| | - Fletcher, Giles, the Elder
- English poet and author, and father of the poets Phineas Fletcher and Giles Fletcher the Younger; his writings include an account of his visit to Russia.
- Fletcher, Giles, the Younger
- English poet principally known for his great Baroque devotional poem Christs Victorie. [1 Related Articles]
- Fletcher, Harvey
- U.S. physicist, a leading authority in the fields of psychoacoustics and acoustical engineering. [1 Related Articles]
- Fletcher, John
- English Jacobean dramatist who collaborated with Francis Beaumont and other dramatists on comedies and tragedies between about 1606 and 1625. [4 Related Articles]
- Fletcher, Louise
- (from the article "1975: Best Actress") Other Nominees
- Fletcher, Phineas
- English poet best known for his religious and scientific poem The Purple Island.
- Fletcher-Munson curve
- (from the article "sound") Shown in Figure 10 is a set of equal-loudness curves, sometimes called Fletcher-Munson curves after the investigators, the Americans Harvey Fletcher and W.A. Munson, who first measured them. The curves ...
- Flettner, Anton
- German inventor of the rotor ship, a vessel propelled by revolving cylinders mounted vertically on the deck. He also invented the Flettner trim-tab control for aircraft and the Flettner marine ...
- fleur-de-lis
- stylized emblem or device much used in ornamentation and, particularly, in heraldry, long associated with the French crown. One legend identifies it as the lily given at his baptism to ... [5 Related Articles]
- Fleurus
- municipality, Hainaut province, south central Belgium, between the industrial region of Charleroi and the hills sloping toward Waterloo. Built on the site of a Gallo-Roman agricultural settlement and first mentioned ...
- Fleurus, Battle of
- (June 26, 1794), the most significant battle in the First Coalition phase of the French Revolutionary Wars. Jean-Baptiste Jourdan and Jean-Baptiste Kleber led 73,000 French troops against 52,000 Austrians and ... [3 Related Articles]
- Fleury
- French actor of the Comedie-Francaise, one of the greatest comedians of his time.
- Fleury, Andre-Hercule de
- French cardinal and chief minister who controlled the government of King Louis XV from 1726 to 1743.
- Fleury, Claude
- French ecclesiastical historian and Cistercian abbot, who steered cleverly through contemporary doctrinal controversies.
- Fleury, Jean
- (from the article "Ango, Jean") Ango also sponsored privateering. One of his captains, Jean Fleury, seized three ships carrying Aztec treasures from Mexico to Spain in 1523. Francis I, who generally upheld Ango, borrowed his ...
- Flevoland
- provincie, central Netherlands, consisting of three polders reclaimed from the eastern side of Lake IJssel (IJsselmeer), part of the former Zuiderzee. Flevoland province, which covers an area of 548 square ... [2 Related Articles]
- Flewelling, Ralph Tyler
- American Idealist philosopher whose writings and teaching established the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, as one of the strongholds of Personalism.
- flex fuel
- (from the article "Economic Affairs") ...in August, forced gasoline prices higher than other fuel prices to make it 70% more expensive than bio-ethanol. By the end of 2005, most new Brazilian-built cars were powered by ...
- flexagon
- (from the article "number game") A flexagon is a polygon constructed from a strip of paper or thin metal foil in such a way that the figure possesses the property of changing its faces when ...
- flexibility
- (from the article "mineral") ...being severed by the smooth cut of a knife (copper, silver, and gold are sectile); ductile, capable of being drawn into the form of a wire (gold, silver, and copper ...
- flexible automation
- (from the article "automation") Flexible automation is an extension of programmable automation. The disadvantage with programmable automation is the time required to reprogram and change over the production equipment for each batch of new ...
- flexible budget
- (from the article "accounting") Many companies also prepare alternative budgets if the projected operating volume deviates from the volume anticipated for the period. A set of such alternative budgets is known as the flexible ...
- flexible coaxial cable
- (from the article "telecommunications media") Coaxial cable is classified as either flexible or rigid. Standard flexible coaxial cable is manufactured with characteristic impedance ranging from 50 to 92 ohms. The high attenuation of flexible cable ...
- flexible manufacturing system
- (from the article "automation") A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a form of flexible automation in which several machine tools are linked together by a material-handling system, and all aspects of the system are ...
- flexible mold
- (from the article "sculpture") Made of such materials as gelatin, vinyl, and rubber, flexible molds are used for producing more than one cast; they offer a much simpler alternative to piece molding when the ...
- flexible pavement
- (from the article "roads and highways") Pavements are called either flexible or rigid, according to their relative flexural stiffness. Flexible pavements (see figure, left) have base courses of broken stone pieces either compacted into place in ...
- flexible response
- (from the article "international relations") ...Polaris missiles, and B-52 bombers. The Kennedy advisers had also been highly critical of the policy of reliance on massive retaliation and determined to make the United States capable of ...
