(from the article "advanced ceramics") Advanced ceramics intended for electromagnetic and mechanical applications are often produced as thin or thick films. Thick films are commonly produced by paper-casting methods, described above, or by spin-coating. In ...
(from the article "photography, technology of") The most widely used photographic process is the black-and-white negative-positive system (Figure 1). In the camera the lens projects an image of the scene being photographed onto a film coated ...
(from the article "electronics") ...of the liquid crystal display familiar in digital watch faces. They are essentially two parallel sheets of thin glass having the facing sides coated with a transparent yet electrically conducting ...
(from the article "dosimeter") instrument that measures exposure to ionizing radiation over a given period. There are three types of dosimeters worn by persons who work with or near sources of radiation. The film ...
(from the article "motion picture, history of the") Another influential phenomenon initiated in prewar France was the film d'art movement. It began with L'Assassinat du duc de Guise ("The Assassination of the ...
(from the article "advanced ceramics") Advanced ceramics intended for electromagnetic and mechanical applications are often produced as thin or thick films. Thick films are commonly produced by paper-casting methods, described above, or by spin-coating. In ...
(from the article "motion-picture technology") Before the introduction of sound, the film and intermittent were driven by a crank operated by the cameraman. With sound, considerably more uniformity in the speed of the film drive ...
(from the article "Porter, Edwin S.") pioneer American film director who introduced the technique of dramatic editing (piecing together scenes shot at different times and places).major references
gathering, usually annual, for the purpose of evaluating new or outstanding motion pictures. Sponsored by national or local governments, industry, service organizations, experimental film groups, or individual promoters, the festivals ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "motion-picture technology") Film types are usually described by their gauge, or approximate width. The 65-mm format is used chiefly for special effects and for special systems such as IMAX and Showscan. It ...
(from the article "surface coating") Upon application by spraying, brushing, or various industrial processes, surface coatings undergo what is known as film formation. In most film-formation processes, a liquid coating of relatively low viscosity is ...
(from the article "film noir") ...in its suicidal hero and bleak depiction of small-town life a tone suitably dismal for film noir. Such films are also sometimes designated as "semi-noir," or film ...
(from the article "motion-picture camera") ...lenses, shutter, and a viewing-focusing system. The motor-driven transport system is the chief element that differentiates motion-picture cameras from still cameras. Within the camera, the unexposed film is housed in ...
(from the article "theatre music") Many successful stage musicals have become additionally popular through the medium of motion pictures, but music as a basic element in filmmaking has gained recognition only since midcentury as something ...
style of filmmaking characterized by elements such as cynical heroes, stark lighting effects, frequent use of flashbacks, intricate plots, and an underlying existentialist philosophy. The genre was prevalent mostly in ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "motion picture") ...devoted to film art). The list of adherents to these clubs contains many luminaries from the film world (Epstein, Gance, L'Herbier, Germaine Dulac) and the other arts (Colette, Andre Gide). ...
(from the article "speed") in photography, any of those standards that indicate (1) the size of the lens opening, or aperture, (2) the duration of exposure, and (3) the sensitivity of the film to ...
(from the article "photography, technology of") ...between 4 × 5 inches and 8 × 10 inches. A front standard carries interchangeable lenses and shutters; a rear standard takes a ground-glass screen (for viewing and focusing) and ...
(from the article "stenciling") ...parts by drawing with lithographic tusche (a greasy ink) or crayon, which could later be washed out of the glue with turpentine. Water-based inks are now more common. Another method, ...
(from the article "motion-picture camera") A motion-picture camera essentially consists of a body, a film-transport system, lenses, shutter, and a viewing-focusing system. The motor-driven transport system is the chief element that differentiates motion-picture cameras from ...
(from the article "fungus") ...dolipores present; may lack parenthesomes; unicellular yeasts; example genera include Cystofilobasidium, Mrakia, and Itersonilia. Pathogenic in humans, causing cryptococcosis, parasitic on fungi, insects, and humans, saprobic in soil and ...
(from the article "bird") ...from the tip of a very short shaft. Their function is insulation, and they may be found in both pterylae and apteria in adult birds. They also constitute the first ...
(from the article "protist") Other pseudopodia found among the rhizopod amoebas include the filopodia and the reticulopodia. The filopodia are hyaline, slender, and often branching structures in which contraction of microfilaments moves the organism's ...
