| | - germanium
- a chemical element between silicon and tin in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table, a silvery-gray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. Although germanium was ... [19 Related Articles]
- germanium coaxial detector
- (from the article "Table 5: Applications of Radiation Interactions in Detectors") The most common type of germanium gamma-ray spectrometer consists of a high-purity (mildly p-type) crystal fitted with electrodes in a coaxial configuration. Normal sizes correspond to germanium volumes of several ...
- germanium detector
- (from the article "radiation measurement") Semiconductor detectors also can be used in gamma-ray spectroscopy. In this case, however, it is advantageous to choose germanium rather than silicon as the detector material. With an atomic number ...
- germanium telluride
- (from the article "crystal") ...as lead sulfide. Heavier elements from the fourth column of the periodic table (germanium, tin, and lead) combine with the chalcogenides from the sixth row to form good binary semiconductors ...
- Germantown
- historic residential section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., extending for more than a mile along Germantown Avenue (formerly High Street). The site was first settled by German Pietists led by Francis ... [1 Related Articles]
- Germantown yarn
- (from the article "textile") ...are generally of two or more ply. They include such types as fingering yarns, usually of two or three plys, light to medium in weight and with even diameter, used ...
- Germantown, Battle of
- (October 4, 1777), in the American Revolution, abortive attack by 11,000 American troops upon 9,000 British regulars stationed at Germantown (now part of Philadelphia) under General Sir William Howe. Not ... [3 Related Articles]
- Germanus I, Saint
- Byzantine patriarch of Constantinople and theologian who led the orthodox opposition during the Iconoclastic Controversy (q.v.). His writings also fostered the doctrine and devotion to the Virgin Mary. [2 Related Articles]
- Germanus of Auxerre, Saint
- Gallic prelate who was twice sent on crucial missions to England that helped effect the consolidation of the British church.
- Germanus of Paris, Saint
- abbot, bishop, one of France's most revered saints, who was an important, though unsuccessful, mediator in the fratricidal conflicts among several Merovingian kings.
- Germany
- country of north-central Europe, traversing the continent's main physical divisions, from the outer ranges of the Alps northward across the varied landscape of the Central German Uplands and then across ... [350 Related Articles]
- Germany, flag of
- horizontally striped national flag of black, red, and "gold" (i.e., golden-yellow); when used for official purposes, it may incorporate a central eagle shield. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of ...
- Germany, history of
- (from the article "Germany") Historybefore 1945Alsace-LorraineAlsace-LorraineBecause of its ancient German associations and because of its large German-speaking population, Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the German ...
- Germany, West
- (from the article "West Germany") from 1949 to 1990, a republic consisting of the western two-thirds of what is now Germany. West Germany was created in 1949 when the United States, Great Britain, and France ...
- germarium
- (from the article "insect") ...consists of a number of ovarioles. The ovarioles converge upon the two oviducts, and the oviducts unite to form a common oviduct down which the ripe eggs are discharged. Each ...
- Germer, Lester Halbert
- American physicist who, with his colleague Clinton Joseph Davisson, conducted an experiment (1927) that first demonstrated the wave properties of the electron. This experiment confirmed the hypothesis of Louis-Victor de ... [2 Related Articles]
- germfree life
- biological condition characterized by the complete absence of living microorganisms. Gnotobiology comprises the study of germfree plants and animals, as well as living things in which specific microorganisms, added by ...
- Germi, Pietro
- (from the article "1962: Other Winners") Original Screenplay: Ennio de Concini, Alfredo Giannetti, Pietro Germi for Divorce .Italian StyleAdapted Screenplay: Horton Foote for To Kill a MockingbirdCinematography, Black-and-White: Jean Bourgoin and Walter Wottitz for The Longest ...
- germicide
- (from the article "Classification and survey of antiseptics and germicides") The term antiseptic refers to agents applied to the living tissues of humans, other animals, and plants in order to destroy (bactericidal) or inhibit the growth (bacteriostatic) of infectious microorganisms. ...