- flexible shaft
- in practical mechanics, a number of superimposed, tightly wound, helical coil springs wrapped around a centre wire, or mandrel. Because of its construction, the shaft can be bent, without fracture, ...
- flexible-fuel vehicle
- (from the article "automobile") In 1999 Brazil mandated that by 2003 all new cars sold in the country had to be FlexFuel vehicles (FFVs)-vehicles certified to run on gasoline containing up to 85 percent ...
- Flexicalymene
- (from the article "Calymene") ...years ago). Well known in the fossil record, Calymene remains have been found in which impressions or actual remains of appendages are preserved. Calymene and its close relative Flexicalymene are ...
- flexion
- (from the article "parturition") ...of the skull, the back of the head advances more rapidly than the brow with the result that the head becomes flexed (i.e., the neck is bent) until the chin ...
- Flexner, Abraham
- educator who played a major role in the introduction of modern medical and science education to American colleges and universities. [1 Related Articles]
- Flexner, Simon
- American pathologist and bacteriologist who isolated (1899) a common strain (Shigella dysenteriae) of dysentery bacillus and developed a curative serum for cerebrospinal meningitis (1907).
- flexography
- form of rotary printing in which ink is applied to various surfaces by means of flexible rubber (or other elastomeric) printing plates. The inks used in flexography dry quickly by ... [2 Related Articles]
- flexor muscle
- any of the muscles that decrease the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, as in bending the elbow or knee. Several of the muscles of the hands ... [1 Related Articles]
- flexor pollicis longus
- (from the article "human evolution") ...from those of the great apes, and they underpin our refined manipulatory abilities. The most complex adaptations of the human hand involve the thumb, wherein a unique, fully independent muscle ...
- flexor reflex
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...exceptional in that, with no interneuron in the arc, it has only one synapse between the afferent nerve fibre and the motor neuron (see below Movement: The regulation of muscular contraction). ...
- Flick Group
- former diversified industrial and manufacturing company founded in Germany in the early 1920s by Friedrich Flick, who rapidly gained control of a massive empire in both steel and coal. The ...
- Flick, Friedrich
- industrialist who amassed two fortunes in his life, one before and one after World War II, and was thought to be Germany's wealthiest man at his death. [1 Related Articles]
- flicker
- any of several New World woodpeckers of the genus Colaptes, family Picidae (q.v.), that are noted for spending much time on the ground eating ants. The flicker's sticky saliva is ... [1 Related Articles]
- flicker
- (from the article "eye, human") Another visual phenomenon that brings out the importance of inhibition is the sensation evoked when a visual stimulus is repeated rapidly; for example, one may view a screen that is ...
- flicker
- (from the article "television") The first requirement to be met in image analysis is that the reproduced picture shall not flicker, since flicker induces severe visual fatigue. Flicker becomes more evident as the brightness ...
- flicker-fusion frequency
- (from the article "movement perception") ...flashes of a stationary light is less than this visual-persistence time, the flicker will appear to fuse into a continuous light. The flicker frequency at which this occurs is called ...
- flicker-photometer
- (from the article "eye, human") ...stimuli appear coloured, but the subject is asked to ignore the colours and match them on the basis of their luminosity (brightness). This is carried out with a special instrument ...
- Flickr.com
- photo-sharing Web site owned by Yahoo! Inc., and headquartered in Sunnyvale, Calif.
- Fliedner, Theodor
- (from the article "Christianity") ...1823 Amalie Sieveking developed a sisterhood analogous to the Daughters of Charity and was active in caring for the cholera victims of the great Hamburg epidemic of 1831. She was ...
- Fliess, Wilhelm
- (from the article "Freud, Sigmund") Shortly after his marriage Freud began his closest friendship, with the Berlin physician Wilhelm Fliess, whose role in the development of psychoanalysis has occasioned widespread debate. Throughout the 15 years ...
- Fligeli Cape
- (from the article "Franz Josef Land") ...into Arkhangelsk oblast (province). The islands, with a land area of 6,229 square miles (16,134 square km), consist of three groups. The easternmost includes Rudolf Island, whose Fligeli Cape is ...
- flight
- in animals, locomotion of either of two basic types-powered, or true, flight and gliding. Winged (true) flight is found only in insects (most orders), most birds, and bats. The evolutionary ... [3 Related Articles]
- flight control
- (from the article "airplane") All four forces-lift, thrust, drag, and weight-interact continuously in flight and are in turn affected by such things as the torque effect of the propeller, centrifugal force in turns, and ...
- flight conveyor
- (from the article "conveyor") Flight conveyors have scrapers, or flights, mounted at intervals perpendicular to the direction of travel on endless power-driven chains operating within a trough. Bulk materials such as sawdust, sand, gravel, ...
