| | - free software movement
- (from the article "open source") ...In 1985 he delivered the GNU Manifesto outlining his program of free software development, formed the Free Software Foundation (FSF), and launched what he called the free ...
- Free State
- province, east-central Republic of South Africa. Under the name Orange Free State, it was originally a Boer state and then (from 1910) one of the traditional provinces of South Africa; ... [1 Related Articles]
- free surface effect
- (from the article "ship") One important hazard in considering damage stability is the "free surface effect." Water that is unconfined-as flooding water that enters a damaged hull is likely to be-runs to the lowest ...
- Free Synagogue
- (from the article "Wise, Stephen Samuel") ...then the most influential Reform congregation in the country. He declined the appointment, however, after receiving inadequate assurances of free speech in the pulpit, and he founded the influential Free ...
- free tenure
- (from the article "feudal land tenure") Tenures were divided into free and unfree. Of the free tenures, the first was tenure in chivalry, principally grand sergeanty and knight service. The former obliged the tenant to perform ...
- Free Territory of Trieste
- (from the article "Trieste") ...to liberate the city. The German garrison surrendered to New Zealand troops on May 2, 1945, but the city was claimed for Yugoslavia. The peace treaty with Italy signed in ...
- Free Thai Movement
- (from the article "Phibunsongkhram, Luang") ...the Thai to follow their "Leader" in a highly authoritarian fashion. Though technically an ally of Japan, Thailand increasingly was treated as an occupied state. A strong, anti-Japanese Free Thai ...
- free throw
- (from the article "basketball") A team must shoot for a basket within 24 seconds after acquiring possession of the ball. A bonus free throw is awarded to a player anytime the opposing team commits ...
- free thyroxine
- (from the article "hyperthyroidism") ...triiodothyronine) exists in two forms, one of which is bound to several proteins, and the other of which, a very small amount, is free. Serum thyroxine can be measured as ...
- free topos
- (from the article "mathematics, foundations of") This so-called free topos has been constructed linguistically to satisfy any formalist, but it should also satisfy a moderate Platonist, one who is willing to abandon the principle of the ...
- free trade
- a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). A free-trade policy does not necessarily ... [44 Related Articles]
- Free Trade Agreement
- (from the article "Canada") Mulroney was more successful with the free trade agreement. Negotiated with the United States over a period of two years, it was signed by Mulroney and Reagan in January 1988. ...
- Free Trade Area of the Americas
- (from the article "Multinational and Regional Organizations") ...policies, and the war in Iraq. Opponents of free trade, led by Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chavez (see Biographies), blocked any advance in negotiations on the proposed Free ...
- free trade association
- (from the article "international trade") ...on imports from one another than they do on imports from third countries. For example, Great Britain and its Commonwealth countries operated a system of reciprocal tariff preferences after 1919. ...
- Free Trade for the Americas
- (from the article "United States") ...across Latin America, U.S. policy suffered several setbacks. President Bush's attempt to expand a free-trade zone was rejected by major South American countries at a November Western Hemisphere summit in ...
- free variable
- (from the article "set theory") ...is abbreviated to x ∉ y), and "There exists an x such that for every y, y ∉ x" is a formula. A variable is free in a formula if it occurs at least ...
- free verse
- poetry organized to the cadences of speech and image patterns rather than according to a regular metrical scheme. It is "free" only in a relative sense. It does not have ... [2 Related Articles]
- free volume
- (from the article "industrial glass") ...solid, the atoms are packed less densely than in a corresponding crystal, leaving larger interstitial spaces, or holes between atoms. These interstitial spaces collectively make up what is known as ...
- free will
- in humans, the power or capacity to choose among alternatives or to act in certain situations independently of natural, social, or divine restraints. Free will is denied by those who ... [44 Related Articles]
- Free Will Baptist Church
- (from the article "National Association of Free Will Baptists") association of Baptist churches organized in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S., in 1935. It traces its history back to Free Will, or Arminian, Baptists in the 18th century. These Baptists believed in ...
