| | - flying snake
- any of five species of nonvenomous snakes constituting the genus Chrysopelea of the family Colubridae. These slender arboreal snakes are found in South Asia and the Indonesian archipelago. They are ...
- flying spot scanner
- (from the article "television") A form of television pickup device, used to record images from film transparencies, either still or motion-picture, is the flying spot scanner. The light source is a cathode-ray tube (CRT) ...
- flying squirrel
- any of 43 species of gliding squirrels. Two species are North American, two live in northern Eurasia, and all others are found in the temperate and tropical forests of India ... [3 Related Articles]
- flying system
- (from the article "stage design") Flying systems are an important piece of stage machinery for proscenium-stage theatres. These systems are used to lift (or fly) scenery from the stage into a space above the stage ...
- Flying Tigers
- American volunteer pilots recruited by Claire L. Chennault, a retired U.S. Army captain, to fight the Japanese in Burma (Myanmar) and China during 1941-42, at a time when Japan's control ... [1 Related Articles]
- flying trapeze
- (from the article "acrobatics") ...up"), the specialized and ancient art of jumping, tumbling, and balancing, often later with the use of such apparatus as poles, one-wheel cycles, balls, barrels, tightropes, trampolines, and flying trapezes.circus ...
- flying wedge
- (from the article "football, gridiron") ...speedy backs streaking around the ends. The new rule resulted in the rise of mass plays, an offensive strategy that massed players on a single point of the defense, most ...
- flying wing
- (from the article "airplane") Another configuration limited to military craft is the so-called flying wing, a tailless craft having all its elements encompassed within the wing structure (as in the Northrop B-2 bomber). Unlike ...
- Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley
- American labour organizer, political radical, and communist.
- Flynn, Errol
- Australian actor, celebrated during his short but colourful lifetime as the screen's foremost swashbuckler. [2 Related Articles]
- Flynn, John
- moderator of the Presbyterian Church in Australia (1939-42) and missionary to the country's wild central and northern inland, who in 1928 founded what later became the Royal Flying Doctor Service ... [1 Related Articles]
- flysch
- sequence of shales rhythmically interbedded with thin, hard, graywacke-like sandstones. The total thickness of such sequences is commonly many thousands of metres, but the individual beds are thin, only a ... [2 Related Articles]
- flyting
- (Scots: "quarreling," or "contention"), poetic competition of the Scottish makaris (poets) of the 15th and 16th centuries, in which two highly skilled rivals engaged in a contest of verbal abuse, ...
- flyway
- route used regularly by migrating birds, bats, or butterflies. The large majority of such migrants move from northern breeding grounds to southern wintering grounds and back, and most of the ... [1 Related Articles]
- flywheel
- heavy wheel attached to a rotating shaft so as to smooth out delivery of power from a motor to a machine. The inertia of the flywheel opposes and moderates fluctuations ... [1 Related Articles]
- Fo, Dario
- Italian avant-garde playwright, manager-director, and actor-mime, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1997. A theatrical caricaturist with a flair for social agitation, he often faced government censure. [3 Related Articles]
- Fo-shan Chih-liu
- (from the article "Xi River system") ...the Dong. At Sanshui the Xi and Bei are linked by a short channel but then divide. The larger branch, the Xi, bends to the south and forms the western ...
- foal
- (from the article "livestock farming") Oats are the preferred grain for horses because of their bulk. Corn (maize), barley, wheat, and milo can be used, however, whenever they are less expensive. Weanling foals require three ...
- foam
- in physical chemistry, a colloidal system (i.e., a dispersion of particles in a continuous medium) in which the particles are gas bubbles and the medium is a liquid. The term ... [4 Related Articles]
- foam fractionation
- (from the article "Separations based on phase equilibria") There are a few methods that employ foams to achieve separations. In these, the principle of separation is adsorption on gas bubbles or at the gas-liquid interface. Two of these ...
