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Freie Buhne ... Freudenstadt

Freie Buhne: independent Berlin theatre founded in 1889 by 10 writers and critics and supervised by the writer-director Otto Brahm for the purpose of staging new, naturalistic plays. Like Andre Antoine's Theatre-Libre ...
freight car: railroad car designed to carry cargo. Early freight cars were made largely of wood. All-steel cars were introduced by about 1896 and within 30 years had almost completely replaced the ...
Freikorps: any of several private paramilitary groups that first appeared in December 1918 in the wake of Germany's defeat in World War I. Composed of ex-soldiers, unemployed youth, and other discontents ...
Freiligrath, Ferdinand: one of the outstanding German political poets of the 19th century, whose verse gave poetic expression to radical sentiments.
Freising: city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies along the Isar River, north-northeast of Munich. It was the site of a castle in the 8th century, and, ...
Freistadt: town, Oberosterreich Bundesland (federal state), north-central Austria, near the Czech Republic frontier. First mentioned in 1241, it is an old fortified town on the ancient iron- and salt-trade route connecting ...
Frejus: town, Var departement, Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur region, southeastern France. It lies south of the Esterel Massif, southwest of Cannes. The town is on the site of an ancient naval base founded by ...
Freleng, Friz: American animator of more than 300 cartoons, primarily for the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies film series at Warner Bros.
Frelimo: political and military movement that initiated Mozambican independence from Portugal and then formed the governing party of newly independent Mozambique in 1975.
Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore: lawyer and U.S. senator who as secretary of state obtained Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a U.S. naval base.
Fremantle: city and principal port of Western Australia, on the Indian Ocean at the mouth of the Swan River (which forms an inner harbour). Now part of the Perth metropolitan area, ...
Fremont: city, Alameda county, California, U.S. Fremont lies on the southeastern shore of San Francisco Bay (there spanned by the Dumbarton Bridge), southeast of San Francisco, on the Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct. ...
Fremont, Jessie Ann Benton: American writer whose literary career arose largely from her writings in connection with her husband's career and adventures and from the eventful life she led with him.
Fremont, John C: American mapmaker and explorer of the Far West, an important figure in the U.S. conquest and development of California. He ran unsuccessfully as the first Republican presidential candidate in 1856.
Fremy, Edmond: French chemist best known for his investigations of fluorine compounds. In 1831 he entered the laboratory of Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and, after holding several teaching posts, succeeded Gay-Lussac in the chemistry ...
French 75: field gun of 75-millimetre (2.95-inch) bore devised in 1894 by Colonel Albert Deport of the French army. It was distinguished from other cannon of its time by its recoil system: ...
French Academy: French literary academy, established by the French first minister Cardinal de Richelieu in 1634 and incorporated in 1635, and existing, except for an interruption during the era of the French ...
French and Indian War: the American phase of a worldwide, nine-years' war (1754-63) fought between France and Great Britain. (The more complex European phase was the Seven Years' War [1756-63].) It determined the control ...
French Broad River: river rising in the Blue Ridge, Transylvania county, western North Carolina, U.S., and flowing 210 miles (340 km) northeast past Brevard, then northwest past Asheville, N.C., and through the Great ...
French bulldog: breed of dog of the non-sporting group, which was developed in France in the later 1800s from crosses between small native dogs and small bulldogs of a toy variety. The ...
French Championships: ("France's International Championships of Tennis"), international tennis championship tournament established as a men's interclub competition in 1891.
French Communist Party: French political party that espouses a communist ideology and has joined coalition governments with the French Socialist Party.
French Community: association of states created in 1958 by the constitution of the Fifth French Republic to replace the French Union (itself the successor of the former French colonial empire) in dealing ...
French Confederation of Christian Workers: French labour-union federation that was founded in 1919 by Roman Catholic workers who opposed both the syndicalist and communist movements of the day. The confederation, based on Catholic social and ...
French Congo: French possessions in Equatorial Africa from 1897 until 1910, when the colonies of Gabon, Middle Congo (Moyen-Congo), and Ubangi-Shari-Chad were federated under the name Afrique Equatoriale Francaise (AEF). Thereafter, the ...
