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echolocation ... economics

echolocation: a physiological process for locating distant or invisible objects (such as prey) by means of sound waves reflected back to the emitter (such as a bat) by the objects. Echolocation ... [14 Related Articles]
echoppe: (from the article "printmaking") ...uses a whole arsenal, including electrical drills and gravers. The line produced by the etching needle is threadlike and uniform in thickness. The exception is a line made by the ...
echos: melody type associated with early Byzantine liturgical chant. The eight echoi (hence, the collective oktoechos) of the Byzantine system were probably derived from Syrian music, and the concept of echos ... [3 Related Articles]
echovirus: (from the article "picornavirus") ...invade the central nervous system as well; rhinoviruses, which infect the tissues in the vertebrate nose; and the virus agent of foot-and-mouth disease. Among the enteroviruses are polioviruses, echoviruses (enteric, ...
Echuca: city, northern Victoria, Australia. The name Echuca is derived from an Aboriginal term meaning "meeting of the waters," from the city's location at the junction of the Murray and Campaspe ...
Ecija: city, Sevilla provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southwestern Spain. It lies along the Genil River east of Sevilla. The ...
Eck, Johann: German theologian who was Martin Luther's principal Roman Catholic opponent. [4 Related Articles]
ECKANKAR: a Westernized version of the Punjabi Sant Mat or Radha Soami Satsang spiritual tradition. ECKANKAR was founded in 1965 by Paul Twitchell (c. 1908-71).
Eckbo, Garrett: American landscape architect (b. Nov. 28, 1910, Cooperstown, N.Y.-d. May 15, 2000, Oakland, Calif.), was a pioneer of modern landscape architecture. Eckbo was best known for his innovative designs for ...
Eckener, Hugo: German aeronautical engineer and commander of the first lighter-than-air aircraft to fly around the world. [1 Related Articles]
Eckermann, Johann Peter: German writer, chiefly remembered as the assistant and close associate of the aging author J.W. von Goethe; his Gesprache mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens, 1823-32, 3 vol. ... [1 Related Articles]
eckermannite: (from the article "arfvedsonite") amphibole mineral, an iron-rich sodium silicate. Lithium and magnesium replace iron in the structure to form eckermannite. Both minerals characteristically occur as dark-green crystals in alkali igneous rocks and their ...
Eckert, Franz: (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...bandmaster, William Fenton, teaching the Japanese navy band, worked together with gagaku musicians through several unsuccessful versions; and the search continued through his German successor, Franz Eckert. A court musician, ...
Eckert, J. Presper, Jr.: American engineer and coinventor of the first general-purpose electronic computer, a digital machine that was the prototype for most computers in use today. [9 Related Articles]
Eckert, William D.: (from the article "baseball") ...with a large proportion earmarked for the pension fund. Radio and television rights for regular-season games remained with each club. Later commissioners included Ford C. Frick (1951-65), William D. Eckert ...
Eckhart, Meister: Dominican theologian and writer who was the greatest German speculative mystic. In the transcripts of his sermons in German and Latin, he charts the course of union between the individual ... [7 Related Articles]
Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius: Austrian numismatist whose classification of coins by region, chronology, and type became the model and standard for later systems.
Eckstein, David: (from the article "Baseball") ...clinched with a 4-2 victory in St. Louis on October 27. Jeff Weaver, a former Tiger, pitched eight innings for the Cardinals and allowed one earned run on four hits ...
Eckstine, Billy: American singer and bandleader who achieved great personal success while fostering the careers of a number of younger jazz musicians. [2 Related Articles]
Eckstorm, Fannie Pearson Hardy: American writer and ornithologist whose extensive personal knowledge of her native Maine informed her authoritative publications on the history, wildlife, cultures, and lore of the region.
eclampsia: (from the article "preeclampsia and eclampsia") ...women during a first pregnancy. It is marked by elevated blood pressure (hypertension), protein in the urine (proteinuria), and swelling (edema) that is strikingly noticeable in the hands and face. ...
eclecticism: (from Greek eklektikos, "selective"), in philosophy and theology, the practice of selecting doctrines from different systems of thought without adopting the whole parent system for each doctrine. It is distinct ... [3 Related Articles]
eclectus parrot: (from the article "psittaciform") ...yellow, blue, or white; the plumage of others is predominated by the latter colours. A few parrots are brown or all green. Sexes are alike or nearly so, with a ...
eclipse: in astronomy, complete or partial obscuring of a celestial body by another. An eclipse occurs when three celestial objects become aligned. [15 Related Articles]
Eclipse Machine Company: (from the article "Bendix Corporation") ...in South Bend, Ind., in 1924; by 1928 the Bendix Corporation was producing 3,600,000 brakes per year, chiefly for the General Motors Corporation. In 1928 Bendix Corporation acquired control of ...