- foam glass
- lightweight, opaque glass material having a closed-cell structure. It is made in molds that are packed with crushed or granulated glass mixed with a chemical agent such as carbon or ... [1 Related Articles]
- foam rubber
- flexible, porous substance made from a natural or synthetic latex compounded with various ingredients and whipped into a froth. The resulting product contains roughly 85 percent air and 15 percent ... [1 Related Articles]
- foam stabilizer
- (from the article "foam") ...of particles in a continuous medium) in which the particles are gas bubbles and the medium is a liquid. The term also is applied to material in a lightweight cellular ...
- foamed plastic
- synthetic resin converted into a spongelike mass with a closed-cell or open-cell structure, either of which may be flexible or rigid, used for a variety of products including cushioning materials, ... [1 Related Articles]
- foamed thermoplastic
- (from the article "plastic") Polystyrene pellets can be impregnated with isopentane at room temperature and modest pressure. When the pellets are heated, they can be made to fuse together at the same time that ...
- foamed thermoset
- (from the article "plastic") The rapid reaction of isocyanates with hydroxyl-bearing prepolymers to make polyurethanes is mentioned above in Reaction injection molding. These materials also can be foamed by incorporating a volatile liquid, which ...
- foaming agent
- (from the article "food additive") ...the water phase. Thus, they prevent the coalescence of the oil droplets, promoting the separation of the oil phase from the aqueous phase (i.e., creaming). The formation and stabilization of ...
- focal area
- (from the article "dialect") Dialectologists often distinguish between focal areas-which provide sources of numerous important innovations and usually coincide with centres of lively economic or cultural activity-and relic areas-places toward which such innovations are ...
- focal attention
- (from the article "attention") Broadly speaking, the two types of attention can be characterized as focal and automatic. Someone who is focally attentive is highly aware, consciously in control, and selective in handling sensory ...
- focal dystonia
- (from the article "dystonia") ...dystonia appears only with a specific action, such as the contraction of hand muscles when writing is attempted (writer's cramp). Another means of classification is the extent of muscle involvement: ...
- focal length
- (from the article "photoreception") ...on the other hand, compensate for the loss of optical power in water by squeezing the lens into the bony ring around the iris, forming a high curvature blip on ...
- focal point
- (from the article "lens") ...light beam are refracted through different angles, so that an entire beam of parallel rays can be caused to converge on, or to appear to diverge from, a single point. ...
- focal-plane shutter
- (from the article "shutter") ...types. The leaf shutter, positioned between or just behind the lens components, consists of a number of overlapping metal blades opened and closed either by spring action or electronically. The ...
- Foccart, Jacques
- French businessman and politician who served as an adviser to several French presidents, including Charles de Gaulle; Foccart shaped France's African policy with behind-the-scenes maneuvers that enabled the country to ...
- Foch, Ferdinand
- marshal of France and commander of Allied forces during the closing months of World War I, generally considered the leader most responsible for the Allied victory. [5 Related Articles]
- Fock, Jeno
- Hungarian politician (b. May 17, 1916, Budapest, Austria-Hungary-d. May 23, 2001, Budapest, Hung.), was a moderate communist who tried to institute economic reforms while serving as Hungarian deputy prime minister ...
- Fock, Vladimir Aleksandrovich
- Russian mathematical physicist who made seminal contributions to quantum mechanics and the general theory of relativity.
- Focsani
- city, capital of Vrancea judet (county), east-central Romania. The city lies 100 miles (160 km) north-northeast of Bucharest. It is situated on the Milcov River, which was once the boundary ...
- focus
- (from the article "earthquake") ...first to reach any point on the Earth's surface. The first P-wave onset starts from the spot where an earthquake originates. This point, usually at some depth within the Earth, ...
- focus
- (from the article "ellipse") ...a plane that is not parallel to the base, the axis, or an element of the cone. It may be defined as the path of a point moving in a ...
- focus group
- (from the article "Merton, Robert K.") ...While at the Bureau of Applied Social Research, he began using focused interviews with groups to obtain reactions to such things as films and written materials. This technique gave rise ...