(from the article "Bulgaria") After World War II began, Bulgaria proclaimed neutrality. Tsar Boris, however, appointed a new government under a notorious Germanophile, Bogdan Filov, and moved steadily closer to the German orbit, particularly ...
(from the article "virus") ...which includes the virus that causes vesicular stomatitis in cattle, swine, and equines, and lyssavirus, which includes the causative agent of rabies.Enveloped virions, variably elongated filaments 650-14,000 nm in ...
(from the article "viral hemorrhagic fever") The filoviruses, seen in Central and East Africa, include Ebola virus and Marburg virus. These are among the most highly fatal of the hemorrhagic fevers; some strains of Ebola cause ...
(from the article "absorption") ...may be removed from a mixture of waves by letting them pass through an appropriate medium. Those substances that are designed to absorb a particular wavelength or band of wavelengths ...
in photography, device used to selectively modify the component wavelengths of mixed (e.g., white) light before it strikes the film. Filters may be made of coloured glass, plastic, gelatin, or ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "filter") Since filters absorb some of the light that passes through them, an increase in the calculated exposure is usually required. This increase is known as the filter factor. Modern cameras ...
in zoology, a form of food procurement in which food particles or small organisms are randomly strained from water. Filter feeding is found primarily among the small- to medium-sized invertebrates ... [8 Related Articles]
(from the article "attention") Is an individual able to attend to more than one thing at a time? There is little dispute that human beings and other animals selectively attend to some of the ...
process that occurs during the crystallization of intrusive igneous bodies in which the interstitial liquid is separated from the crystals by pressure. As crystals grow and accumulate in a magmatic ...
(from the article "sound") Filtration of sound plays an important part in the design of air-handling systems. In order to attenuate the level of sound from blower motors and other sources of vibration, regions ...
(from the article "analysis") This operation can be used to separate particles according to their dimensions. One application is the removal of the precipitate after selective precipitation. Such solid-liquid laboratory filtrations are performed through ...
(from the article "renal system") Estimation of the GFR and RPF allows the proportion of available plasma perfusing the kidney that is filtered by the glomerulus to be calculated. This is called the filtration fraction ...
(from the article "sacrum") ...running down through the centre of the sacrum represents the end of the vertebral canal; the functional spinal cord ends at about the level of the first sacral vertebra, but ...
(from the article "fallopian tube") ...layers of muscle tissue; the innermost layer has spirally arranged fibres, the middle layer has circular fibres, and the outermost sheath has longitudinal fibres that end in many fingerlike branches ...
(from the article "Mithradates VI Eupator") ...out against him, such as Rhodes, which he besieged unsuccessfully. He also sent large armies into Greece, where Athens and other cities took his side. But the Roman generals, Sulla ...
(from the article "animal development") ...the limb rudiment condense; these are the rudiments of the various components of the limb skeleton. In fishes, small outgrowths from the myotomes enter the limb rudiment to form the ...
(from the article "gasoline engine") Some engines, particularly aviation engines and small units for mowers, chain saws, and other tools, are air-cooled. Air cooling is accomplished by forming thin metal fins on the exterior surfaces ...
of, relating to, characteristic of, or resembling the late 19th-century literary and artistic climate of sophistication, escapism, extreme aestheticism, world-weariness, and fashionable despair. When used in reference to literature, the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "keel") ...prevent sideslip. A "skeg" is an aftward extension of the keel intended to keep the boat moving straight and to protect the propeller and rudder from underwater obstructions. A "fin ...
fin or small wing mounted on a ship or aircraft in such a way as to oppose unwanted rolling motions of the vehicle and thus contribute to its stability. The ...
a slender baleen whale, second in size to the blue whale and distinguishable by its asymmetrical coloration. The fin whale is generally gray with a white underside, but the right ... [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "skeleton") The origin of paired fins has been much debated, and many theories have been put forward in explanation. According to the widely accepted fin-fold theory, the paired limbs are derived ...
(from the article "Vienna, Congress of") The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna comprised all these agreements in one great instrument. It was signed on June 9, 1815, by the "eight" (except Spain, who refused ...
(from the article "aerospace industry") The final assembly of complete aircraft usually requires a facility furnished with a network of overhead rails on which ride heavy-lift cranes capable of moving large portions of vehicles. Facility ...
(from the article "Aristotle") ...carving a statue, and a doctor healing a patient. The fourth and last type of cause is the end or goal of a thing-that for the sake of which a ...
