(from the article "patristic literature") Latin Christian literature in this period was slower than Greek in getting started, and it always remained sparser. Indeed, the first half of the 4th century produced only Julius Firmicus ...
(from the article "bacteria") ...order Prochlorales; gliding or nonmotile forms. Most cyanobacteria are photoautotrophs and can fix dinitrogen gas. Often form long cell filaments.Nonphotosynthetic gram-positive bacteria.Nonbranching gram-positive bacteria. Includes...
town, Loire departement, Rhone-Alpes region, southeast-central France. It lies on the Ondaine River immediately southwest of Saint-Etienne. The name, originally Firminiaco signifying "place of Firmin," was first recorded (971) in ...
(from the article "architecture") Two plausible reasons can be given for according logical primacy in the Vitruvian triad to firmitas. The first is the notion that architecture is essentially the "art of building." The ...
(from the article "rock") ...of such behaviour is creep, a slow, permanent, and continuous deformation occurring under constant load over a long time in such materials as crystals, ice, soil and sediment, and rocks ...
(from the article "North Africa") ...the exiles to return. These were welcomed with enthusiasm, and the movement proved as strong as ever. Some Donatists appear to have been associated with the revolt of a Mauretanian ...
(from the article "software") ...or "executing," a program. By contrast, software programs and procedures that are permanently stored in a computer's memory using a read-only (ROM) technology are called firmware, or "hard software."
partially compacted granular snow that is the intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice. Firn is found under the snow that accumulates at the head of a glacier. It is ... [2 Related Articles]
(Dec. 21-22, 1845), conflict between the Sikhs and the British at Firoz Shah, in the Punjab, northern India. It was the first of two decisive battles in the First Sikh ...
city, southwestern Punjab state, northwestern India, 5 miles (8 km) from the Pakistani border. Firozpur was founded by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century; it fell under British rule ...
city, southeastern Haryana state, northwestern India. The city is said to have been founded by Firuz Shah III as a military outpost and was constituted a municipality in 1867. Connected ...
(from the article "Iraq") ...sides of the struggle. Most of the killings were carried out by armed militias belonging to the Shi'ite Jaysh al-Mahdi, the military force of the anti-American cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, and ...
(from the article "South African literature") ...men established the Association of True Afrikaners, which eventually published the first newspaper, the first magazine, and the first literary texts in Afrikaans. The leader of the so-called First Afrikaans ...
(from the article "Constitution of the United States of America") ...attainder and ex post facto laws (Article I, Section 9). But the most significant limitations to government's power over the individual were added in 1791 in the Bill of Rights. ...
(from the article "Antarctica") ...the south geomagnetic pole focuses auroral and cosmic-ray activity in the Southern Hemisphere, and because on the eve of IGY almost half the continent had not yet even been seen ...
(from the article "Comiskey, Charles") ...in the first year of operation of the American Association, a league formed to challenge the National League (NL), which had begun six years earlier. As a player, Comiskey transformed ...
(from the article "Bulgaria") Asparukh and his successors established their court, which they built of stone, at Pliska, northeast of modern Shumen, and a religious centre at nearby Madara. Archaeological evidence suggests that the ...
(from the article "Canada") ...young men with no work and imbued with patriotism rushed to serve in the war. An initial contingent of 33,000 troops sailed for England in October 1914 to lay the ...
in philosophy, the self-created being (i.e., God) to which every chain of causes must ultimately go back. The term was used by Greek thinkers and became an underlying assumption in ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "25 Largest U.S. Banks") Former U.S. bank holding company that merged with J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. in 2004. Bank One had been created through the 1998 merger of First Chicago NBD Corp. and ...
(from the article "Maybeck, Bernard (Ralph)") ...a brick building with a wood "outrigger" cornice; and the Men's Faculty Club (1900), a free treatment of the Spanish mission style. Among his other public buildings are the free-Gothic ...
in Boston, The Mother Church of Christian Science, first established by Mary Baker Eddy in 1879, reestablished as an international organization by Eddy in 1892. The church building was constructed ...
(from the article "Antigonus I Monophthalmus") Antigonus was now in complete control of Asia Minor, but Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Cassander, and Seleucus allied themselves against him in the first coalition war (315-311) in an attempt to thwart ...