eclipse plumage: (from the article "anseriform") ...male generally deserts her and joins forces with other males, often after making a molt-migration to another area some distance from the breeding site. The nuptial plumage is lost, and ...
eclipse season: (from the article "eclipse") ...of the Moon's ascending node, it is evident that a solar eclipse will take place if a new moon occurs while the Sun moves from position S₁ to position S₄. ...
eclipse year: (from the article "eclipse") ...the ecliptic in the direction indicated by the arrows, making a complete revolution in about 19 years. The interval between two successive passages of the Sun through one of the ...
eclipsed conformation: (from the article "hydrocarbon") ...about single bonds. Of the infinite number of conformations possible for ethane-which are related by tiny increments of rotation of one CH₃ group with respect to the other-the eclipsed conformation ...
eclipsing variable star: pair of stars revolving about their common centre of mass in an orbit whose plane passes through or very near the Earth. An observer on the Earth thus sees one ... [4 Related Articles]
ecliptic: in astronomy, the great circle that is the apparent path of the Sun among the constellations in the course of a year; from another viewpoint, the projection on the celestial ... [10 Related Articles]
ecliptic system: (from the article "astronomical map") Celestial longitude and latitude are defined with respect to the ecliptic and ecliptic poles. Celestial longitude is measured eastward from the ascending intersection of the ecliptic with the equator, a ...
Ecloga: (from Greek ekloge, "selection"), compilation of Byzantine law issued in 726 by Emperor Leo III the Isaurian in his name and that of his son Constantine. It is the most ... [1 Related Articles]
eclogite: any member of a small group of igneous and metamorphic rocks whose composition is similar to that of basalt. Eclogites consist primarily of green pyroxene (omphacite) and red garnet (pyrope), ... [2 Related Articles]
eclogite facies: (from the article "metamorphic rock") The eclogite facies was initially recognized in rocks only of basalticcomposition, which are transformed at the pressure-temperature conditions of the eclogite facies into spectacular red and green rocks composed of ...
eclogue: a short pastoral poem, usually in dialogue, on the subject of rural life and the society of shepherds, depicting rural life as free from the complexity and corruption of more ... [1 Related Articles]
Eco, Umberto: Italian literary critic, novelist, and semiotician (student of signs and symbols) who became internationally known for his novel Il nome della rosa (1980; The Name of the ... [2 Related Articles]
ecofeminism: (from the article "environmentalism") Oppression, hierarchy, and spiritual relationships with nature also have been central concerns of ecofeminism. Ecofeminists assert that there is a connection between the destruction of nature by humans and the ...
Ecole Biblique et Archeologique: (from the article "biblical literature") ...Mowinckel (1884-1965). Among Catholic scholars, exegetical studies are vigorously promoted by Jean Danielou (with his researches into early Jewish Christianity), the Dominicans of the Ecole Biblique et Archeologique (The School ...
Ecole de Paris: (from the article "drawing") ...drawings, carried out in a pen technique of unheard-of sublimity, represent a high point of modern drawing. In France, drawing plays a major role, especially in the work of the ...
Ecole des Chartes: (from the article "diplomatics") ...Treatise on Diplomatic"), a work that surpassed Mabillon's only in its greater wealth of material. Another important event in the history of the science of diplomatics was the founding of ...
Ecole Litteraire de Montreal: (from the article "Canadian literature") By the end of the century, Montreal had become the province's commercial metropolis, and the next literary movement was founded there by Jean Charbonneau and Louvigny de Montigny in 1895 ...
Ecole Nationale d'Administration: (from the article "public administration") ...overhauling the administrative structure of the central government, centralizing personnel selection, creating a special ministry for civil service affairs, and setting up a special school, the Ecole National d'Administration, for ...
Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees: (from the article "civil engineering") The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in the foundation in France in 1716 of the Bridge and Highway Corps, out of which in 1747 ...
Ecole Normale Israelite Orientale: (from the article "Levinas, Emmanuel") ...of Freiburg, where he attended seminars by Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) and Heidegger. After completing a doctoral dissertation at the Institut de France in 1928, Levinas taught at the Ecole Normale ...
Ecole Normale Superieure: (from the article "normal school") institution for the training of teachers. One of the first schools so named, the Ecole Normale Superieure ("Normal Superior School"), was established in Paris in 1794. Based on various German ...
