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field goal: (from the article "football, gridiron") ...was also responsible for having 11 players on a side, for devising a new scoring system in 1883 with two points for a touchdown, four points for the goal after ...
field hockey: outdoor game played by two opposing teams of 11 players each who use sticks curved at the striking end to hit a small, hard ball into their opponent's goal. It ... [13 Related Articles]
field independence: (from the article "personality") Another much studied cognitive control is called field dependence-field independence. It pertains to the extent to which people are influenced by inner (field-independent) or environmental (field-dependent) cues in orienting themselves ...
field ionization: (from the article "mass spectrometry") Intense fields, of the order of 10⁸ volts per centimetre, can be generated in the neighbourhood of sharp points and edges of electrodes, and these have been used as field ...
Field Museum of Natural History: museum in Chicago, Illinois, U.S., established in 1893 as the Columbian Museum of Chicago with a gift from Marshall Field (from whom it derived its present name in 1905). It ... [6 Related Articles]
field mushroom: (from the article "mushroom") ...between the two names, and either can be properly applied to any fleshy fungus fruiting structure. In a very restricted sense, mushroom indicates the common edible fungus of fields and ...
Field of Lies: (from the article "Louis I") ...agitated against the Divisio, while conflict among the brothers, exacerbated by the involvement of opportunistic nobles, continued. On June 30, 833, Louis met Lothar at the so-called "Field of Lies" ...
Field of Mars: (from the article "Saint Petersburg") ...important, in outward order from the Admiralty, are the Moyka and Fontanka rivers and the Griboyedov and Obvodny canals. Downstream from the northern entrance of the Fontanka into the Neva ...
field of view: (from the article "microscope") The magnifying power, or extent to which the object being viewed appears enlarged, and the field of view, or size of the object that can be viewed, are related by ...
field separation: (from the article "Separations based on rate phenomena") Electrophoresis, described in an earlier section of this article, is an important method in the separation of biopolymers-namely, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules and proteins. Electrophoresis is conventionally conducted on plates ...
field theory: in psychology, conceptual model of human behaviour developed by German American psychologist Kurt Lewin, who was closely allied with the Gestalt psychologists. Lewin's work went far beyond the orthodox Gestalt ...
field trial: any of the competitions among individual sporting dogs, under conditions that approximate or simulate those found in the hunting field. Competing dogs need not necessarily be of the same breed. ...
field winding: (from the article "electric generator") ...prime mover. The magnetic field is produced by conductors, or coils, wound into slots cut in the surface of the cylindrical iron rotor. This set of coils, connected in series, ...
Field, Barron: (from the article "Australian literature") ...in the colony, such as the poets Charles Tompson and William Wentworth in Australasia (1823), but those who were serving a tour of duty in the Antipodes, like the unfortunately ...
Field, Ben: (from the article "sleeping car") ...railroads as early as the 1830s, but these were makeshift; the first car designed for comfortable nighttime travel was the Pullman sleeper, which was commercially introduced by George M. Pullman ...
Field, Cyrus W: U.S. financier noted for the success of the first transatlantic cable. He was the younger brother of the law reformer David Dudley Field and of U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen ... [1 Related Articles]
Field, Darby: (from the article "Appalachian Mountains") ...figures associated with the opening of northern Appalachia include the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who sighted the mountains in 1605 as he sailed along the Maine coast; the American ...
Field, David Dudley: U.S. lawyer whose advocacy of law codification had international influence. The "Field Code" of civil procedure, enacted by New York state in 1848, was subsequently adopted in whole or in ... [1 Related Articles]
Field, Eugene: U.S. poet and journalist, best known, to his disgust, as the "poet of childhood." [2 Related Articles]
Field, Hartry: (from the article "mathematics, philosophy of") ...long explanation of why mathematics is pragmatically useful and intellectually interesting despite the fact that it is not literally true. Fictionalism was first proposed by the American philosopher Hartry Field. ...
Field, John: British ballet dancer and director, long-time artistic director of the Royal Ballet's touring company (1956-70).
Field, John: Irish pianist and composer, whose nocturnes for piano were among models used by Chopin. [2 Related Articles]
Field, John: (from the article "Parliament, Admonition to") Puritan manifesto, published in 1572 and written by the London clergymen John Field and Thomas Wilcox, that demanded that Queen Elizabeth I restore the "purity" of New Testament worship in ...
Field, Marshall: American department-store owner whose pioneering activities in retail merchandising were continued and extended into publishing by successive generations of his family. [2 Related Articles]
Field, Marshall, III: (from the article "Associated Press") ...to New York, where association laws permitted the group to continue its strict control of membership, including blackballing of applicants for membership by existing members. In the early 1940s, Marshall ...