(from the article "Austria") For the first two wars, that of the First Coalition (1792-97) and that of the Second Coalition (1799-1800), Austrian policy was guided by Franz Maria, Freiherr (baron) von Thugut, the ...
(from the article "Lenin, Vladimir Ilich") ...Marxism led Lenin and his comrades to believe that the time was ripe to found a revolutionary Marxist party that would weld together all the disparate Marxist groups at home ...
(from the article "Poland") ...Poland. Muscovite expansion threatened Lithuania, and only a major victory at Orsza in 1514 averted a catastrophe. The victory allowed Sigismund I to detach the Habsburgs from Moscow through the ...
(from the article "eclipse") ...from a narrow belt on Earth, sometimes only 150 km (90 miles) wide. The various phases observable at a total solar eclipse are illustrated in the top portion of the ...
(from the article "Germany") ...older and larger empire lacked. The papacy had dimmed the empire's prestige and decreased the emperor's power, and Rome became the true home of universalistic causes. When Pope Urban II ...
(from the article "Duma") ...28, 1912-March 11, 1917). They rarely enjoyed the confidence or the cooperation of the ministers or the emperor, who retained the right to rule by decree when the Duma was ...
(from the article "Symons, A.J.A.") ...as an apprentice to a furrier. His formal education was private and scanty; Symons considered himself self-educated and, as a writer, self-made. Employed as secretary and later director of the ...
(from the article "logic, history of") Theophrastus is reported to have added to the first figure of the syllogism the five moods that others later classified under a fourth figure. These moods were then called indirect ...
(from the article "Anshan") ...population had fallen, and steel production had virtually ceased. After 1949 the rehabilitation of heavy industry at Anshan and elsewhere became a major goal of the communist government. Under the ...
(from the article "Caterpillar Inc.") The company stayed afloat during the Great Depression partly by selling tractors and combines to the Soviet Union to facilitate that country's first Five-Year Plan (1929-33). In 1931 Caterpillar perfected ...
(from the article "Australia") The First Fleet sailed on May 13, 1787, with 11 vessels, including 6 transports, aboard which were about 730 convicts (570 men and 160 women). More than 250 free persons ...
(from the article "Tirpitz, Alfred von") In 1898 Tirpitz introduced the First Fleet Act, for the reorganization of Germany's sea power. This law provided for an active navy consisting of 1 flagship, 16 battleships, 8 armoured ...
first published edition (1623) of the collected works of William Shakespeare, originally published as Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories & Tragedies. It is the major source for contemporary texts of ... [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "Augmentations, Court of") The remaining financial courts had very specific functions. The Court of First Fruits and Tenths was established in 1540 to collect from clerical benefices certain moneys that had previously been ...
(from the article "broadcasting") ...are not a matter for the federal government but for the individual states (Lander). The state broadcasting organizations are also grouped together in a national organization, the First German Television ...
(from the article "Helvetic Confession") either of two confessions of faith officially adopted by the Reformed Church in Switzerland. The First Helvetic Confession (also called the Second Confession of Basel) was composed in 1536 by ...
(from the article "accounting") Accountants can make this division by any of three main inventory costing methods: (1) first-in, first-out (FIFO), (2) last-in, first-out (LIFO), or (3) average cost. The LIFO method is widely ...
(from the article "Indochina wars") 20th-century conflicts in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, with the principal involvement of France (1946-54) and later the United States (beginning in the 1950s). The wars are often called the French ...
(from the article "industrial design") ...interests within popular exhibitions of the era, such as MoMA's renowned display in 1975-76 of 19th-century architectural renderings in watercolour from the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the First International Architecture ...
(from the article "Harrison, Benjamin") Harrison's administration was marked by an innovative foreign policy and expanding American influence abroad. His secretary of state, James G. Blaine, presided over the First International Conference of American States, ...
(from the article "comparative law") The 19th century drew to a close with an important event-the meeting of the First International Congress of Comparative Law in Paris in 1900. Experts from every part of Europe ...
(from the article "logic, history of") Logic in the 19th century culminated grandly with the First International Congress of Philosophy and the Second International Congress of Mathematics held consecutively in Paris in August 1900. The overlap ...
(from the article "Antarctica") The importance of coordinating polar science efforts was recognized in 1879 by the International Polar Commission meeting in Hamburg, Ger., and thus the 11 participating nations organized the First International ...