- Free Womb, Law of the
- (from the article "Brazil") ...in the 1860s. Pedro II was opposed to slavery, but he did not want to risk antagonizing slave owners; accordingly, he felt that the nation should abolish it by degrees. ...
- free-air anomaly
- (from the article "gravitation") ...−0.3086 milligal per metre. This value, however, assumes that material of zero density occupies the whole space between the point of observation and sea level, and it is therefore termed ...
- free-answer question
- (from the article "public opinion") ...scientist Rensis Likert. Even in forced-choice questionnaires, however, respondents often reply "don't know" or prefer an alternative that the researcher had not listed in advance. A free-answer question-for instance, "What ...
- free-bass accordion
- (from the article "accordion") ...of buttons. Most of the rows in traditional "fixed-bass," or Stradella, models give three-note chords-major and minor triads and dominant and diminished sevenths-while "free-bass" accordions overcome melodic restrictions by providing ...
- free-central placentation
- (from the article "placenta") ...parietal, with carpels united by their adjacent margins and the ovules disposed along the inner ovary walls; axile, with carpels folded inward and the ovules along the central axis of ...
- free-electron laser
- (from the article "laser") ...adjusting the laser cavity changes, or tunes, the output wavelength. Chemical lasers are gas lasers in which a chemical reaction generates the excited molecules that produce stimulated emission. In free-electron ...
- free-electron model of metals
- in solid-state physics, representation of a metallic solid as a container filled with a gas composed of free electrons (i.e., those responsible for high electrical and thermal conductivity). The free ... [2 Related Articles]
- free-fall
- in mechanics, state of a body that moves freely in any manner in the presence of gravity. The planets, for example, are in free-fall in the gravitational field of the ... [4 Related Articles]
- free-key xylophone
- (from the article "African music") Two markedly different species of xylophone are distinguishable in Africa: one has free, unattached keys, and the other has fixed keys. With free-key xylophones, found in parts of West and ...
- free-living bacterium
- (from the article "nitrogen fixation") ...are fixed as ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates by soil microorganisms. More than 90 percent of all nitrogen fixation is effected by them. Two kinds of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms are recognized: free-living ...
- free-machining steel
- (from the article "steel") This group, developed for good machinability and fabricated into bolts, screws, and nuts, contains up to 0.35 percent sulfur and 0.35 percent lead; also, it sometimes has small additions of ...
- free-molecule gas
- (from the article "gas") The mean free path in a gas may easily be increased by decreasing the pressure. If the pressure is halved, the mean free path doubles in length. Thus, at low ...
- free-moving polychaete
- (from the article "annelid") ...leeches. A major invertebrate phylum of the animal kingdom, the annelids number more than 9,000 species distributed among three classes: the marine worms (Polychaeta), which are divided into free-moving and ...
- free-radical interlinking
- (from the article "elastomer") Interlinking can be carried out with reagents other than sulfur-for example, by free-radical reactions that do not require the presence of C&doublehorzbond;C bonds. Free radicals are formed by irradiation with ...
- free-radical theory of aging
- (from the article "nutrition, human") ...fit, and maintaining an active mind are among the practices that may increase not only life expectancy but also the chance of a full and productive life in one's later ...
- Free-Soil Party
- (1848-54), minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories. Fearful of expanding slave power within ... [6 Related Articles]
- free-space channel
- (from the article "telecommunications media") Two kinds of optical channels exist: the unguided free-space channel, where light freely propagates through the atmosphere, and the guided optical fibre channel, where light propagates through an optical waveguide.
- free-space photonics
- (from the article "materials science") ...therefore is seen as the principal barrier to achieving higher switching speeds. One approach to solving this problem would be to introduce optics inside digital switching machines. Known as free-space ...
- free-tailed bat
- any of 100 species of bats, so called for the way in which part of the tail extends somewhat beyond the membrane connecting the hind legs. Some free-tailed bats are ... [2 Related Articles]
- free-text index
- (from the article "information processing") The subject analysis of electronic text is accomplished by means of machine indexing, using one of two approaches: the assignment of subject descriptors from an unlimited vocabulary (free indexing) or ...