Field, Nathan: one of the principal actors of England's Elizabethan stage. [1 Related Articles]
Field, Rachel: (from the article "children's literature") Work of quality was contributed during these two lively decades by authors too numerous to list. Among the best of them are Will James, with his horse story Smoky (1926); ...
Field, Sally: (from the article "Roberts, Julia") ...Pizza (1988). Her career took off after she was cast in Steel Magnolias (1989), which featured such veteran actresses as Shirley MacLaine, Olympia Dukakis, and Sally Field. ...
Field, Stephen J: associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and chief architect of the constitutional approach that largely exempted the rapidly expanding industry of the United States from governmental regulation after the ...
field-aligned current system: (from the article "geomagnetic field") Circulation of magnetic field lines in a pattern of closed loops within the magnetosphere is a consequence of the tangential drag of the solar wind. This circulation produces another important ...
field-effect transistor: (from the article "transistor") Another kind of unipolar transistor, called the metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET), is particularly well suited for microwave and other high-frequency applications because it can be manufactured from semiconductor materials with ...
field-effect transistor electrode: (from the article "analysis") ...the response time of ion-selective electrodes. They dispense with the internal reference solution by using a polymeric membrane that is directly coated onto the internal reference electrode. Field-effect transistor electrodes ...
field-emission microscope: (from the article "microscope") In this instrument a wire with a sharpened tip is mounted in a cathode-ray tube. Electrons are drawn from the tip by a high electrical field and travel toward the ...
field-flow fractionation: (from the article "Separations based on rate phenomena") ...faster inner streams would enhance migration. The net effect would yield differential migration. A thermal gradient between two walls has also been used. This recently developed technique is called field-flow ...
field-ion microscope: (from the article "microscope") A development of the field-emission microscope is the field-ion microscope, in which the tip is surrounded by a low pressure of helium gas. The gas is ionized at the atom ...
Fielden, John: radical British reformer, a notable proponent of legislation protecting the welfare of factory workers.
Fielder, Prince: (from the article "Baseball") ...Holliday won the NL title with .340. Alex Rodriguez of the Yankees collected the most home runs (54) and runs batted in (RBIs; 156) in the AL, earning the regular-season ...
Fielding, Henry: novelist and playwright, who, with Samuel Richardson, is considered a founder of the English novel. Among his major novels are Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749). [6 Related Articles]
Fielding, Sarah: English author and translator whose novels were among the earliest in the English language and the first to examine the interior lives of women and children. [1 Related Articles]
Fielding, Sir John: English police magistrate and the younger half brother of novelist Henry Fielding, noted for his efforts toward the suppression of professional crime and the establishment of reforms in London's administration ... [1 Related Articles]
Fielding, William Stevens: journalist and statesman whose 19-year tenure as dominion finance minister was the longest in Canadian history.
Fields Medal: award granted to between two and four mathematicians for outstanding or seminal research. The Fields Medal is often referred to as the mathematical equivalent of the Nobel Prize, but it ... [1 Related Articles]
Fields, Dame Gracie: English music-hall comedienne.
Fields, Dorothy: American songwriter who collaborated with a number of Broadway's top composers during the heyday of American musical theatre, producing the lyrics for many classic shows. [1 Related Articles]
Fields, James T: author and leading publisher in the United States.
Fields, Lew: (from the article "Weber and Fields") American comedy team that was popular at the turn of the 20th century. Joe Weber (in full Joseph Weber; b. Aug. 11, 1867New York, N.Y., U.S.-d. May 10, 1942Hollywood, Calif.) ...
Fields, Mark: (from the article "Economic Affairs") ...was the decline in sales of the large pickup trucks and SUVs that had been the backbone of Ford's revenues for the past decade. By September the automaker had shaken ...
Fields, W.C.: actor whose flawless timing and humorous cantankerousness made him one of America's greatest comedians. His real-life and screen personalities were often indistinguishable, and he is remembered for his distinctive nasal ... [2 Related Articles]
fieldwork: (from the article "anthropology") The first generation of anthropologists had tended to rely on others-locally based missionaries, colonial administrators, and so on-to collect ethnographic information, often guided by questionnaires that were issued by metropolitan ...
Fiennes, Celia: English travel writer who journeyed on horseback all over England at the end of the 17th century, and whose journals are an invaluable source for social and economic historians.
Fiera del Levante: (from the article "Bari") ...the relics of St. Nicholas, the patron saint of Bari. The seat of an archbishop and of a university (founded 1924), the city has a provincial picture gallery and archaeological ...
Fierlinger, Zdenek: (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") ...and other political figures journeyed from London to Moscow to make a final accord with Stalin and Gottwald. A program of postwar reconstruction was worked out under decisive communist influence; ...
Fiero: (from the article "materials science") ...l953 Corvette sports car marked the first appearance of composites in a production model, and composites have continued to appear in automotive components ever since. In 1984, General Motors' Fiero ...