- focusing
- ability of the lens to alter its shape to allow objects to be seen clearly. [2 Related Articles]
- focusing
- (from the article "particle accelerator") Some means of focusing is required; otherwise, a particle that starts out in a direction making a small angle with the orbital plane will spiral into the dees and be ...
- focusing screen
- (from the article "photography, technology of") The ground-glass (now mostly grained plastic) screen is the most direct way of viewing the image for framing and for sharpness control. The screen localizes the image plane for observation. ...
- focusing spectroscope
- (from the article "mass spectrometry") The spectroscopes discussed so far are analogous to the pinhole camera in optics, because no focusing of the ion beams is involved. The introduction of focusing types of mass spectroscopes ...
- Fodor, Eugene
- Hungarian-born American travel writer who created a series of popular tourist guidebooks that provided entertaining reading, historical background, and cultural insights into the people and places described, as well as ...
- Fodor, Jerry A.
- (from the article "semantics") A systematic study of dictionary entries was presented in the 1960s by the U.S. philosophers Jerrold J. Katz and Jerry A. Fodor. According to them, the standard form of a ...
- fodrum
- (from the article "Frederick I") ...cities controlled by imperial officials. What the Emperor saw as a restoration of the imperial rights, however, was considered by the cities as a curtailment of their freedom. A tax ...
- foederati
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...Saxon settlements found around the mouths of the east-coast estuaries and also in the central southeast region around Oxford. For a time the system worked successfully, but, when in 442 ...
- foedus
- treaty or compact contracted by ancient Rome with one or more allied states (foederati). The treaty contained various conditions establishing permanent friendly relations between the contracting parties. A foedus aequum ...
- Foedus Cassianum
- (from the article "foedus") The earliest known foedus is the Foedus Cassianum signed by the consul Spurius Cassius Vecellinus in 493 BC, which established a common army of defense between the Romans and the ...
- foehn
- warm and dry, gusty wind that periodically descends the leeward slopes of nearly all mountains and mountain ranges. The name was first applied to a wind of this kind that ... [9 Related Articles]
- foehn wall
- (from the article "foehn") ...as rain or snow, releasing latent heat. By the time it reaches the peaks and stops climbing, the air is quite dry. The ridges of the mountains are usually obscured ...
- Fofana, Moinina
- (from the article "Sierra Leone") ...trial in The Hague for having instigated war crimes in Sierra Leone. In June and August the special war crimes court in Freetown handed down guilty verdicts to a number ...
- fog
- cloud of small water droplets near ground level and sufficiently dense to reduce horizontal visibility to less than 1,000 m (3,281 feet). The word fog also may refer to clouds ... [7 Related Articles]
- fog dispersal
- artificial dissipation of fogs, usually by seeding or heating. It is done primarily at airports to improve visibility. Many attempts have been made to clear fogs at temperatures above freezing ... [1 Related Articles]
- fog signal
- sound or light signal emitted in fog or mist by lighthouses and buoys to indicate a shoreline, channel, or dangerous stretch of water and by vessels to indicate their position. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Fogazzaro, Antonio
- Italian novelist whose works reflect the conflict between reason and faith. [1 Related Articles]
- Fogel, Robert William
- American economist who, with Douglass C. North, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1993. The two were cited for having developed cliometrics, the application of statistical analysis to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Fogelberg, Dan
- American singer-songwriter captured the essence of the mellow, acoustic folk-tinged pop music that emerged on the American college scene in the 1960s and '70s. Although detractors derided his emotion-laden music ...
- Fogerty, Elsie
- British teacher of voice and dramatic diction, a major figure in theatrical training.
- Fogerty, John
- (from the article "Creedence Clearwater Revival") John Fogerty and his brother Tom, both singer-guitarists, joined forces in 1959 with bassist Cook and drummer Clifford, their junior-high-school classmates in El Cerrito, California, a suburb in the San ...