- flight feather
- (from the article "integument") The wing tract includes the flight feathers proper (remiges) and their coverts (tectrices). The remiges include the primaries, arising from the "hand" and digits and attached to the hand's skeleton; ...
- flight information region
- (from the article "airport") An aircraft in flight follows en route air traffic control instructions as it flies through successive flight information regions (FIRs). Upon approaching an airport at which a landing is to ...
- flight path
- (from the article "rocket and missile system") The flight path of a ballistic missile has three successive phases. In the first, called the boost phase, the rocket engine (or engines, if the missile contains two or three ...
- flight plan
- (from the article "traffic control") ...control starts with the aircraft's captain receiving meteorologic forecasts, together with a briefing officer's listings of radio-frequency changes along the flight path and notice to airmen. Flight plans are checked ...
- flight recorder
- instrument that records the performance and condition of an aircraft in flight. Governmental regulatory agencies require these devices on commercial aircraft to make possible the analysis of crashes or other ...
- flight shooting
- in archery, a form of competition in which shooting for maximum distance is the object, with little or no regard for accuracy. Bows used may be heavy-draw, conventional handbows or ... [1 Related Articles]
- flight simulator
- any electronic or mechanical system for training airplane and spacecraft pilots and crew members by simulating flight conditions. The purpose of simulation is not to completely substitute for actual flight ... [5 Related Articles]
- flight testing
- (from the article "aerospace engineering") The final phase concerns flight-testing the prototype. Engineers and test pilots work together to assure that the vehicle is safe and performs as expected. If the prototype is a commercial ...
- flight training device
- (from the article "aerospace industry") ...military fighters and are used to train pilots for operating specific aircraft and handling emergency situations (see flight simulator). Two basic classes exist: full flight simulators (FFSs) and flight training ...
- flight, history of
- development of heavier-than-air flying machines. Important landmarks and events along the way to the invention of the airplane include an understanding of the dynamic reaction of lifting surfaces (or wings), ... [1 Related Articles]
- flightless anomalure
- (from the article "anomalure") ...tail. The pygmy anomalures (I. macrotis and I. zenkeri) are smaller still, ranging from 7 to 10 cm in body length, not including their long tails (9 to 13 cm). ...
- flimmer filament
- (from the article "protozoan") ...size of, and distance between, the waves it generates. Some species have hairs (mastigonemes) arising at right angles to the flagellum along its length, while other species have slender hairs ...
- Flin Flon
- city, western Manitoba, Canada, north of Athapapuskow Lake. A portion of Flin Flon lies in Saskatchewan and is jointly administered by both provinces. The name was derived (1915) from a ... [2 Related Articles]
- Flinck, Govert
- Baroque painter of portraits, genre, and narrative subjects, one of Rembrandt's most accomplished followers. [1 Related Articles]
- Flinders bar
- (from the article "navigation") ...caused by the magnetism of the ship. These usually consist of properly placed magnets, a pair of soft iron spheres (or small strips close to the compass), and a vertical ...
- Flinders Island
- northernmost and largest island of the Furneaux Group, northern Tasmania, southeastern Australia. It lies in eastern Bass Strait, between Tasmania and the Australian mainland, and is named for Matthew Flinders, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Flinders Ranges
- mountain region in South Australia, extending some 500 miles (800 km) northward from near Crystal Brook to a point between Marree and Lake Callabonna (dry), where it falls away to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Flinders River
- longest river in Queensland, Australia, rising on the southwestern slopes of the Gregory Range (Eastern Highlands) in the northern section of the state, 100 mi (160 km) west of Charters ...
- Flinders, Matthew
- English navigator who charted much of the Australian coast. [10 Related Articles]
- Flint
- city, seat (1836) of Genesee county, eastern Michigan, U.S. It lies along the Flint River, 60 miles (100 km) northwest of Detroit. It originated in 1819 as a trading post ...
- flint
- (from the article "Hardness of prominent abrasive materials") very fine-grained quartz (q.v.), a silica mineral with minor impurities. Several varieties are included under the general term chert: jasper, chalcedony, agate (qq.v.), flint, porcelanite, and novaculite.composition
- flint corn
- (from the article "corn") ...flint corn, flour corn, sweet corn, and popcorn. Dent corn is characterized by a depression in the crown of the kernel caused by unequal drying of the hard and soft ...
- flint glass
- heavy and durable glass characterized by its brilliance, clarity, and highly refractive quality. Developed by George Ravenscroft (q.v.) in 1675, it ushered in a new style in glassmaking and eventually ... [15 Related Articles]
- Flint Island
- southernmost coral island in the Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 400 miles (640 km) northwest of Tahiti. With a land area of 1 square ...