- free-trade zone
- an area within which goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and reexported without the intervention of the customs authorities. Only when the goods are moved to consumers within ... [1 Related Articles]
- freebase
- (from the article "cocaine") ...transitory and wear off after about 30 minutes. Cocaine is habit-forming and may also be physically addicting. Cocaine is also injected in solution or smoked in a chemically treated form ...
- freeboard
- distance from the waterline to the freeboard deck of a fully loaded ship; it is measured amidships at the side of the hull. The freeboard deck is the deck below ... [4 Related Articles]
- Freed, Alan
- (from the article "Alan Freed") Alan Freed did not coin the phrase rock and roll; however, by way of his radio show, he popularized it and redefined it. Once slang for sex, it came to ...
- Freed, Arthur
- American film producer who reshaped the visual style and narrative structure of the musical comedy genre. [2 Related Articles]
- Freed, James Ingo
- German-born American architect (b. June 23, 1930, Essen, Ger.-d. Dec. 15, 2005, New York, N.Y.), designed numerous Modernist buildings, most notably the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum (1993) and the Ronald ...
- Freed, Leonard
- American photojournalist (b. Oct. 23, 1929, Brooklyn, N.Y.-d. Nov. 29, 2006, Garrison, N.Y.), joined the Magnum Photos cooperative agency in 1972 and was renowned for the gripping magazine photo-essays he ...
- freedman
- former slave set free. In ancient Athens, former slaves bore no stigma, and some rose to positions of political or economic power. During the later Hellenistic period, however, some Greek ... [1 Related Articles]
- Freedman's Village
- (from the article "Arlington National Cemetery") ...owners were required to pay in person) on lands held by the Confederacy. Although Lee's wife paid the $92.07 tax, the government seized the property because Lee failed to deliver ...
- Freedman, Maurice
- British scholar who was one of the world's leading experts on Chinese anthropology.
- Freedman, Michael Hartley
- American mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1986 for his solution of the Poincare conjecture in four dimensions.
- Freedmen's Bureau
- (1865-72), during the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to ... [5 Related Articles]
- Freedom 7
- (from the article "Mercury") ...with a suborbital flight about three weeks after the Soviet cosmonaut Yury Gagarin became the first human in space (see Vostok). Alan B. Shepard, Jr., rode a Mercury space capsule ...
- Freedom Charter
- (from the article "Southern Africa") ...to apartheid policies in the 1950s was led by the ANC in alliance with other opposition organizations consisting of radical whites, Coloureds, and Indians. In 1955 this Congress Alliance drew ...
- freedom fighter
- (from the article "international relations") ...novel means adopted by the administration for combatting Soviet power and influence was to extend aid to irregular forces engaged in resisting pro-Soviet governments in the Third World. Such "freedom ...
- Freedom Front
- (from the article "South Africa") ...to a political party after it won a majority at national democratic elections held in 1994. Other parties with significant support are the Inkatha Freedom Party (a largely Zulu organization), ...
- Freedom House
- U.S. nongovernmental organization that promotes democracy and monitors the extent of political and economic freedom in countries throughout the world.
- freedom of expression
- (from the article "censorship") The shift from the more political to the more individualistic view of liberty may be seen in how the constitutional guarantees with respect to speech and the press are typically ...
- freedom of religion
- (from the article "Davies, Samuel") The stress that Davies placed on religious rights and freedoms resulted (after his death) in the lobbying of Presbyterian leaders who, during the formation of Virginia's state constitution, helped to ...
- freedom of speech
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") ...for Web site operators to let children view "harmful" content. The ruling said that parents could protect their children through software filters and other means that did not limit the ...
- freedom of the press
- (from the article "censorship") In the circumstances of a people actually governing itself, it is obvious that there is no substitute for freedom of speech and of the press, particularly as that freedom permits ...