- Fogg Art Museum
- museum founded at Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., in 1895 as a study collection of Eastern and Western art from prehistory to the present, as well as an important art ...
- Fogg, Phileas
- (from the article "Verne, Jules") ...Nautilus. And for more than 130 years, adventurers such as Nellie Bly (1890), Wiley Post (1933), and Steve Fossett (2005) have followed in the footsteps of Verne's fictional hero Phileas ...
- Foggia
- city, Puglia (Apulia) regione (region), southeastern Italy, in the centre of the Puglia Tableland, west-northwest of Barletta. [1 Related Articles]
- Foggini, Giovanni Battista
- (from the article "Western sculpture") ...and include such conceits as fishnets cut from solid marble and the all-revealing shrouds developed by Giuseppe Sammartino. Florentine sculpture of the 18th century is less spectacular, and Giovanni Battista ...
- Foggy Mountain Boys
- (from the article "Scruggs, Earl") In 1948 Scruggs and Lester Flatt, the guitarist and tenor singer in the group, left to form their own band, the Foggy Mountain Boys. Flatt & Scruggs became one of ...
- Fogo Island
- island of Cape Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles (640 km) off the West African coast between the islands of Sao Tiago (Santiago) and Brava. The island's active ... [1 Related Articles]
- Fohlisch, Alexander
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") ...transfer of electrons from one atom to another is a key step in photochemical reactions, including those that underlie photosynthesis and commercial processes such as photography and xerography. Alexander Fohlisch ...
- Fohnsdorf
- city, southeast-central Austria, near the Mur River, west of Knittelfeld. Fohnsdorf was first mentioned in 1141 as the site of a fortress belonging to the archbishops of Salzburg and was ...
- foie gras
- a delicacy of French cuisine, the liver of a goose or duck that has been fattened by a process of force-feeding. What is generally regarded as the best foie gras ...
- foil
- in architecture, leaf-shaped, indented spaces which, combined with cusps (small, projecting arcs outlining the leaf design), are found especially in the tracery (decorative openwork) of Gothic windows. The term is ...
- foil
- a sword with a light, flexible blade of rectangular cross section tapering to a blunt point. Designed as a practice weapon for the smallsword fashionable in the 17th century, it ... [1 Related Articles]
- foil
- in literature, a character who is presented as a contrast to a second character so as to point to or show to advantage some aspect of the second character. An ...
- foil
- solid metal that has been reduced to a leaflike thinness by mechanical beating or rolling. Jewellers have long used a thin foil of copper-zinc alloy as backing for paste jewels ...
- Foix
- feudal county of southwestern France, corresponding approximately to the modern departement of Ariege, in the Midi-Pyrenees region. Between the 11th and the 15th century, the counts of Foix built up ...
- Foix
- town, capital of Ariege departement, Midi-Pyrenees region, southwestern France, located in the foothills of the Pyrenees. Situated 1,250 feet (380 metres) above sea level, at the fork ...
- Foix, Louis de
- (from the article "lighthouse") ...lighthouse of this period was one on the small island of Cordouan in the estuary of the Gironde River near Bordeaux. The original was built by Edward the Black Prince ...
- Fokine, Michel
- dancer and choreographer who profoundly influenced the 20th-century classical ballet repertoire. In 1905 he composed the solo The Dying Swan for the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. As chief choreographer for ... [11 Related Articles]
- Fokker D.VII
- (from the article "fighter aircraft") ...the days of aerial "dogfights" during World War I, light machine guns were synchronized to fire through the airplane's propeller, and by the end of the war, fighters such as ...
- Fokker Eindecker
- (from the article "military aircraft") ...on earlier German work), Fokker swiftly came up with an efficient interrupter gear, which he fitted onto a monoplane of his own design-ironically, a copy of a French Morane. The ...
- Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard
- Dutch airman and pioneer aircraft manufacturer who, during World War I, produced more than 40 types of airplanes (designed by Reinhold Platz) for the German High Command. Initially, he offered ... [2 Related Articles]
- Fol, Hermann
- (from the article "biology") Despite the many early descriptions of spermatozoa, their essential role in fertilization was not proven until 1879, when Hermann Fol, a Swiss physician and zoologist, observed the penetration of a ...
- Folard, Jean-Charles, chevalier de
- French soldier and military theorist who championed the use of infantry columns instead of battle lines in warfare. Although he had a small but influential following during his lifetime, his ...
- fold
- in geology, undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of the Earth's crust. Stratified rocks were originally formed from sediments that were deposited in flat, horizontal sheets, but in a ... [2 Related Articles]
- fold axis
- (from the article "boudinage") ...results from the stretching of a firm but flexible stratum, as during slip or flexure-slip folding. The exact method of formation is not clearly understood. Generally the boudins lie parallel ...
- Folda
- fjord, northern Norway. The fjord's mouth opens into Vest Fjord of the Norwegian Sea and is 25 miles (40 km) northeast of the town of Bodo and about 75 miles ...
- folding fan
- (from the article "fan") The rigid fan has a handle or stick with a rigid leaf, or mount. The folding fan is composed of sticks (the outer two called guards) held together at the ...
- folding screen
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...by deep moats and massive stone walls. Castle interiors presented a new dimension of decorative challenges. Large, generally dark spaces were subdivided by sliding panels (fusuma) and folding screens (byobu). ...
- Folembray, Articles of
- (from the article "Mayenne, Charles de Lorraine, duc de") ...a meeting of the States General in Paris, which upheld the principles of the Salic law of succession against Isabella's claim. In September 1595 Mayenne finally submitted to Henry IV; ...
- Folengo, Teofilo
- Italian popularizer of verse written in macaronics (q.v.), a synthetic combination of Italian and Latin, first written by Tisi degli Odassi in the late 15th century. [2 Related Articles]
- foley technique
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") An expedient way of generating mundane effects is the "foley" technique, which involves matching sound effects to picture. For footsteps, a foley artist chooses or creates an appropriate surface in ...
- Foley, Mark
- (from the article "The U.S. 2006 Midterm Elections") ...imprisoned in March for trading earmarks for bribes, and in September a six-term representative, Bob Ney of Ohio, admitted to criminal acts associated with bribes and gift giving. Later that ...
- Folger Institute
- (from the article "Folger Shakespeare Library") ...Elizabethan theatre are open to the public. Publications include a Folger Facsimile series, a series of booklets for the general reader, and Shakespeare Quarterly. The Folger Institute, ...
- Folger Shakespeare Library
- research centre in Washington, D.C., for the study of William Shakespeare, his contemporaries, Elizabethan society and culture, and 15th- through 18th-century British drama, literature, and history. The library, with approximately ... [2 Related Articles]
- Folger, Henry Clay
- American lawyer, business executive, and founder of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. [2 Related Articles]
- Folger, Timothy
- (from the article "Atlantic Ocean") ...evolved from these early interdisciplinary studies of Atlantic processes. As early as 1770, the American Benjamin Franklin published the first good map of the Gulf Stream, based on data collected ...
- Folgore di San Gimignano
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...and most versatile was Cecco Angiolieri, whose down-to-earth mistress Becchina was a parody of the ethereal women of the stil novo and whose favourite subject was his father's meanness. Folgore ...
- foliage plant
- (from the article "houseplant") In the aroid family, which has provided a range of long-lived houseplants, most prominent are the philodendrons. These are handsome tropical American plants, generally climbers, with attractive leathery leaves, heart-shaped, ...
- foliate papilla
- (from the article "sensory reception, human") ...appear to be different stages in this turnover process. Slender nerve fibres entwine among and make contact usually with many cells. Taste buds are located primarily in fungiform (mushroom-shaped), foliate, ...
- foliation
- planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type, but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent mineral grains of a metamorphic rock of the regional variety ... [3 Related Articles]
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