French Democratic Confederation of Labour: French trade union federation that evolved from the French Confederation of Christian Workers (Confederation Francaise des Travailleurs Chretiens, or CFTC). Drawing some of its principles from the Roman Catholic church ...
French East India Company: any of the French trading companies established in the 17th and 18th centuries to oversee French commerce with India, eastern Africa, and other territories of the Indian Ocean and the ...
French Equatorial Africa: collectively, four French territories in central Africa from 1910 to 1959. In 1960 the former territory of Ubangi-Shari (Oubangui-Chari), to which Chad (Tchad) had been attached in 1920, became the ...
French Guiana: overseas departement of France, situated on the northeastern coast of South America. French Guiana has an area of 33,399 square miles (86,504 square km) and is bounded ...
French horn: the orchestral and military brass instrument derived from the trompe (or cor) de chasse, a large, circular hunting horn that appeared in France about 1650 and soon began to be ...
French Island: island within the bay of Western Port, southern Victoria, Australia, southeast of Melbourne, 84 square miles (218 square km) in area. Low and marshy in the northwest, it rises to ...
French language: Romance language spoken in France, Belgium, and Switzerland; in Canada (principally Quebec) and northern New England; and in many other countries and regions formerly or currently governed by France. It ...
French Lick: resort town, Orange county, southern Indiana, U.S. It lies 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Louisville, Ky., and is nearly encircled by Hoosier National Forest. Founded in 1811, the settlement ...
French literature: the body of written works in the French language produced within the geographic and political boundaries of France. The French language was one of the five major Romance languages to ...
French Polynesia: overseas territory of France, a collection of island groups in the south-central Pacific Ocean. Included are some 130 islands, divided among five archipelagoes, scattered across the Pacific between latitudes 7° ...
French republican calendar: dating system that was adopted in 1793 during the French Revolution and which was intended to replace the Gregorian calendar with a more scientific and rational system that would avoid ...
French Revolution: the revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799 and reached its first climax there in 1789. Hence the conventional term "Revolution of 1789," denoting the end of the ...
French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars: a series of wars between 1792 and 1815 that ranged France against shifting alliances of other European powers and that produced a brief French hegemony over most of Europe. The ...
French Shore: part of the coast of Newfoundland where French fishermen were allowed to fish and to dry their catch after France gave up all other claims to the island in 1713; ...
French Southern and Antarctic Territories: French overseas territory consisting of the islands of Saint-Paul and Nouvelle Amsterdam (q.v.) and the island groups of Kerguelen and Crozet (qq.v.) in the south Indian Ocean, as well as ...
French Union: a political entity created by the constitution of 1946 of the Fourth French Republic. It replaced the French colonial empire with a semifederal entity that absorbed the colonies (overseas departements ...
French West Africa: administrative grouping under French rule from 1895 until 1958 of the former French territories of West Africa: Senegal, French Guinea, the Ivory Coast, and the French Sudan, to which Dahomey ...
French, Daniel Chester: sculptor whose work is probably more familiar to a wider American audience than that of any other native sculptor.
French, John, 1st Earl Of Ypres, Viscount French Of Ypres And Of High Lake: field marshal who commanded the British army on the Western Front between August 1914, when World War I began, and Dec. 17, 1915, when he resigned under pressure and was ...
French, Sir George Arthur: British soldier in Canada who organized the North West Mounted Rifles (later the North West Mounted Police, then Royal North West Mounted Police, now Royal Canadian Mounted Police).
French, Thomas Valpy: first Anglican bishop of Lahore (now in Pakistan).
Freneau, Philip: American poet, essayist, and editor, known as the "poet of the American Revolution."
Frenssen, Gustav: novelist who was the foremost exponent of Heimatkunst (regionalism) in German fiction.
Freon: (trademark), any of several chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are used in commerce and industry. The CFCs are a group of aliphatic organic compounds containing the elements carbon and fluorine and, in ...
frequency: in physics, number of waves that pass a fixed point in unit time; also the number of cycles or vibrations undergone during one unit of time by a body in ...
frequency meter: device for measuring the repetitions per unit of time (customarily, a second) of a complete electromagnetic waveform. Various types of frequency meters are used. Many are instruments of the deflection ...
frequency modulation: (FM), variation of the frequency of a carrier wave in accordance with the characteristics of a signal. See modulation.