(from the article "Geneva Accords") ...of Vietnam (i.e., the South Vietnamese). The 10 documents-none of which were treaties binding the participants-consisted of 3 military agreements, 6 unilateral declarations, and a Final Declaration of the Geneva ...
video game created in January 1987 by Japanese game manufacturer SquareSoft (now Square Enix, Inc.). The first installment of the long-running role-playing game (RPG) series was playable on the Nintendo ...
(from the article "procedural law") When proceedings end, the court that has considered the case will render what is called a final judgment. Judgments deciding some procedural matter or intermediate substantive issue but not terminating ...
(from the article "Germany") ...major influence over its deliberations. Napoleon had resolved to utilize the settlement of territorial claims to fundamentally alter the structure of the Holy Roman Empire. The result was that the ...
(from the article "international relations") ...between East and West Germans proceeded at an emergency pace. The two governments signed the terms for their political union on August 31. The four Allied powers then ratified them ...
(from the article "World War II") ...into the German armaments industry were soon applied to the whole of German-dominated Europe and ultimately turned 7,500,000 people into forced or slave labourers. Above all, however, there was the ...
(from the article "urine") ...the nephron tube, water and useful plasma components such as amino acids, glucose, and other nutrients are reabsorbed into the bloodstream, leaving a concentrated solution of waste material called final, ...
in music, the last and, as a rule, lively movement of a multimovement instrumental work, or the culminating section of an operatic act or scene, usually involving a vocal ensemble ...
(from the article "church mode") ...integrated the tetrachordal principle into the doctrine of ascending church modes, based on the constituent pitches of the tetrachord d-e-f-g, which furnishes the first step, or finalis, for each of ...
the process of raising funds or capital for any kind of expenditure. Consumers, business firms, and governments often do not have the funds available to make expenditures, pay their debts, ... [1 Related Articles]
specialized financial institution that supplies credit for the purchase of consumer goods and services by purchasing the time-sales contracts of merchants or by granting small loans directly to consumers. Specialized ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Nicaragua") The Central Bank of Nicaragua, established in 1961, has the sole right of issue of the national currency, the cordoba. The financial system had been dominated by the government-owned Finance ...
(from the article "accounting") ...reports for public corporations can be obtained from the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) through its website. The preparation of these reports falls within a branch of accounting known as ...
(from the article "accounting") ...in the United Kingdom. In the United States the principles are embodied in generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which represent partly the consensus of experts and partly the work of ...
(from the article "marketing") ...much a company spends to achieve its sales goals. The ratio of marketing expenses to sales is expected to fluctuate, and companies usually establish an acceptable range for this ratio. ...
(from the article "France") ...or bodies and dispensed the king's supreme and final judgments. The State Council for Finances (Conseil d'Etat et Finances) expedited financial matters of secondary importance, while the Financial Arbitration Court ...
(from the article "capital") ...inputs into a productive system, but it is usually more useful to confine the term to material assets in the hands of productive enterprises. In this sense, there are two ...
(from the article "economics") Although news about the stock market has come to dominate financial journalism, only since the late 20th century was the stock market recognized as an institution suitable for economic analysis. ...
(from the article "business finance") The financial manager must also make overall forecasts of future capital requirements to ensure that funds will be available to finance new investment programs. The first step in making such ...
(from the article "security") ...United States in the 1960s. Certain legislative enactments substantially shut the capital market of the U.S. to foreign issuers; and other restraints were imposed on foreign lending by United States ...
(from the article "finance") ...of credit, loans, or invested capital to those economic entities that most need them or can put them to the most productive use. The institutions that channel funds from savers ...
(from the article "corporate finance") It is the job of a corporation's financial manager or managers to conduct both of the aforementioned functions in a manner that maximizes shareholder wealth, or stock price. Financial managers ...
(from the article "mass production") At the same time the large capital needs of growing industries place special emphasis on the ability to acquire the necessary capital resources. Thus, the financial markets become extremely important ...
(from the article "business finance") Short-term financial operations are closely involved with the financial planning and control activities of a firm. These include financial ratio analysis, profit planning, financial forecasting, and budgeting.
(from the article "International Monetary Fund") Additional loans are available for members with financial difficulties that require them to borrow more than 25 percent of their quotas. The IMF uses an analytic framework known as financial ...
(from the article "business finance") A firm's balance sheet contains many items that, taken by themselves, have no clear meaning. Financial ratio analysis is a way of appraising their relative importance. The ratio of current ...