Fierstein, Harvey: If Harvey Fierstein did not exist, the American entertainment industry would have had to invent him. The 49-year-old actor, playwright, social activist, and sometime drag queen spent 2003 eliciting bravos ...
Fiery Furnace: (from the article "Arches National Park") ...of unusual shapes, including pinnacles, windows, and arches. Notable features are Balanced Rock, Courthouse Towers (with spires that resemble skyscrapers), The Windows Section, Delicate Arch, Fiery Furnace (so named because ...
fiery war: (from the article "ancient Rome") Annual warfare resumed in Spain in 154, being perhaps in part a violent reaction to corrupt administration, and dragged on until 133. Labeled a "fiery war" (really wars), these struggles ...
fiery-billed aracari: (from the article "toucan") ...the bill is composed of extremely lightweight bone covered with keratin-the same material as human fingernails. The common names of several species, such as the chestnut-mandibled toucan, the fiery-billed aracari, ...
Fieschi Family: a noble Genoese family whose members played an important role in Guelf (papal party) politics in medieval Italy. The Fieschi allied with the Angevin kings of Sicily and later with ... [1 Related Articles]
Fieschi, Gian Luigi, Il Giovanne: Genoese nobleman, whose conspiracy against the Doria family is the subject of much literature. The Fieschi family (q.v.) was one of the greatest families of Liguria.
Fieschi, Giuseppe Maria: French republican conspirator who on July 28, 1835, unsuccessfully attempted to assassinate King Louis-Philippe.
Fieseler, Gerhard: pioneering German aviator, aerobatic flyer, and aircraft designer.
Fiesole: town and episcopal see of Florence provincia, Tuscany regione, north-central Italy. It is situated on a hill overlooking the Arno and Mugnone valleys just ... [2 Related Articles]
fiesta: (from the article "Guam") Before World War II the villages were the main social and economic units, preserving customs and traditions similar to those of 19th-century Spain. Fiestas held in commemoration of patron saints ...
Fiesta Bowl: annual American college postseason gridiron football game held at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Ariz., beginning in 2008, after being played at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Ariz., ... [4 Related Articles]
Fiesta de San Fermin: festival held annually in Pamplona, Spain, beginning at noon on July 6 and ending at midnight on July 14, honouring the city's first bishop and patron saint, Saint Fermin. [2 Related Articles]
Fiesta del Milagro: (from the article "Salta") ...damage caused by earthquakes, many of the city's colonial buildings have been preserved, including the cathedral, and colonial-style architecture is used in many modern buildings as well. Salta's Fiesta del ...
FIFA: football (soccer) electronic game series developed by EA Sports, a division of the American gaming company Electronic Arts, and licensed from the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). EA Sports ...
Fife: council area and historic county of eastern Scotland, covering a peninsula bounded on the north by the Firth of Tay, on the east by the North Sea, on the south ...
fife: small transverse (side-blown) flute with six finger holes and a narrow cylindrical bore that produces a high pitch and shrill tone. The modern fife, pitched to the A♭ above middle ... [1 Related Articles]
Fifinella: (foaled 1913), English racehorse (Thoroughbred) who in 1916 won the Derby, and two days later the Oaks; she was the last horse to win both events in one year.
Fifteen Puzzle: (from the article "number game") One of the best known of all puzzles is the Fifteen Puzzle, which was invented by Sam Loyd the elder about 1878. It is also known as the Boss Puzzle, ...
Fifteen Rebellion: (from the article "Jacobite") The third attempt, the Fifteen Rebellion, was a serious affair. In the summer of 1715 John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar, an embittered ex-supporter of the Revolution, raised the Jacobite ...
Fifteen Years' War: (from the article "Hungary") Religious antagonism played an important part when war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Turks broke out again in 1591. In the Fifteen Years' War, imperial troops entered Transylvania, ...
Fifteenth Amendment: (from the article "Johnson, Andrew") ...leader was over. During his remaining days in office, he extended his grants of amnesty to all of the former rebels. The vexing problem of black suffrage was addressed by ...
fifth: (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...tone systems while the two ends of the old continent (i.e., the West and China) generated 12 tones based on a cycle of pitches 5 tones apart (such as C ...
Fifth Amendment: (from the article "Rights, Bill of") The Fourth Amendment secures the people against unreasonable searches and seizures and forbids the issuance of warrants except upon probable cause and directed to specific persons and places. The Fifth ...
fifth column: clandestine group or faction of subversive agents who attempt to undermine a nation's solidarity by any means at their disposal. The term is credited to Emilio Mola Vidal, a Nationalist ...
Fifth Generation Cinema: (from the article "China") ...to renew China's remarkable cultural traditions. Loosening many of the earlier restrictions has also rejuvenated many art forms previously devoted almost exclusively to propaganda. China's "Fifth Generation Cinema," for example, ...
