| | - Gerhard, Wolfgang
- (from the article "Mengele, Josef") ...name in Uruguay in 1958 and, as "Jose Mengele," received citizenship in Paraguay in 1959. In 1961 he apparently moved to Brazil, reportedly becoming friends with an old-time Nazi, Wolfgang ...
- Gerhardsen, Einar
- four-time prime minister of Norway (1945, 1945-51, 1955-63, 1963-65) and leader of the Norwegian Labour Party, who led his nation's postwar economic recovery program. [1 Related Articles]
- Gerhardt, Charles
- French chemist who was an important precursor of the German chemist August Kekule and his structural organic chemistry. [2 Related Articles]
- Gerhardt, Elena
- mezzo-soprano, one of the most accomplished singers of German lieder of her time.
- Gerhart, Hubert
- (from the article "Western sculpture") In the north of Europe, Giambologna's influence was paramount. Both Hubert Gerhart and Adriaan de Vries, the leading exponents of northern Mannerist sculpture, can be considered as followers of the ...
- geriatric dentistry
- (from the article "dentistry") Geriatric dentistry is concerned with the oral health of elderly persons, who usually have significant medical problems and are taking multiple medications. In addition, they may have psychological and socioeconomic ...
- geriatrics
- (from the article "gerontology and geriatrics") scientific and medical disciplines, respectively, that are concerned with all aspects of health and disease in the elderly, and with the normal aging process. Gerontology is the scientific study of ...
- Gericault, Theodore
- painter who exerted a seminal influence on the development of Romantic art in France. Gericault was a dandy and an avid horseman whose dramatic paintings reflect his flamboyant and passionate ... [5 Related Articles]
- Gerin-Lajoie, Antoine
- writer, librarian, and leader in the early literary movement of French Canada. [1 Related Articles]
- Gerizim, Mount
- mountain located in the West Bank just south of Nablus, near the site of biblical Shechem. In modern times it was incorporated as part of the British mandate of Palestine ...
- Gerke, Anton
- (from the article "Mussorgsky, Modest") ...Filaret, to St. Petersburg, where Modest attended the Peter-Paul School in preparation for a military career. At the same time, mindful of Modest's musical bent, their father entrusted the boys ...
- Gerlach, Helmut von
- German pacifist journalist and politician, a consistent opponent of German nationalism, whose writings exercised a significant influence on public opinion during the latter part of the reign of William II ...
- Gerlach, Leopold von
- the eldest of three brothers prominent in German conservatism during the first half of the 19th century. A Prussian general and adjutant and political adviser to King Frederick William IV, ...
- Gerlach, Ludwig von
- Prussian judge, politician, and editor who helped found the conservative newspaper Kreuzzeitung (1848), which became the voice of the Conservative Party, and which opposed Bismarck's unification plans for Germany during ...
- Gerlach, Mount
- (from the article "Europe") ...altitudes. The highest peaks in these ranges are Mount Corno (9,554 feet) in the Abruzzi Apennines, Bobotov Kuk (8,274 feet) in the Dinaric Alps, Mount Botev (7,795 feet) in the ...
- Gerlach, Otto von
- Prussian Lutheran theologian and educator, younger brother of Leopold and Ludwig von Gerlach.
- Gerlach, Walther
- German physicist noted especially for his work with Otto Stern on the deflections of atoms in a nonhomogeneous magnetic field. [4 Related Articles]
- Gerlache de Gomery, Adrien-Victor-Joseph, baron de
- Belgian naval officer who led the first Antarctic expedition concentrating on scientific observation (1897-99). Sailing with him as mate on the Belgica was Roald Amundsen, who on a subsequent expedition ... [2 Related Articles]
- Gerlache Strait
- (from the article "Palmer, Nathaniel") ...explorer Fabien Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and English explorer Edward Bransfield also claimed to have been the first to sight it in 1820. On these and subsequent voyages Palmer discovered the ...
- Gerlache, Etienne-Constantin, baron de
- Belgian Catholic statesman and historian and a parliamentary leader in the first years of the Belgian kingdom established in 1830. He helped Leopold of Saxe-Coburg become the first king of ...