- freedom of the seas
- (from the article "high seas") The doctrine that the high seas in time of peace are open to all nations and may not be subjected to national sovereignty (freedom of the seas) was proposed by ...
- Freedom Party of Austria
- (from the article "Austria") ...formation of a "grand coalition" between the OVP and SPO. One of the reasons given for the OVP's poor performance was the reemergence as a political force of the far-right ...
- Freedom Rides
- in U.S. history, a series of political protests against segregation by blacks and whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961. [4 Related Articles]
- Freedom Singers
- (from the article "Reagon, Bernice Johnson") ...arrested during a protest march and was suspended from school. The following year she returned to her music studies at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia, but she left the same ...
- Freedom to Farm Act
- (from the article "North Dakota") ...economy was affected by worldwide variations in the pricing of both fossil fuels and agricultural products, as well as by adverse weather, most notably a number of severe floods in ...
- Freedom Tower
- (from the article "Architecture") ...not certain that all of these towers would be built, the ones that would be constructed would change the skylines of many cities significantly. In New York City a final ...
- Freedom Trail
- (from the article "Massachusetts") Historical sites in Boston draw many tourists. The Freedom Trail provides a trip that includes Boston Common, the old and new (1713 and 1798) state houses, Park Street Church, the ...
- Freedom Union
- (from the article "Czech Republic") ...fourth place, with 9.5% of the vote, the CSSD placed fifth, winning just 8.8%, with each of the two parties gaining two seats. As expected, support for the third coalition ...
- Freedom Union
- (from the article "Poland") ...high-ranking communist collaborators, and another led by Poland's first woman prime minister, Hanna Suchocka, which was unexpectedly defeated by a somewhat frivolous no-confidence vote. The centrist Freedom Union (UW), which ...
- Freedom, Age of
- (from the article "Sweden") This period saw a transition from absolutism to a parliamentary form of government. The real reason for the change was the complete failure of the policy of "greatness" connected with ...
- freedom, degree of
- in mathematics, any of the number of independent quantities necessary to express the values of all the variable properties of a system. A system composed of a point moving without ... [1 Related Articles]
- freedom, degree of
- (from the article "metamorphic rock") ...stably in a metamorphic rock at a particular set of pressure-temperature conditions is given by the Gibbs phase rule:number of mineral phases = number of chemical components − number of ...
- freedom, degree of
- (from the article "muscle") A hinge such as the clam joint or the human knee performs just one kind of movement, flexion/extension, expressed in technical terms as allowing one degree of freedom of movement. ...
- Freedom, Sons of
- (from the article "Dukhobor") ..."the letter killeth" and that "schools teach war." Since World War II the sect has become more prosperous, but extremist elements still survive in a distinct group called the Sons ...
- freehold
- in English law, ownership of a substantial interest in land held for an indefinite period of time. The term originally designated the owner of an estate held in free tenure, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Freeland, L. S.
- (from the article "Mesoamerican Indian languages") In 1931 L.S. Freeland, a U.S. anthropological linguist, tried to show that Mixe (Zoque) is related to the "Penutian" languages, a superstock that up until then had been limited to ...
- Freeling, Nicolas
- British novelist and detective-story writer (b. March 3, 1927, London, Eng.-d. July 20, 2003, Grandfontaine, France), penned 36 works of fiction and several of nonfiction. While living in Amsterdam, he ...
- freeman
- (from the article "Italy") ...pattern. The slave plantations of 1st-century central Italy had long disappeared, and the word servus now usually just meant a tenant without public rights as a freeman; ...
- Freeman, Alan Leslie
- Australian-born British radio personality (b. July 6, 1927, Melbourne, Australia-d. Nov. 27, 2006, Twickenham, Middlesex, Eng.), as the host (1961-72, 1989-93, 1997-2000), of BBC radio's Pick of the Pops, made ... [1 Related Articles]
- Freeman, Bud
- American jazz musician, who, along with Coleman Hawkins, was one of the first tenor saxophonists in jazz. [1 Related Articles]
- Freeman, Cathy
- In 1997 Australian sprinter Cathy Freeman gained international renown not only for how she carried herself on the track but also for what she carried on the track. Exhausted after ... [2 Related Articles]
- Freeman, Charles
- (from the article "Caunt, Benjamin") ...26, 1840, he beat John Leechman after 101 rounds, he was considered champion of England. In 1841 he went to the United States to seek opponents for the world championship, ...