Fifth Monarchy Men: an extreme Puritan sect that came into prominence in England during the Commonwealth and Protectorate. They were so called from their belief that the time of the fifth monarchy was ... [5 Related Articles]
Fifth National Development Plan: (from the article "Zambia") In January 2007 Pres. Levy Mwanawasa launched Zambia's Fifth National Development Plan, which focused on good governance; improving health, education, and the infrastructure; and encouraging foreign investment. The plan received ...
fifth position: (from the article "assemble") ...the dancer brushes the working leg into the air while simultaneously pushing off the supporting leg, touches the feet or legs together in the air, and lands with the feet ...
Fifth Republic: (from the article "Major rulers of France") During his years of self-imposed exile, de Gaulle had scorned and derided the Fourth Republic and its leaders. He had briefly sought to oppose the regime by organizing a Gaullist ...
Fifth Republic: (from the article "Korea, South") In August 1980 Chun Doo Hwan was elected president by the NCU. A new constitution, under which the president was limited to one seven-year term, was approved in October, ushering ...
fifth wheel: (from the article "truck") A device called a fifth wheel is used to connect a truck tractor to a semitrailer and to permit articulation between the units. It generally includes a lower half, consisting ...
fifth-generation language: (from the article "artificial intelligence") Researchers at the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology in Tokyo have used PROLOG as the basis for sophisticated logic programming languages. Known as fifth-generation languages, these are in use ...
fifty-move rule: (from the article "chess") ...(stalemate), (5) when an identical position occurs three times with the same player having the right to move, and (6) when no piece has been captured and no pawn has ...
fig: plant of the genus Ficus, of the mulberry family (Moraceae), especially Ficus carica, the common fig. Ficus carica, which yields the well-known figs of commerce, is indigenous to an area ... [2 Related Articles]
fig shell: (from the article "gastropod") ...tropical predators on echinoderms; often burrow in sand; includes helmet shells (Cassidae), tun shells (Doliidae), frog shells (Bursidae), triton shells (Cymatiidae), and fig shells (Ficidae); frog and triton shells often ...
Fig Tree Series: (from the article "black shale") Black shales are of interest both historically and commercially. The oldest-known shales are carboniferous varieties of the 3.2-billion-year-old Fig Tree Series of South Africa. The Green River formation, an oil-shale ...
fig wasp: any of about 900 species of tiny wasps responsible for pollinating the world's 900 species of figs (see Ficus). Each species of wasp pollinates only one species ... [2 Related Articles]
fig-marigold: (from the article "ice plant") (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), low-growing annual plant, of the carpetweed family (Aizoaceae), and one of 25 species commonly called fig-marigolds, constituting the genus Mesembryanthemum. Most are fleshy-leaved desert herbs. Ice plant is ...
Figari, Pedro: (from the article "Uruguay") The 19th-century painter Juan Manuel Blanes, whose works depict historical events, was the first Uruguayan artist to gain widespread recognition. The Post-Impressionist painter Pedro Figari achieved international renown for his ...
Figaro: comic character, a barber turned valet, who is the hero of Le Barbier de Seville (1775; The Barber of Seville) and Le Mariage de Figaro (1784; The Marriage of Figaro), ...
Figaro, Le: morning daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the great newspapers of France and of the world. [3 Related Articles]
Figes, Eva: English novelist, social critic, and translator who reacted against traditional realist literature by inventing new forms for her own works.
Figg, James: first recognized bare-knuckle boxing champion of England. Also an expert at wrestling, swordplay, and fighting with cudgels, he became prominent as a pugilist about 1719. [1 Related Articles]
fight-or-flight response: (from the article "endocrine system, human") ...Acutely threatened animals and humans respond to stress with multiple physical changes, including endocrine changes, that prepare them to react or retreat. This process is known as the "fight or ...
fighter aircraft: aircraft designed primarily to secure control of essential airspace by destroying enemy aircraft in combat. The opposition may consist of fighters of equal capability or of bombers carrying protective armament. ... [8 Related Articles]
fighter kite: (from the article "kite") One ancient design, the fighter kite, became popular throughout Asia. Most variations, including the fighter kites of India and Japan, are small, flat, roughly diamond-shaped kites made of paper, with ...
fighter sweep: (from the article "air warfare") ...The Germans quickly learned that the twin-engined Bf-110s could not hold their own against the humbler Spitfires and Hurricanes and removed them from frontline daylight service. More effective were fighter ...
fighting: (from the article "aggressive behaviour") ...creatures as diverse as sea anemones, rag worms, wolf spiders, field crickets, lobsters, salmon, tree frogs, lizards, songbirds, rats, and chimpanzees. Given that so many different kinds of animals fight, ...