Frere, John: British antiquary and a founder of prehistoric archaeology.
Frere, John Hookham: British diplomat and man of letters.
Frere, Sir Bartle, 1st Baronet: British colonial administrator in India and finally in South Africa, where his administration as high commissioner became highly controversial.
Frere-Orban, Hubert Joseph Walther: Belgian statesman and Liberal Party reformer who was twice prime minister (1868-70 and 1878-84).
Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor von: German founder of experimental pathology whose emphasis on the teaching of physiology and medical biochemistry helped give clinical medicine a scientific foundation.
Freron, Louis: journalist of the French Revolution and leader of the jeunesse doree ("gilded youth") who terrorized Jacobins (radical democrats) during the Thermidorian reaction that followed the collapse of the Jacobin regime ...
fresco painting: method of painting water-based pigments on freshly applied plaster, usually on wall surfaces. The colours, which are made by grinding dry-powder pigments in pure water, dry and set with the ...
Frescobaldi Family: family of medieval bankers who were prominent in Florentine business and politics and who financed the wars of Edward I and II of England.
Frescobaldi, Girolamo: Italian organist and one of the first great masters of organ composition. He strongly influenced the German Baroque school through the work of his pupils, J.J. Froberger and Franz Tunder. ...
Fresenius, Carl Remigius: German analytical chemist whose textbooks on qualitative analysis (1841) and quantitative analysis (1846) became standard works. They passed through many editions and were widely translated.
Freshfield, Douglas William: British mountaineer, explorer, geographer, and author who advocated the recognition of geography as an independent discipline in English universities (from 1884).
Freshwater: town ("parish"), unitary district of Isle of Wight, historic county of Hampshire, England. It lies close to Alum Bay, notable for its many-coloured sandstone cliffs and for the Needles, a ...
freshwater jellyfish: any medusa, or free-swimming form, of the genus Craspedacusta, class Hydrozoa (phylum Cnidaria). Craspedacusta is not a true jellyfish; true jellyfish are exclusively marine in habit.
freshwater snail: any of the approximately 5,000 snail species that live in lakes, ponds, and streams. Most are members of the subclass Pulmonata; some are members of the subclass Prosobranchia; both subclasses ...
freshwater sponge: any of about 20 species of the genus Spongilla (class Demospongiae, siliceous sponges), a common, widely occurring group. Spongilla species are found in clean lake waters and slow streams.
Fresnay, Pierre: versatile French actor who abandoned a career with the Comedie-Francaise for the challenge of the cinema. Groomed for the stage by his uncle, the actor Claude Garry, Fresnay made his ...
Fresnel lens: succession of concentric rings, each consisting of an element of a simple lens, assembled in proper relationship on a flat surface to provide a short focal length (see illustration). The ...
Fresnel, Augustin-Jean: French physicist who pioneered in optics and did much to establish the wave theory of light advanced by Thomas Young.
Fresnillo: city, central Zacatecas state, north central Mexico. It lies on an interior plateau more than 7,000 ft (2,100 m) above sea level and northwest of Zacatecas city, the state capital. ...
Fresno: city, seat (1874) of Fresno county, central California, U.S. The town site-located in the San Joaquin Valley, about 190 miles (305 km) southeast of San Francisco-was settled in 1872 as ...
fret: in decorative art and architecture, any one of several types of running or repeated ornament, consisting of lengths of straight lines or narrow bands, usually connected and at right angles ...
Freud, Anna: Austrian-born British founder of child psychoanalysis and one of its foremost practitioners. She also made fundamental contributions to understanding how the ego, or consciousness, functions in averting painful ideas, impulses, ...
Freud, Sigmund: Austrian neurologist, founder of psychoanalysis.
Freudenstadt: city, Baden-Wurttemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies in the Black Forest, about 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Stuttgart. Founded in 1599 as a refuge for ...