- Freeman, Douglas Southall
- American journalist and author noted for writings on the Confederacy.
- Freeman, John
- (from the article "organizational analysis") In their work Organizational Ecology (1989), the American sociologists Michael T. Hannan and John Freeman argued that reliability and accountability-the very properties that make organizations the favoured social forms in ...
- Freeman, Kathleen
- American character actress (b. Feb. 17, 1919, Chicago, Ill.-d. Aug. 23, 2001, New York, N.Y.), appeared in some 100 films, including nearly a dozen Jerry Lewis movies and, most memorably, ...
- Freeman, Mary Eleanor Wilkins
- American writer known for her stories and novels of frustrated lives in New England villages. [1 Related Articles]
- Freeman, Morgan
- American actor whose emotional depth and versatility made him one of the most respected performers of his generation. Over a career that included numerous memorable performances on stage, screen, and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Freeman, Richard Austin
- popular English author of novels and short stories featuring the fictional character John Thorndyke, a pathologist-detective.
- Freeman, Richard B.
- (from the article "Immigration's Economic Impact") At the turn of the 21st century, the U.S. was the major immigrant-receiving country in the world, as it had been a century earlier. In 2005 the U.S. population included ...
- Freeman, Sir Ralph
- English civil engineer whose Sydney Harbour Bridge (1932), New South Wales, with a main arch span of 1,650 feet (500 m), is one of the longest steel-arch bridges in the ... [1 Related Articles]
- freemartin
- (from the article "Lillie, Frank Rattray") Lillie also demonstrated that bovine "freemartinism" is a classic example of hormonal intersexuality in which a male fetus influences the development of its female twin. Cattle twins may consist of ...
- Freemasonry
- the teachings and practices of the secret fraternal order of Free and Accepted Masons, the largest worldwide secret society. Spread by the advance of the British Empire, Freemasonry remains most ... [12 Related Articles]
- freeness
- (from the article "papermaking") An important test to control the quality of groundwood pulp is freeness: the readiness with which water drains from and through a wet pad of pulp. Groundwood pulps are much ...
- Freeport
- town, southwestern shore of Grand Bahama Island, The Bahamas. In 1955 the colonial Bahamian government entered into the so-called Hawksbill Creek Agreement with the newly created Grand Bahama Port Authority ... [1 Related Articles]
- Freeport
- city, Brazoria county, southeastern Texas, U.S., at the mouth of the Brazos River, on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 60 miles (97 km) south of Houston. Settled in 1898 but officially ... [1 Related Articles]
- Freeport
- city, seat (1838) of Stephenson county, northwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Pecatonica River, about 25 miles (40 km) west of Rockford. Pennsylvania Germans began arriving in the area ...
- Freeport Container Port
- (from the article "Bahamas, The") In January 2007 a government spokesman of The Bahamas announced that the Freeport Container Port (FCP) would undergo a $250 million expansion; in recent years the Bahamian port had emerged ...
- Freeport Doctrine
- (from the article "Douglas, Stephen A") ...Lincoln in a close contest for the Senate seat in Illinois, and although Lincoln won the popular vote, Douglas was elected 54 to 46 by the legislature. In the debates, ...
- Freer Gallery of Art
- museum in Washington, D.C., endowed and built by the Detroit industrialist Charles Lang Freer to house the distinguished collection of Oriental art that he gave to the United States government ...
- Freer, Charles Lang
- (from the article "biblical literature") W, Codex Washingtonianus (or Freerianus), consists of the four Gospels in the so-called Western order (Matthew, John, Luke, and Mark, as Dea). It was acquired in Egypt by C.L. Freer, ...
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