Ecole Polytechnique: (French: "Polytechnic School"), engineering school located originally in Paris but, since 1976, in Palaiseau, Fr., and directed by the Ministry of Defense. It was established in 1794 by the National ... [6 Related Articles]
ecole primaire superieure: (from the article "education") ...program generally entered civil service or other white-collar occupations. With the development of commerce and industry in the 19th century, France instituted the ecoles primaires superieures, or ...
ecole romane: (from the article "Maurras, Charles") In 1891, soon after his arrival in Paris, Maurras founded, with Jean Moreas, a group of young poets opposed to the Symbolists and later known as the ecole romane. The ...
ecological anthropology: (from the article "anthropology") One of the most famous works in ecological anthropology is Roy Rappaport's study of the Tsembaga Maring of highland New Guinea. In it he argued that Tsembaga ritual regulated pig ...
ecological efficiency: (from the article "biosphere") ...consumers convert the chemical energy of their food into their own biomass is called secondary productivity. The efficiency at which energy is transferred from one trophic level to another is ...
ecological genetics: (from the article "Ford, Edmund Brisco") British population geneticist who made substantial contributions to the genetics of natural selection and defined and developed the science of ecological genetics.
ecological isolation: (from the article "evolution") Populations may occupy the same territory but live in different habitats and so not meet. The Anopheles maculipennis group consists of six mosquito species, some of which ...
ecological niche: (from the article "animal") Animals arose from protozoans and initially were simply larger, more complex, and successful competitors for the same sources of food. The early animals (parazoans, coelenterates, flatworms, and extinct groups) exhibited ...
ecological restoration: (from the article "conservation") Once a habitat has been destroyed, the only remaining conservation tool is to restore it. The problems involved may be formidable, and they must include actions for dealing with what ...
ecological succession: (from the article "community ecology") The structure of communities is constantly changing. All communities are subject to periodic disturbances, ranging from events that have only localized effects, such as the loss of a tree that ...
ecological theory: (from the article "criminology") Finally, ecological theories focus on the influence of neighbourhood organization on criminal activity. Researchers have found that poorer neighbourhoods, where families frequently move from one location to another and where ...
ecologically intelligent design: (from the article "Green Architecture: Building for the 21st Century") McDonough's main contribution to the evolution of sustainable design was his commitment to what he has called "ecologically intelligent design," a process that involves the cooperation of the architect, corporate ...
ecology: study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems in human affairs-expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution including global warming, extinctions of plant and ... [14 Related Articles]
ecology movement: (from the article "anarchism") Beginning in the 1970s, anarchism became a significant factor in the radical ecology movement in the United States and Europe. Anarchist ideas in works by the American novelist Edward Abbey, ...
Ecology Party: (from the article "Green Party") The Ecology Party of Ireland, the forerunner of the current Green Party, was formed in December 1981 in Dublin with about 40 members. A convention in March 1982 established the ...
ecomuseum: (from the article "museums, history of") ...continued to respond to the societies that created them, the emphasis on the building itself became less dominant. Open-air museums, comprising a series of buildings preserved as objects, and ecomuseums, ...
econometric model: (from the article "Tinbergen, Jan") Dutch economist noted for his development of econometric models. He was the cowinner (with Ragnar Frisch) of the first Nobel Prize for Economics, in 1969.econometrics
econometrics: the statistical and mathematical analysis of economic relationships, often serving as a basis for economic forecasting. Such information is sometimes used by governments to set economic policy and by private ... [6 Related Articles]
Economic and Financial Crimes Commission: (from the article "Nigeria") The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), set up in 2000, estimated that 45% of the nation's oil revenues were being either stolen or wasted. Intent on improving the situation, ...
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific: (from the article "United Nations") ...by the International Refugee Organization, which operated from 1947 to 1951. To assist in dealing with regional problems, in 1947 ECOSOC established the Economic Commission for Europe and the Economic ...
Economic and Social Committee: (from the article "European Union") ...a commission, a ministerial council, an assembly, and a court. To advise the Commission and the Council of Ministers on a broad range of social and economic policies, the treaty ...
Economic and Social Council: one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), responsible for the direction and coordination of the economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural activities carried out by the UN. ... [2 Related Articles]
economic anthropology: (from the article "prehistoric religion") Religion is always closely related to other realms of life, such as economic activities. These relations are partly direct and partly mediated by social forms. The latter are, on the ...
economic block model: (from the article "mining") Economic factors such as costs and expected revenues, which vary with grade and block location, are then applied; the result is an economic block model. Some of the blocks in ...
Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation for: international organization founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. Current members include Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, ... [21 Related Articles]
Economic Commission for Europe: (from the article "United Nations") ...(UNRRA) in 1943. The UNRRA was succeeded by the International Refugee Organization, which operated from 1947 to 1951. To assist in dealing with regional problems, in 1947 ECOSOC established the ...