- germ cell
- (from the article "Plasmodium") ...form), P. ovale (relatively uncommon), P. falciparum (producing the most severe symptoms), and P. malariae. Plasmodium species exhibit three life-cycle stages-gametocytes, sporozoites, and merozoites. Gametocytes within a mosquito develop into ...
- germ layer
- (from the article "Derivatives of primary germ layers") An adult, multicellular animal typically possesses a concentric arrangement of tissues of the body. These adult tissues are derived from three embryonic cell layers called germinal layers; the outer layer ...
- germ theory
- in medicine, the theory that certain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen except through a microscope. The French chemist ... [1 Related Articles]
- germ tube
- (from the article "fungus") ...off the parent cell and become individual yeast cells. Buds that are pinched off a hypha of a filamentous fungus behave as spores; that is, they germinate, each giving rise ...
- germ-plasm theory
- concept of the physical basis of heredity expressed by the 19th-century biologist August Weismann (q.v.). According to his theory, germ plasm, which is independent from all other cells of the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Germain, Francois-Thomas
- last of the distinguished Germain family of Parisian silversmiths. He took over the family workshop on the death of his father, Thomas Germain (q.v.), in 1748. At the same time ...
- Germain, Pierre
- first notable member of a distinguished family of Parisian silversmiths.
- Germain, Sophie
- French mathematician who contributed notably to the study of acoustics, elasticity, and the theory of numbers. [4 Related Articles]
- Germain, Sylvie
- (from the article "French literature") Writers offered radically different versions of life in the contemporary world. Sylvie Germain's magic realism works on landscapes steeped in history, where the past painfully but also productively encloses the ...
- Germain, Thomas
- French silversmith, perhaps the best-known member of a distinguished family of silversmiths.
- German
- (from the article "Milwaukee") European immigration was largely responsible for Milwaukee's growth. German settlers played an important and sustained part in the city's development; a wave of immigration that occurred after Germany's unsuccessful revolution ...
- German 88
- versatile 88-millimetre (3.46-inch) multirole artillery piece, developed from 1917 by Germany. It was tested in the Spanish Civil War and was used extensively by the Germans in World War II ...
- German Antarctica Expedition of 1939
- (from the article "Antarctica") ...on Nov. 23, 1935, in Ellsworth Land (an area now claimed by Chile) and on Jan. 11, 1939, in the American Highland near the Amery Ice Shelf of East Antarctica ...
- German Atlantic Expedition
- (from the article "Wust, Georg") Wust received his doctorate from the University of Berlin in 1919. After the death of his teacher Alfred Merz, Wust took over as chief oceanographer on the German Atlantic (1925-27) ...
- German bassoon
- (from the article "wind instrument") ...the classic bassoon. Although the Heckel family (Johann Adam Heckel and Wilhelm, his son and successor), also of Biebrich, eventually corrected the faults, the difference between the French and the ...
- German Book Prize
- (from the article "Literature") The German Book Prize was awarded in 2007 to Julia Franck for her novel Die Mittagsfrau, the story of a woman who spends a large part of the 20th century ...
- German Christian
- any of the Protestants who attempted to subordinate church policy to the political initiatives of the German Nazi Party. The German Christians' Faith Movement, organized in 1932, was nationalistic and ... [4 Related Articles]
- German Christians' Faith Movement
- (from the article "German Christian") any of the Protestants who attempted to subordinate church policy to the political initiatives of the German Nazi Party. The German Christians' Faith Movement, organized in 1932, was nationalistic and ...
- German Church Struggle
- (from the article "Lutheranism") ...The remainder of the decade was marked by continued theological and political confrontation between the confessionally minded camp and the German Christians. This controversy, known as the German Church Struggle, ...
- German Civil Code
- the body of codified private law that went into effect in the German empire in 1900. Though it has been modified, it remains in effect. The code grew out of ... [10 Related Articles]
- German Civil War
- (from the article "Germany") Although he intended to cooperate with Henry IV at the outset of his papacy, Gregory VII was drawn into a terrible conflict with the king because of Henry's refusal to ...