- germinal centre
- (from the article "spleen") ...that reach the bloodstream. Phagocytic cells in both red and white pulp serve to remove foreign material from the blood and initiate an immune reaction that results in the production ...
- germinal mutation
- alteration in the genetic constitution of the reproductive cells, occurring in the cell divisions that result in sperm and eggs. Germinal mutations can be caused by radiation or chemical mutagens ... [1 Related Articles]
- germination
- the sprouting of a seed, spore, or other reproductive body, usually after a period of dormancy (see afterripening). The absorption of water, passage of time, chilling, warming, oxygen availability, and ... [15 Related Articles]
- Germiston
- city, Gauteng province, South Africa. Germiston lies 5,550 feet (1,690 metres) above sea level and is situated in the Witwatersrand directly southeast of Johannesburg. It is the largest railway junction ...
- germline mosaicism
- (from the article "genetic disease, human") ...individual's eggs or sperm may carry the mutation, even though it is absent from the somatic cells-including blood, which is generally the tissue sampled for testing. This scenario is called ...
- Gernreich, Rudi
- Austrian-born American avant-garde fashion designer of the 1960s.
- Gernrode
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...was the great builder; about 1001 he founded the abbey church of St. Michael in his episcopal city of Hildesheim. At an earlier date (961) the margrave Gero had the ...
- Gernsback, Hugo
- American inventor and publisher who was largely responsible for the establishment of science fiction as an independent literary form. [2 Related Articles]
- Gernsheim, Helmut Erich Robert
- German-born British photographer, collector, and photographic historian (b. March 1, 1913, Munich, Germany--d. July 20, 1995, Switzerland), was central to the evolution of the history of photography as an academic ...
- Gero, Erno
- (from the article "Hungary") ...had sacrificed Rakosi as a gesture to the Yugoslavian leader Josip Broz Tito, whom Rakosi had offended personally and whom the Soviet leadership wished to placate. The new leader, Erno ...
- Geroldseck Fortress
- (from the article "Kufstein") The Geroldseck Fortress in the town, built in the early 13th century, was converted into a strong bastion by Maximilian. It now houses a local museum and the great "Heroes' ...
- Gerome, Jean-Leon
- painter, sculptor, and teacher, one of the most prominent late 19th-century academic artists in France. [2 Related Articles]
- Gerona, School of
- (from the article "Judaism") The gnosticizing theosophy of the Sefer ha-bahir and the contemplative mysticism of the masters of Languedoc became one in the hands of the Kabbalists in Catalonia, where ...
- Geronimo
- Bedonkohe Apache leader of the Chiricahua Apache, who led his people's defense of their homeland against the military might of the United States. [1 Related Articles]
- gerontology and geriatrics
- scientific and medical disciplines, respectively, that are concerned with all aspects of health and disease in the elderly, and with the normal aging process. Gerontology is the scientific study of ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gerould, G. H.
- (from the article "ballad") ...for the oral perpetuation of the creation. According to the widely accepted communal re-creation theory, put forward by the American collector Phillips Barry (1880-1937) and the scholar G.H. Gerould (1877-1953), ...
- Gerould, Katharine Elizabeth Fullerton
- American writer, noted for short stories that reveal her elevated sensibilities and fine craftsmanship.
- gerousia
- in ancient Sparta, council of elders, one of the two chief organs of the Spartan state, the other being the apella (assembly). The functions of both were likely delineated at ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gerrard, Steven
- (from the article "Football") ...and in a sensational five-minute period in the second half, the English team leveled the game at 3-3. After 54 minutes John Arne Riise crossed the ball from the left, ...
- Gerry, Elbridge
- signer of the American Declaration of Independence and fifth vice president of the United States (1813-14) in the second term of President James Madison. From his name the term gerrymander ... [2 Related Articles]
- gerrymandering
- in U.S. politics, drawing the boundaries of electoral districts in a way that gives one party an unfair advantage over its rivals. The term is derived from the name of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Gers
- (from the article "Midi-Pyrenees") region of France encompassing the southwestern departements of Lot, Aveyron, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Gers, Hautes-Pyrenees, Haute-Garonne, and Ariege. Midi-Pyrenees is bounded by the
- Gershenfeld, Neil
- (from the article "quantum computer") In 1998 Isaac Chuang of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Neil Gershenfeld of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Mark Kubinec of the University of California at Berkeley created ...