(from the article "Transamerica Corporation") ...activity. In 1958, following government antitrust action, Transamerica was reorganized to separate its banking and nonbanking activities, and a new corporation, Firstamerica Corporation (now Western Bancorporation), was formed to take ...
(from the article "France") Any political feel-good factor from this was undermined by the extraordinary crisis over the First Job Contract (CPE) law. One of Villepin's first moves as prime minister in 2005 was ...
(from the article "Moroccan crises") ...show of imperial power, the emperor William II visited Tangier and, from his yacht on March 31, 1905, declared for Morocco's independence and integrity. The resultant international panic, the First ...
major American commercial bank with branch and representative offices in the United States and abroad. It is the principal subsidiary of the Bank of Boston Corporation (q.v.). [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Brazil") In 1971 Medici presented the First National Development Plan, which helped to increase the rate of economic growth and to develop the Northeast and Amazonia, especially by means of road ...
(from the article "Zambia") Shortly after independence, Zambia embarked on a program of national development planning, the Transitional Development Plan, preceding the First National Development Plan of 1966-71. This later plan, which provided for ...
(from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...Inc. (parent corporation of MGM, created by the merger of Metro, Goldwyn, and Mayer companies cited above, 1924), a national exhibition chain organized by Marcus Loew and Nicholas Schenck in ...
(from the article "Canada") ...in Indian political activism during the 1970s. Provincial and territorial Indian organizations flourished. At the national level, Indians were represented by the National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First ...
(from the article "fuging tune") a form of hymnody developed by American composers of the so-called First New England school during the period of the American Revolution (1775-83).
(June 1, 1794), the first great naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought between the French and the British in the Atlantic Ocean about 430 miles (690 km) west ...
(from the article "ancient Greek civilization") ...boundary dispute and a local war) and turned to Athens. This was the cause and beginning of the "violent hatred" between Corinth and Athens, which produced what modern scholars call ...
(from the article "Aristotle") ...the posthumous catalog of his writings as a name for the works listed after the Physics. He does, however, recognize the branch of philosophy now called metaphysics: he calls it ...
(from the article "ballet position") In the first position, the heels are together, with toes turned out until the feet are in a straight line. In the second position, the feet are in a parallel ...
(from the article "Harrison, Wallace K") ...his office buildings are the Alcoa Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1953), notable for its large aluminum panels cut by relatively small panels, and the Socony Mobil Building, New York City (1956). ...
(from the article "Mormon") The "General Authorities" of the church are the First Presidency (the church president and two councillors), the Council of the Twelve Apostles, the First Quorum of Seventy, and the presiding ...
(from the article "metaphysics") Another phrase used by Bradley in his preliminary discussion of metaphysics is "the study of first principles," or ultimate, irrefutable truths.philosophy of Anaximenes
(from the article "Ireland") Sean Lemass, prime minister from 1959 to 1966, initiated measures to stimulate Ireland's seriously stagnating economy. Under the First Programme for Economic Expansion (1958-63), economic protection was dismantled and foreign ...
(from the article "Mao Zedong") Mao eventually graduated from the First Provincial Normal School in Changsha in 1918. While officially an institution of secondary level rather than of higher education, the normal school offered a ...
(from the article "Higginson, Thomas Wentworth") Ordained after graduating from Harvard Divinity School (1847), Higginson became pastor of the First Religious Society of Newburyport, Massachusetts, where he preached a social gospel too liberal even for Unitarians. ...
(from the article "Major rulers of France") ...of the Tuileries by the people of Paris and provincial militia on Aug. 10, 1792. It also led to the temporary suspension of the king's powers by the Legislative Assembly ...
(from the article "Madagascar") The opposition regrouped under the name Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar (Antokon'ny Kongresin'ny Fahaleovantenan'i Madagasikara; AKFM), which included both Protestant Merina dissidents and communists. Antananarivo was the party's ...
(from the article "Korea, South") The First Republic, established in August 1948, adopted a presidential system, and Syngman Rhee was subsequently elected its first president. It also adopted a National Security Law, which effectively prohibited ...
(from the article "Burundi") ...his son, who began what was to be an extremely short reign, as he himself was deposed by Tutsi politicians in November. With the formal overthrow of the monarchy and ...