- German Civil War
- (from the article "Germany") Rupert (ruled 1400-10) lacked the skill and resources necessary to revive the drooping power of the German monarchy. His title was not beyond dispute while Wenceslas lived, and the territorial ...
- German Civil War
- (from the article "Germany") ...interests in the Romagna tempted the papacy to exploit the weaknesses of the empire's constitution, the uncertainties of electoral custom, and the lack of strict legal norms in Germany. During ...
- German Civil War
- (from the article "Germany") The death of Henry VII led to a disputed election and a civil war in Germany. The electors' impulse to choose another lesser count as king was checked by the ...
- German cockroach
- (from the article "cockroach") The German cockroach (Blattella germanica), a common household pest sometimes erroneously called a waterbug, is light brown with two dark stripes on the prothoracic region. The female produces the ootheca ...
- German Code of Civil Procedure
- (from the article "procedural law") ...may convene a conference of the parties to discuss a possible settlement. The court must, in short, either settle the case or put it in shape for the formal hearing. ...
- German Confederation
- organization of 39 German states, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to replace the destroyed Holy Roman Empire. It was a loose political association, formed for mutual defense, ... [8 Related Articles]
- German Conservative Party
- (from the article "Junker") ...first was regarded as representing its interests. Politically, Junkers stood for extreme conservatism, support of the monarchy and military tradition, and protectionist policies for agriculture. The German Conservative Party in ...
- German Democratic Party
- (from the article "Europe, history of") Elections to a constitutional convention, or assembly, were held on Jan. 19, 1919. They gave the Social Democrats 163 seats, the Catholic Centre Party 89, and the new and progressive ...
- German Democratic Republic
- (from the article "German Democratic Republic") former country (1949-90) that constitutes the northeastern section of present-day Germany (q.v.).TABLEleaders of GermanyLeaders of GermanyTABLES from Britanni
- German East Africa
- former dependency of imperial Germany, corresponding to present-day Rwanda and Burundi, the continental portion of Tanzania, and a small section of Mozambique. Penetration of the area was begun in 1884 ... [2 Related Articles]
- German East Africa Company
- (from the article "Bagamoyo") ...(75 km) northwest of Dar es Salaam. The town was formerly a slave-trading depot at the terminus of Arab caravan routes from Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika. The town also served ...
- German Empire
- (from the article "Germany") The German Empire was founded on January 18, 1871, in the aftermath of three successful wars by the North German state of Prussia. Within a seven-year period Denmark, the Habsburg ...
- German Evangelical Church
- (from the article "German Christian") In July 1933 the Protestant churches of the various German federal states merged to form the German Evangelical Church, and in September the German Christian candidate, Ludwig Muller, assumed leadership ...
- German Expressionism
- (from the article "Beckmann, Max") German Expressionist painter and printmaker whose works are notable for the boldness and power of their symbolic commentary on the tragic events of the 20th century.Corinth
- German Farmers Federation
- (from the article "Lubke, Heinrich") After serving in World War I he was able to unify many small German farmers' organizations into the German Farmers Federation, serving as the federation's director from 1926 to 1933. ...
- German Girls, League of
- (from the article "Hitler Youth") Two leagues also existed for girls. The League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Madel) trained girls ages 14 to 18 for comradeship, domestic duties, and motherhood. Jungmadel ("Young Girls") was ...
- German idealism
- (from the article "philosophy, Western") The Enlightenment, inspired by the example of natural science, had accepted certain boundaries to human knowledge; that is, it had recognized certain limits to reason's ability to penetrate ultimate reality ...
- German iris
- (from the article "Iris") Best known are the bearded, or German, group-the common garden irises. These are hybrids of pale-blue I. pallida, yellow I. variegata, purple-blue I. germanica, and perhaps other southern European species. ...
- German ivy
- (from the article "groundsel") ...flower heads. Ragwort, or tansy ragwort (S. jacobaea; see photograph); cineraria, or dusty miller (S. cineraria); and golden ragwort (S. aureus) are cultivated as border plants. German ivy (S. mikanoides) ...