- Gershom ben Judah
- eminent rabbinical scholar who proposed a far-reaching series of legal enactments (taqqanot) that profoundly molded the social institutions of medieval European Jewry. [3 Related Articles]
- Gershwin, George
- one of the most significant and popular American composers of all time. He wrote primarily for the Broadway musical theatre, but important as well are his orchestral and piano compositions ... [4 Related Articles]
- Gershwin, Ira
- American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, George Gershwin, on more than 20 Broadway musicals and motion pictures until George's death (1937) and who later collaborated on films and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gerson, Horst
- (from the article "The Rembrandt Research Project") ...of 1921, Wilhelm Valentiner had considered the total number of paintings to be 711; in 1935 Abraham Bredius reduced that number to 630; in 1966 Kurt Bauch reduced it further ...
- Gerson, Jean de
- theologian and Christian mystic, leader of the conciliar movement for church reform that ended the Great Schism (between the popes of Rome and Avignon). [1 Related Articles]
- Gerson, Juan
- (from the article "Latin American art") ...style. For example, the vaults under the lower choir loft in the Franciscan church at Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico, have paintings (1562) in full colour in oil on cloth glued to ...
- Gerstenberg, Heinrich Wilhelm von
- German poet, critic, and theorist of the Sturm und Drang ("Storm and Stress") literary movement, whose Briefe uber die Merkwurdigkeiten der Literatur (1766-67; "Letters About the Peculiarities of Literature") contained ...
- Gerster, Florian
- (from the article "Germany") ...a key role in the implementation of the reform package, lost his post in January after a vote of no confidence from the supervisory board and a failure to retain ...
- Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease
- (from the article "prion") Diseases caused by prions that affect humans include: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia, and kuru. Prion diseases affecting animals include scrapie, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (commonly called mad cow ...
- Gerstner, Lou
- American businessman best known for the pivotal role he played in revitalizing the ailing International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in the mid-1990s. [1 Related Articles]
- Gertrude
- (from the article "Henry II Jasomirgott") ...king Conrad III, his half brother, in 1140, and, after the death of his brother Leopold IV in 1141, he was granted the margravate of Austria in fief. In 1142 ...
- Gertrude
- (from the article "Austria") ...the Warlike, the Babenberg domains became the political objects of aspiring neighbours. The emperor and the pope also tried to intervene. Two female descendants of the Babenbergs, Frederick's niece Gertrude ...
- Gertrude
- queen of Denmark and mother of Hamlet, who is married to her first husband's murderer in Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet. [1 Related Articles]
- Gertz, Elmer
- American lawyer, teacher, and writer (b. Sept. 14, 1906, Chicago, Ill.-d. April 27, 2000, Chicago), was a champion of civil rights-working for fairness in access to housing, battling against police ...
- Gerulaitis, Vitas
- U.S. tennis player (b. July 26, 1954, Brooklyn, N.Y.--d. Sept. 18, 1994, Southampton, N.Y.), by means of his court-sweeping speed, precision shots, and dependable forehand, ranked among the top 10 ...
- Gerulf
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...Iserae, and Mempiscus, the whole being thenceforth called Flanders; they fortified this area of their power with new or surviving Roman citadels. In the northern coastal regions, the Viking Gerulf ...
- Gervais du Bus
- (from the article "Roman de Fauvel") (French: "Romance of Fauvel"), French poem by Gervais du Bus that, in addition to its literary value, is a crucial document for the history of music. The poem condemns abuses ...
- Gervais, Paul
- paleontologist and zoologist who succeeded Georges Cuvier and Henri de Blainville as principal French contributor to vertebrate paleontology.
- Gervais, Ricky
- English comedian, perhaps best known for his work on the television series The Office (2001-03). [1 Related Articles]
- Gervase Of Canterbury
- monk at Christ Church, Canterbury, from 1163, compiler of chronicles having considerable value for the reign of Richard I (1189-99) and the first decade of King John's reign (from 1199).