- Flint Ridge Cave System
- complex of caves and underground rivers in west-central Kentucky, U.S. The surveyed areas of the system are entirely within Mammoth Cave National Park. The caverns are interconnected to a great ... [1 Related Articles]
- Flint, Austin
- one of the most eminent of 19th-century physicians, and a pioneer of heart research in the United States. He discovered (1862) a disorder-now known as the Austin Flint murmur-characterized by ...
- Flint, F.S.
- English poet and translator, prominent in the Imagist movement (expression of precise images in free verse), whose best poems reflect the disciplined economy of that school.
- flintlock
- ignition system for firearms, developed in the early 16th century. It superseded the matchlock and wheel lock and was itself outmoded by the percussion lock in the first half of ... [5 Related Articles]
- Flintoff, Freddie
- (from the article "Cricket") Flintoff, England's Ashes Player of the Series, scored 402 runs, including a century, at an average of 40.20 and took 24 wickets (average 27.29), easily the most effective all-round contribution ...
- Flintshire
- county in the northeastern corner of Wales, bounded on the east by the River Dee and England and bounded on the west by Denbighshire. The present county of Flintshire encompasses ... [1 Related Articles]
- Flip-Flap Railway
- (from the article "roller coaster") ...rolling on a looped track without falling off. But passengers found the inversions uncomfortable and dangerous, and looping coasters were not seen again until 1895, when Lina Beecher installed the ...
- flip-flop
- (from the article "computer memory") There are two basic kinds of semiconductor memory. Static RAM (SRAM) consists of flip-flops, a bistable circuit composed of four to six transistors. Once a flip-flop stores a bit, it ...
- flipper
- (from the article "cetacean") ...a primary role in movements, into virtually limbless aquatic creatures living in an environment where the back muscles are more important. Forelimbs are still present but are reduced to finlike ...
- flirty fishing
- (from the article "Family, The") ...of God to disband and reconstitute as The Family. During this same period Berg led his followers to free themselves from sexual inhibitions and taboos. For example, in a practice ...
- float
- (from the article "fishing") ...fished on the bottom, weighted down with what is called a ledger in England and a sinker in the United States, usually of lead, or it may be fished at ...
- float
- (from the article "undersea exploration") Currents also can be measured by drifting floats, either at the surface or at a given depth. Tracking the location of the floats is critical. Surface floats can be followed ...
- float stitch
- (from the article "textile") ...are later discharged together. The plaited stitch is made by feeding two threads into the same hook, so that one thread shows on the one side of the fabric and ...
- float zoning
- (from the article "zone melting") Contamination of the charge by the container is a problem in all purification work, but a unique solution was found for zone refining, namely, float zoning, invented by a U.S. ...
- float-glass method
- (from the article "building construction") ...air trapped between two layers of glass had been recognized much earlier. Hollow glass blocks were introduced by the Corning Company in 1935. In 1952 the Pilkington Brothers in England ...
- float-out lighthouse
- (from the article "lighthouse") Where the seabed is suitable, it is possible to build a "float out" lighthouse, consisting of a cylindrical tower on a large concrete base that can be 50 feet in ...
- floater
- (from the article "eye disease") One of the most common visual symptoms is the sensation of small black objects floating in front of the eye, known as "floaters." These move with the eye but lag ...
- floater
- (from the article "surfing") ...the apparatus upon which surfers perform spectacular maneuvers such as "tailslides" (withdrawing the fins from the wave and allowing the board to slip down the face of the wave), "floaters" ...
- floater policy
- (from the article "insurance") The scope of inland marine is greatly extended by means of "floater" policies. These are used to insure certain types of movable property whether or not the property is actually ...
- floating breakwater
- (from the article "harbours and sea works") Because of the large quantities of material required and the consequent high cost of breakwaters of normal construction, the possibility of floating breakwaters has received considerable study. The lee of ...
- floating cone technique
- (from the article "mining") ...the model will eventually fall within the pit, but others will lie outside. Of the several techniques for determining which of the blocks should be included in the final pit, ...
- floating crane
- (from the article "crane") ...carriage, moving along the length of the jib, as illustrated in Figure 2. Such traveling cranes usually have lifting capacities of from 5 to 250 tons. A potentially more powerful ...
- floating dry dock
- (from the article "dry dock") While most ship repair work is carried out in stationary dry docks, there are some services that can be performed by mobile or floating structures. The principal such facility, the ...
- floating exchange rate
- (from the article "money") If a country has a floating exchange rate, it must choose a policy to go with the floating rate. At times in the past, many countries expected their central bank ...
- floating foundation
- (from the article "soil mechanics") ...wide bases placed directly beneath the load-bearing beams or walls), mat (consisting of slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, which underlie the entire area of a building), or floating types. A ...
- floating heart
- (from the article "buckbean") ...(Menyanthes trifoliata), a medicinal plant of wet soils, has white or pink flowers, bitter-tasting leaves, and hard, light brown seeds. The species of fringed water lily, water snowflake, and floating ...
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