- German language
- official language of both Germany and Austria and one of the three official languages of Switzerland. German belongs to the West Germanic group of the Indo-European language family, along with ... [15 Related Articles]
- German law
- (from the article "civil law") Roman law, as embodied in the Corpus Juris Civilis, was "received" in Germany from the 15th century onward, and with this reception came a legal profession and a system of ...
- German literature
- German literature comprises the written works of the German-speaking peoples of central Europe. It has shared the fate of German politics and history: fragmentation and discontinuity. Germany did not become ... [41 Related Articles]
- German Mass
- (from the article "benediction") ...to invocations pronounced in God's name by a priest or minister, usually at the conclusion of a religious service. The Aaronic benediction (Num. 6:24-26) was incorporated by Luther into his ...
- German National Constituent Assembly
- (from the article "Stresemann, Gustav") Stresemann, a member of the German National Constituent Assembly in Weimar in 1919-20, was an opponent of the new German constitution. He also opposed the Treaty of Versailles and was ...
- German National Museum
- museum in Nurnberg, Ger., housing Europe's largest and most comprehensive collection of German art and artifacts. [1 Related Articles]
- German National Opera
- (from the article "Berlin") ...as one of the leading opera houses of the Western world. The Opera House in East Berlin, destroyed in World War II, was rebuilt in 1951; it is home to ...
- German National People's Party
- right-wing political party active in the Reichstag (assembly) of the Weimar Republic of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Representing chauvinistic opinion hostile to the republic and to the Allies' reparation ... [2 Related Articles]
- German National Theatre
- (from the article "Germany") ...Germany all theatres were state-owned. The German Theatre (Deutsches Theater) in Berlin reopened in September 1945 and was the first German theatre to perform following the Nazi collapse. The old ...
- German New Guinea Company
- (from the article "Pacific Islands") Other countries had different patterns. The Germans tried to administer their colonies through commercial companies, such as the German New Guinea Company in northeastern New Guinea. Only when they failed ...
- German Pavilion
- (from the article "Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig") Perhaps Mies's most famous executed project of the interwar period in Europe was the German Pavilion (also known as the Barcelona Pavilion), which was commissioned by the German government for ...
- German Peace Society
- (from the article "Quidde, Ludwig") ...for lese majesty. From 1907 to 1919 Quidde was a liberal member of the Bavarian Landtag (Assembly) and member of the Interparliamentary Union. From 1914 to 1929 he served as ...
- German People's Party
- (from the article "Stresemann, Gustav") ...when the newly formed left-liberal German Democratic Party, led by Naumann and the renowned sociologist Max Weber, refused to admit him to its higher councils, Stresemann founded his own party, ...
- German People's Union
- (from the article "Germany") Of Germany's small fringe parties, only the rightist Republican Party and the DVU, together with a handful of regional and special-interest bodies, are now visible in national or regional elections. ...
- German reunification
- (from the article "fascism") ...support among disaffected youth in parts of the former East Germany, where there were high levels of unemployment, poor housing, and severe environmental problems in the years immediately following unification.
German ...
- German Salaried Employees' Union
- white-collar labour organization in Germany. The DAG was organized in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, and became established throughout West Germany; after 1990, workers joined from ...
- German shepherd
- breed of working dog developed in Germany from traditional herding and farm dogs. Until the 1970s the breed was known as the Alsatian in the United Kingdom. A strongly built, ... [1 Related Articles]
- German Shipping Museum
- (from the article "museum, types of") ...has been the maritime museum. Like other types of museums, it may be housed in historic buildings, as at the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, Eng.; in new premises, as ...
- German shorthaired pointer
- (from the article "Selected breeds of sporting dogs") The German shorthaired pointer is another sporting breed. Developed in Germany, it is an all-purpose dog that can track game as well as point and retrieve game in water. It ...