- Geryon
- (from the article "Heracles") ...(8) the capture of the man-eating mares of King Diomedes of the Bistones; (9) the taking of the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons; (10) the seizing of the ...
- Gerzean culture
- predynastic Egyptian cultural phase given the sequence dates 40-65 by Sir Flinders Petrie and later dated c. 3400-c. 3100 BCE. Evidence indicates that the Gerzean culture was a further development ... [1 Related Articles]
- gesaku
- (from the article "Kanagaki Robun") Robun began as an apprentice shop boy but became a disciple of Hanagasa Bunkyo, a writer in the gesaku tradition (writing intended for the entertainment of the ...
- Gesamthandeigentum
- (from the article "property law") ...like Anglo-American, allows co-owners to demand partition of a cotenancy and is hostile to attempts to restrict this power. German law, however, has a form of cotenancy (
- Gesamtkultur
- (from the article "Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig") ...tradition that would give form and meaning to machine-made things, including machine-made buildings. This new and "functional" design for the industrial age would then give birth to a Gesamtkultur, that ...
- Gesamtkunstwerk
- (from the article "Debussy, Claude") ...and Modest Mussorgsky. Wagner fulfilled the sensuous ambitions not only of composers but also of the Symbolist poets and the Impressionist painters. Wagner's conception of Gesamtkunstwerk ("total ...
- Gesamtschulen
- (from the article "Germany") Many so-called Gesamtschulen (equivalent to British comprehensive schools), which were established beginning in the 1960s, are now operated in each state, though conservative areas were generally resistant ...
- Geschke, Charles
- (from the article "Adobe Systems Incorporated") The company was founded in 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke. While employed at Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto (California) Research Center (PARC), the two computer scientists had developed a ...
- Geschonneck, Erwin
- German actor was one of East Germany's most respected character actors on the stage-in Hamburg (1946-49) and as a member (1949-56) of Bertolt Brecht's Berliner Ensemble-and on-screen (1946-95) in scores ...
- Gesell, Arnold
- U.S. psychologist and pediatrician who pioneered the use of motion-picture cameras to study the physical and mental development of normal infants and children; his books influenced child rearing in the ...
- Gesell, Gerhard A.
- U.S. judge (b. June 16, 1910, Los Angeles, Calif.--d. Feb. 19, 1993, Washington, D.C.), upheld citizens' rights over the power of the government while presiding over landmark legal cases, including ...
- Gesenius, Wilhelm
- German biblical critic and an important figure in Hebrew and other Semitic language studies.
- Gesetz zum Schutze des Deutschen Blutes und der Deutschen Ehre
- (from the article "Nurnberg Laws") ...15, 1935. One, the Reichsburgergesetz (German: "Law of the Reich Citizen"), deprived Jews of German citizenship, designating them "subjects of the state." The other, the Gesetz zum Schutze des Deutschen ...
- Gesher party
- (from the article "Levy, David") ...refugee camps, where hundreds were massacred. After Begin resigned in 1983, Levy held on to his cabinet post in Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir's national-unity government. In 1995 Levy founded the ...
- Geshov, Ivan Evstatiev
- Bulgarian statesman and founder of the Bulgarian National Bank. He was prime minister from March 1911 to July 1913. [1 Related Articles]
- Geshtinanna
- (from the article "Tammuz") ...closely similar tale forms the second half of the Sumerian myth "The Descent of Inanna," in which Inanna (Akkadian: Ishtar) sends Tammuz as her substitute to the netherworld. His sister, ...
- Gesner, Conrad
- Swiss physician and naturalist, best known for his systematic compilations of information on animals and plants. [3 Related Articles]
- Gesner, Jean
- (from the article "botanical garden") In the early 1800s Jean Gesner, a Swiss physician and botanist, noted that by the end of the 18th century there were 1,600 botanical gardens in Europe. During the 18th ...