(from the article "Northwest Coast Indian") ...would refuse to return to the river. Hence, there were numerous specific prohibitions on acts believed to offend them and a number of observances designed to propitiate them, chief of ...
(from the article "Seminole Wars") The First Seminole War (1817-18) began over attempts by U.S. authorities to recapture runaway black slaves living among Seminole bands. Under General Andrew Jackson, U.S. military forces invaded the area, ...
(from the article "Stanislavsky, Konstantin Sergeyevich") ...an exceptional talent for satirical characterization. Commanding respect from followers and adversaries alike, he became a dominant influence on the Russian intellectuals of the time. He formed the First Studio ...
(from the article "Maori") ...Many Maori were determined not to sell. In 1859 Te Teira, a Maori of the Taranaki area, sold his Waitara River land to the colonial government without the consent of ...
(from the article "Spanish Succession, War of the") ...of the Spanish Habsburgs. In an effort to regulate the impending succession, to which there were three principal claimants, England, the Dutch Republic, and France had in October 1698 signed ...
(from the article "Hodges, Courtney Hicks") In August, after the invasion, the U.S. forces in northern France were reorganized into the Twelfth Army Group under Bradley, and Hodges succeeded to command of the First Army. The ...
(from the article "Religion") ...in September, he called on the "quiet majority" of Muslims to "take back our religion from the vocal, violent, and ignorant extremists." Another notable interfaith event, the First World Congress ...
(from the article "Esmarch, Friedrich von") ...Prussian army against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870), when he held the rank of surgeon general. Esmarch wrote a handbook of military surgical technique and instituted training in ...
(from the article "postal system") ...accounts in 1947. A decline to less than 1,000,000 depositors caused the service to be discontinued in 1966. Mail was formally divided into three classes in 1863, and a fourth ...
(from the article "burn") Physicians have traditionally categorized burns as first-, second-, or third-degree injuries, according to the depth of skin damage (see illustration). In a first-degree burn, only the epidermis is affected. These ...
(from the article "computer") ...heat, and could execute up to 5,000 additions per second, several orders of magnitude faster than its electromechanical predecessors. It and subsequent computers employing vacuum tubes are known as first-generation ...
(from the article "sound recording") ...in binary form, and a series of points are impressed on the compact disc. Playback is essentially the reverse of recording. Each point on the wave is read in and ...
(from the article "metalogic") ...the interpretations (models) of theories formalized in the framework of formal logic, especially in that of the first-order predicate calculus with identity-i.e., in elementary logic. A first-order language is given ...
(from the article "metalogic") A first-order theory is determined by a language and a set of selected sentences of the language-those sentences of the theory that are, in an arbitrary, generalized sense, the "true" ...
(from the article "poison") ...in the gastrointestinal tract must pass through the liver, where they can be biotransformed and thus eliminated before being distributed to other parts of the body. This phenomenon is known ...
(from the article "nuclear strategy") ...instead, it was just as likely that they would be used in counterforce strikes against military targets. A successful counterforce attack that rendered retaliation impossible-known as a "first strike"-would be ...
(from the article "Feminism Reimagined: The Third Wave") First-wave feminism (1848-1920) focused primarily on obtaining the full legal personhood and the political enfranchisement of women. Second-wave feminism (1963-1991) continued these struggles through the ultimately unsuccessful push for an ...
(from the article "infanticide") ...or for similar reasons. In many advanced societies, children have been killed in the belief that it would ensure health, good fortune, and general fertility. Religious offerings, especially of the ...
(from the article "Sasanian kings*") ...in repelling an invasion by the Hephthalites. In the following decades, however (the second half of the 5th century), Hephthalite attacks continued to harass and weaken the Sasanians. Firuz (reigned ...
(from the article "India") ...Islam Shah (ruled 1545-53). Islam Shah, preeminently a soldier, was less successful as a ruler than his father. Palace intrigues and insurrections marred his reign. On his death his young ...
(from the article "India") ...disputes caused both by party conflicts and by dynastic rivalries. When Muhammad's cousins Ahmad and Firuz finally gained control, Firuz succeeded as Firuz Shah Bahmani. His reign (1397-1422) was a ...
(from the article "South Asian arts") ...to be ascribed to his reign is the magnificent tomb of Shah Rukn-e 'Alam at Multan in Pakistan, which is built of brick and faced with exquisite tile work. The ...