- German South West Africa
- a former German colony (1884-1919) that is now the nation of Namibia, in southwestern Africa. In 1883 Franz Adolf Luderitz, a merchant from Bremen, Germany, established a trading post in ... [1 Related Articles]
- German State Library
- (from the article "library") ...library. The former Preussische Staatsbibliothek was given national status in 1919. That library became East Germany's national library after World War II. In 1990, after the reunification of Germany, the ...
- German Tariff
- (from the article "international trade") ...by a minute definition of a particular item so that a concession, while general in form, applies in practice to only one country. A historical illustration of this technique can ...
- German Trade Union Federation
- dominant union organization in Germany. The DGB was founded in Munich in 1949 and soon became the largest labour organization in West Germany, with 16 constituent unions. With the reunification ... [1 Related Articles]
- German wirehaired pointer
- breed of sporting dog developed in mid-19th-century Germany as an all-purpose, all-weather hunting dog. It generally has a keen "nose" and a rugged constitution. It stands 22 to 26 inches ...
- German Young People
- (from the article "Hitler Youth") Upon reaching his 10th birthday, a German boy was registered and investigated (especially for "racial purity") and, if qualified, inducted into the Deutsches Jungvolk ("German Young People"). At age 13 ...
- German, Sir Edward
- popular composer of light operas whose music was noted for its lyric quality and distinctly English character.
- German-American Bund
- American pro-Nazi, quasi-military organization that was most active in the years immediately preceding the United States' entry into World War II. The Bund's members were mostly American citizens of German ... [2 Related Articles]
- German-Danish War
- (from the article "Denmark") Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, Prussia reacted immediately: in February 1864, war broke out between Denmark on one side and Prussia and Austria on the other. After the ...
- German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
- (August 23, 1939), nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that was concluded only a few days before the beginning of World War II and which divided eastern Europe ... [14 Related Articles]
- germanate
- (from the article "germanium") ...germanium appreciably. Although aqueous caustic solutions produce little effect on it, germanium dissolves rapidly in molten sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, thereby forming the respective germanates.magnesium germanate
- germander
- any of about 250 species of plants belonging to the genus Teucrium, which is a worldwide genus of the mint family (Lamiaceae), order Lamiales. American germander (T. canadense) of North ...
- germane
- (from the article "Atmospheric abundances for Jupiter") ...to be major constituents of the deeper atmosphere but have not yet been detected. Minor molecules that have been detected spectroscopically from Earth include phosphine, carbon monoxide, and germane. Such ...
- Germania Inferior
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...and to the south and west of the Rhine, the Romans set up the same administrative organizations as those found in other parts of Gaul. The Low Countries formed part ...
- Germania Superior
- (from the article "France") ...the limes, assumed its final shape, as a defended palisade and ditch, under Antoninus Pius (138-161). The Agri Decumates were attached to Upper Germany (Germania Superior), 1 ...
- Germanic facies
- (from the article "Triassic Period") ...rocks. (The name Trias referred to the division of these strata into three units: the Bunter [or Buntsandstein], Muschelkalk, and Keuper.) Alberti's rock sequence, which became known as the "Germanic ...
- Germanic languages
- branch of the Indo-European language family. Scholars often divide the Germanic languages into three groups: West Germanic, including English, German, and Netherlandic; North Germanic, including Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and ... [11 Related Articles]
- Germanic law
- the law of the various Germanic peoples from the time of their initial contact with the Romans until the change from tribal to national territorial law. This change occurred at ... [12 Related Articles]
- Germanic peoples
- any of the Indo-European speakers of Germanic languages. [31 Related Articles]
- Germanic religion and mythology
- complex of stories, lore, and beliefs about the gods and the nature of the cosmos developed by the Germanic-speaking peoples before their conversion to Christianity. [7 Related Articles]
- Germanicum
- (from the article "Loyola, Saint Ignatius of") Loyola left his mark on Rome. He founded the Roman College, embryo of the Gregorian University, and the Germanicum, a seminary for German candidates for the priesthood. He also established ...
- Germanicus Julius Caesar
- nephew and adopted son of the Roman emperor Tiberius (reigned AD 14-37). He was a successful and immensely popular general who, had it not been for his premature death, would ... [2 Related Articles]
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