- Gesner, Johann Matthais
- (from the article "Bach, Johann Sebastian") The resulting ill feeling had become serious by 1730. It was temporarily dispelled by the tact of the new rector, Johann Matthias Gesner, who admired Bach and had known him ...
- Gesneriaceae
- one of 23 families in the flowering plant order Lamiales, consisting of 147 genera and about 3,200 species of mostly tropical and subtropical herbaceous or slightly woody plants. Many are ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gessi, Romolo
- Italian soldier and explorer who served in the Egyptian Sudan under Gen. Charles George Gordon (governor general of the Sudan) and participated in the final stages of the exploration of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Gessler, Otto
- German minister of war during the Weimar Republic who was instrumental in rebuilding the country's armed forces after World War I.
- Gessner, Salomon
- Swiss writer, translator, painter, and etcher, known throughout Europe for literary works of pastoral themes and rococo style.
- gesso
- (Italian: "gypsum," or "chalk"), fluid, white coating composed of plaster of paris, chalk, gypsum, or other whiting mixed with glue, applied to smooth surfaces such as wood panels, plaster, stone, ... [3 Related Articles]
- gest
- a story of achievements or adventures. Among several famous medieval collections of gests are Fulcher of Chartres's Gesta Francorum, Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum, and the compilation known as the Gesta ...
- Gesta Romanorum
- Latin collection of anecdotes and tales, probably compiled early in the 14th century. It was one of the most popular books of the time and the source, directly or indirectly, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Gestalt psychology
- school of psychology founded in the 20th century that provided the foundation for the modern study of perception. Gestalt theory emphasizes that the whole of anything is greater than its ... [17 Related Articles]
- Gestalt therapy
- a humanistic method of psychotherapy that takes a holistic approach to human experience by stressing individual responsibility and awareness of present psychological and physical needs.
- Gestapo
- the political police of Nazi Germany. The Gestapo ruthlessly eliminated opposition to the Nazis within Germany and its occupied territories and was responsible for the roundup of Jews throughout Europe ... [4 Related Articles]
- gestation
- in mammals, the time between conception and birth, during which the embryo or fetus is developing in the uterus. This definition raises occasional difficulties because in some species (e.g., monkeys ... [22 Related Articles]
- gestational diabetes mellitus
- (from the article "nutritional disease") ...diabetic diet, but recent guidelines allow a moderate intake of sugars, so long as other carbohydrates are reduced in the same meal. Diet and exercise are also used to manage ...
- gesture
- (from the article "Christianity") ...in which the entire congregation, priest and laity, participates. Thus, the Orthodox Church has also held fast to the original form of Holy Communion in both kinds and preserves the ...
- Gesu
- mother church in Rome of the Jesuit order, designed by Giacomo da Vignola in 1568. The facade, which was the work of Giacomo della Porta, was added in 1575. [6 Related Articles]
- Gesu Nuovo, Piazza del
- (from the article "Naples") ...or Sant'Anna dei Lombardi, supreme in Naples for its abundance and quality of Renaissance sculpture. From Via Monteoliveto, the short slope called Calata Trinita Maggiore rises to Piazza del Gesu ...
- Gesualdo, Don Carlo, principe di Venosa
- Italian composer and lutenist whose fame rests on his highly individual madrigals. [2 Related Articles]
- get
- Jewish document of divorce written in Aramaic according to a prescribed formula. Orthodox and Conservative Jews recognize it as the only valid instrument for severing a marriage bond. Rabbinic courts ...
- geta
- (from the article "dress") Traditional Japanese footwear includes sandals, slippers, and wooden clogs (geta) worn with the tabi, a sock with a separate section for the big toe.
- Geta, Publius Septimius
- Roman emperor from 209 to 211, jointly with his father, Septimius Severus (reigned 193-211), and his brother, Caracalla (reigned 198-217). The younger son of Septimius Severus and Julia Domna, he ... [3 Related Articles]
- Getae
- an ancient people of Thracian origin, inhabiting the banks of the lower Danube region and nearby plains. First appearing in the 6th century BC, the Getae were subjected to Scythian ... [2 Related Articles]
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