(from the article "Offshoring") Similar factors were spurring offshoring's growth in the financial services industry, ranging from banking to insurance to securities trading. Within the past year, financial institutions in North America and Europe ...
(from the article "Japan") In a rare departure from its customary hands-off policy toward corporate accounting practices, the Financial Services Agency (FSA) in May ordered Chuo Aoyama, one of the nation's leading accounting firms, ...
(from the article "United Kingdom") ...and jobbers. The Financial Services Act of 1986, the Building Societies Act of 1987, and the Banking Act of 1987 regulate these new financial organizations. In 1997 the government established ...
(from the article "accounting") The primary output of the financial accounting system is the annual financial statement. The three most common components of a financial statement are the balance sheet, the income statement, and ...
By 1993 industrialized countries throughout the world were facing a common and growing problem--how to cope with the financial problems created by a growing proportion of elderly in their populations. ... [11 Related Articles]
(from the article "economic systems") ...of high-tech manufacturing from Europe and North America to the low-wage regions of Southwest Asia, Latin America, and Africa. Another change has been the unprecedented growth of international finance to ...
morning daily newspaper published in London that has had strong influence on the financial policies of the British government. It is known as one of England's superior daily newspapers.
(from the article "baldness") The third treatment is the systemic application of the drug finasteride. This drug is taken in pill form on a daily basis and appears to be effective in preventing further ...
(from the article "Venezuela") ...and small, subsistence-based minifundios. Most farms can be organized broadly into three basic types. First are fincas comercializados (commercial crop farms), which usually cover ...
(from the article "Venezuela") ...small in size and includes a mixture of food crops such as corn and beans for local consumption and commercial crops such as coffee and cacao. The third type are ...
any of several hundred species of small conical-billed, seed-eating songbirds (order Passeriformes). Well-known or interesting birds classified as finches include the bunting, canary, cardinal, chaffinch, crossbill, Galapagos finch, goldfinch, grass ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Lee, Harper") The narrator of the novel is lawyer Atticus Finch's six-year-old daughter "Scout." Scout and her brother Jem learn the principles of racial justice and social tolerance from their father, whose ...
American-born Canadian poet whose gift for satire found an outlet in lyrics characterized by irony, metaphysical wit, complex imagery, and a strong sense of form. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Earth sciences") ...form directly from the coalescence of these droplets, as in the case of tropical rains, or in the temperate zones through the intermediary of ice crystals. According to the theory ...
(from the article "New Age movement") ...spiritual energy to the world and allegedly received channeled messages from various preternatural beings, especially the Ascended Masters of the Great White Brotherhood. For example, Scotland's Findhorn Foundation believed that ...
city, seat (1828) of Hancock county, northwestern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Blanchard River, 47 miles (76 km) south of Toledo. The site was laid out by Joseph Vance ...
(from the article "Cincinnati Arch") ...as the Nashville Dome. On the north the Cincinnati Arch has two branches; one, trending west-northwest, is known as the Kankakee Arch. The other branch, trending north-northeast, is known as ...
Canadian author known for his intelligent writing and storytelling. His subject matter is often the lives of troubled individuals. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "prison") The most common penalty is the fine. For example, in the 1980s in England, about four-fifths of all defendants found guilty of crimes were fined. The imposition of a fine ...
institute in San Francisco, Calif., comprising two separate museums, the de Young and the Legion of Honor. Together the museums contain the city's largest art collection.
(from the article "painting, Western") In 1757 the Academy of Fine Arts was founded in St. Petersburg, and foreign artists-mostly French-were invited to direct the new school. These trained some remarkable native portraitists, such as ...
(from the article "Cezanne, Paul") ...early 1860s was a period of great vitality for Parisian literary and artistic activity. The conflict had reached its height between the Realist painters, led by Gustave Courbet, and the ...
cultural centre in Boston, Mass., U.S., whose balanced collections have made it one of the world's most comprehensive art museums. The museum was founded in 1870 with the art holdings ... [5 Related Articles]
museum in Caracas, Venez., containing a variety of international and Venezuelan art, and also possessing fine gardens. It adjoins the Gallery of National Art (Galeria de Arte Nacional), one of ...
(from the article "Brussels") The Palace of Fine Arts, designed by the Art Nouveau architect Victor Horta and opened in 1928, provides a cultural centre for those interested in the visual arts, film, music, ...
