joint forces of the Afghans and the ...
Ghailani, Ahmed Khalfan: (from the article "Pakistan") ...terror continued, however, and in late July a suicide bomber exploded a device near Aziz's vehicle, killing the driver and several others. The incident came hours after the announced capture ...
Ghali, Butrus: (from the article "Egypt") ...At the same time, he tried to give more effective authority to Egyptian political institutions. Mustafa Fahmi's long premiership ended, and he was followed by a Copt, Butrus Ghali. When ...
Ghalib: (from the article "Oman") The interior remained autonomous until 1954, when Muhammad al-Khalili, who had ruled as imam since 1920, died. His weak successor, Ghalib, was influenced by his brother Talib and by a ...
Ghalib: (from the article "Mansur, Abu 'Amir al-") ...becoming the protege (and supposedly the lover) of the mother of the young caliph Hisham II (first reign 976-1009). In 978, with the aid of his father-in-law, General Ghalib, he ...
Ghalib, Mirza Asadullah Khan: the preeminent Indian poet of his time writing in Persian, equally renowned for poems, letters, and prose pieces in Urdu. [3 Related Articles]
Ghana: country of western Africa, situated on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. Although relatively small in area and population, Ghana is one of the leading countries of Africa, partly ... [31 Related Articles]
Ghana: first of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (fl. 7th-13th century). It was situated between the Sahara (Desert) and the headwaters of the Senegal and Niger rivers, in ... [6 Related Articles]
Ghana Drama Studio: (from the article "Sutherland, Efua") ...of London's School of Oriental and African Studies. Upon her return to Accra, she helped to establish the literary magazine Okyeame, founded the Experimental Theatre, which became the Ghana Drama ...
Ghana Library Board: (from the article "Libraries and Museums") ...early 20th-century forgery. Rock-throwing student protesters caused Dominican Republic Pres. Hippolito Mejia Dominguez to flee the dedication of a new library. Employees of the Ghana Library Board (GLB) went on ...
Ghana Museum and Monuments Board: (from the article "Ghana") ...local and world trends. Dance, music, drama, painting, and sculpture all come within the purview of the council as well as that of the National Theatre and the Ghana National ...
Ghana, flag of: horizontally striped red-yellow-green national flag with a central black star. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3.
Ghana, history of: (from the article "Ghana") HistoryAfrican Cup of NationsAfrican Cup of Nations...Egypt defeated the host nation in the final to win the Abdel Aziz Abdallah ...
Ghana, University of: (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...the national archives; and the national museum. Also located in the city are the offices of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and the Ghana Academy of Arts and ...
Ghanem, Antoine: (from the article "Lebanon") In the thick of continuing political conflict, two parliamentary deputies of the government bloc were killed. On September 19 deputy Antoine Ghanem of the Christian Phalange Party was killed in ...
Ghanem, Shokri: (from the article "Libya") ...Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi; (nominal) Secretary of the General People's Congress Zentani Muhammad al-Zentani | Head of government: Secretaries of the General People's Committee (Prime Ministers) Shukri Ghanem and, from ...
ghanimah: in the early Islamic community (7th century AD), booty taken in battle in the form of weapons, horses, prisoners, and movable goods. In pre-Islamic Bedouin society, where the ghazw (razzia, ...
Ghaniya, Banu: (from the article "North Africa") ...Banu Ghaniyah-the family that last ruled Muslim Spain in the name of the Almoravids and that after 1148 retained control of the Balearic Islands-had taken control there. The Banu Ghaniyah ...
ghanja: (from the article "drug use") Ghanja is a less active form of cannabis. Whereas hashish and charas are made from the pure resin, ghanja is prepared from the flowering tops, stems, leaves, and twigs, which ...
Ghannouchi, Mohamed: (from the article "Tunisia") Area: 163,610 sq km (63,170 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 10,226,000 | Capital: Tunis | Chief of state: President Gen. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali | Head of government: Prime ...
ghanta: (from the article "ceremonial object") ...rods and mobile disks. Producing a sharp ringing sound, it was regarded as particularly sacred and was carried to the temple by women of high rank. There are countless types ...
Ghanzi: village, west-central Botswana. The village is located at the northern rim of the Kalahari (desert) and is the starting point of a 500-mile- (800-kilometre-) long cattle trek-one of the longest ... [1 Related Articles]
Ghar Dalam: (from the article "Malta") The earliest archaeological remains in Malta date from about 5000 BCE. Neolithic farmers lived in caves such as those at Ghar Dalam (near Birzebbuga) or villages such as Skorba (near ...
Gharb: coastal lowland plain of northwestern Morocco. Crossed from east to west by the Sebou River, the Gharb extends about 50 miles (80 km) along the Atlantic coast and reaches some ...
Gharbiyah, Al-: muhafazah (governorate) in the middle Nile River delta, Lower Egypt. It is bounded to the east and west by the Damietta and the Rosetta branches of the ... [1 Related Articles]
Ghardaia: chief town of the M'zab Oasis, north-central Algeria. It lies along the left bank of the Wadi Mzab in the northern Sahara (Desert). Founded in the 11th century, it was ...
Gharib, Jaouad: (from the article "Track and Field Sports") In the men's 110-m hurdles, Ladji Doucoure's win in 13.07 sec brought France's first medal in the event. Jaouad Gharib of Morocco became the second man to defend a world ...
Gharid, al-: (from the article "Islamic arts") ...Other notable musicians of the period were Ibn Muhriz, of Persian ancestry; Ibn Surayj, son of a Persian slave and noted for his elegies and improvisations (murtajal); his pupil al-Gharid, ...
Gharyan: town, in the Tripolitania region of northwestern Libya. It lies at the foot of the plateau Jabal Nafusah, 50 miles (80 km) south of Tripoli, and was a major centre ...
Ghashmi, Ahmad al-: (from the article "Yemen") ...economic, and social relationships. A clear indication of this discontent was the assassination of two presidents in succession (al-Hamdi in 1977 and, only eight months later, Ahmad al-Ghashmi in 1978). ...
Ghasidas: (from the article "Satnami sect") The most important Satnami group was founded in 1820 in the Chattisgarh region of middle India by Ghasidas, a farm servant and member of the Camar caste (whose hereditary occupation ...
Ghassan: Arabian kingdom prominent as a Byzantine ally (symmachos) in the 6th century AD. From its strategic location in portions of modern Syria, Jordan, and Israel, it protected the spice trade ... [7 Related Articles]
Ghassaniy, Muyaka bin Haji al-: Kenyan poet who was the first Swahili-language secular poet known by name. [2 Related Articles]
Ghassulian culture: archaeological stage dating to the Middle Chalcolithic Period in southern Palestine (c. 3800-c. 3350 BC). Its type-site, Tulaylat al-Ghassul, is located in the Jordan Valley near the Dead Sea in ... [1 Related Articles]
Ghat: oasis, southwestern Libya, near the Algerian border. Located on an ancient Saharan caravan route, it was a slave-trading centre and the object of European exploration in the 19th century. Ghat ...
ghat: (from the article "Nasik") ...The main part of the town lies on the right (south) bank of the river, while Panchavati, a quarter on the left bank, has several temples. The town's riverbanks are ...
ghata-pallava: in Indian art, important decorative motif consisting of a pot filled with flowers and leaves. In Vedic literature it is the symbol of life, the source of vegetation, a meaning ...
Ghatak, Ritwik: (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...ratri (Days and Nights in the Forest, 1970), and Ashanti sanket (Distant Thunder, 1973). The Marxist intellectual Ritwik Ghatak received much ...