Economic Commission for Latin America: (from the article "Latin America, history of") ...however, a reorientation of policy was explicitly called for by some of Latin America's most influential figures, such as the Argentine economist Raul Prebisch, head of the United Nations Economic ...
Economic Community of Central African States: (from the article "Africa") ...include: the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC), comprising Cameroon, Gabon, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and the Congo, which has become part of the larger Economic ...
Economic Community of West African States: African organization established by the Treaty of Lagos in May 1975 to promote economic trade, cooperation, and self-reliance. The organization seeks to harmonize agricultural policies and to facilitate the free ... [14 Related Articles]
Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group: (from the article "Sierra Leone") The AFRC was overthrown in February 1998 by Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) troops, who intervened with the support of the international community. President Kabbah's government ...
Economic Cooperation Administration: (from the article "Marshall Plan") Under Paul G. Hoffman, the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), a specially created bureau, distributed over the next four years some $13 billion worth of economic aid, helping to restore industrial ...
economic determinism: (from the article "sociology") The first theory, economic determinism, reflects the interest many sociologists had in the thought of Karl Marx, such as the idea that social differentiation and class conflict resulted from economic ...
economic development: the process whereby simple, low-income national economies are transformed into modern industrial economies. Although the term is sometimes used as a synonym for economic growth, generally it is employed to ... [21 Related Articles]
economic forecasting: the prediction of any of the elements of economic activity. Such forecasts may be made in great detail or may be very general. In any case, they describe the expected ... [6 Related Articles]
economic geography: (from the article "geography") Economic geography has a long pedigree. Its traditional focus has been the distribution of various productive activities-with subdivisions into, for example, the geography of agriculture, industrial geography, and the geography ...
economic geology: scientific discipline concerned with the distribution of mineral deposits, the economic considerations involved in their recovery, and an assessment of the reserves available. [1 Related Articles]
economic growth: the process by which a nation's wealth increases over time. Although the term is often used in discussions of short-term economic performance, in the context of economic theory it generally ... [30 Related Articles]
economic indicator: statistic used, along with other indicators, in an attempt to determine the state of general economic activity, especially in the future. A "leading indicator" is one of a statistical series ... [1 Related Articles]
economic integration: (from the article "international trade") Economic integrationBenelux Economic UnionBenelux Economic Unioneconomic union of Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg, with the objective of bringing about total ...
economic intelligence: (from the article "intelligence") This is information concerning the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, as well as labour, finance, taxation, and other aspects of a nation's economy or of the international ...
economic interest group: (from the article "interest group") Economic interest groups are ubiquitous and the most prominent in all countries. There are literally thousands of them with offices in national capitals from London to Ottawa to New Delhi ...
economic model: (from the article "economic growth") In addition to the theories discussed above, a large body of literature has developed involving abstract mathematical models. Because this field of analysis is so technical, only a general picture ...
Economic Opportunity Act: (from the article "education") ...education programs for disadvantaged preschool children. Compensatory intervention techniques include providing intensive instruction and attempting to restructure home and living conditions. The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 provided for the ...
Economic Opportunity, Office of: (from the article "United States") ...Great Society programs of the presidential administration of Lyndon B. Johnson. Work, training, and rehabilitation programs were established in 1964 for welfare recipients. Between 1964 and 1969 the Office of ...
economic planning: the process by which key economic decisions are made or influenced by central governments. It contrasts with the laissez-faire approach that, in its purest form, eschews any attempt to guide ... [13 Related Articles]
economic regionalism: institutional arrangements designed to facilitate the free flow of goods and services and to coordinate foreign economic policies between countries in the same geographic region. Economic regionalism can be viewed ...
Economic Stabilization Plan: (from the article "Spain") ...were a failure, and by the late 1950s the country was on the verge of economic collapse. This crisis led to a major change in economic policy, and in 1959 ...
economic stabilizer: any of the institutions and practices in an economy that serve to reduce fluctuations in the business cycle through offsetting effects on the amounts of income available for spending (disposable ... [2 Related Articles]
economic stagnation: (from the article "government economic policy") Another influential idea embodied in Keynes's writing was that of economic stagnation. He suggested that in the advanced industrial countries people tended to save more as their incomes grew larger ...
economic strike: (from the article "strike") collective refusal by employees to work under the conditions required by employers. Strikes arise for a number of reasons, though principally in response to economic conditions (defined as an economic ...
economic systems: the way in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements ... [11 Related Articles]
economic theory: (from the article "Beccaria, Cesare") Although nothing Beccaria achieved in later life approaches the importance of the treatise, his subsequent career was fruitful and constructive. In 1768 he accepted the chair in public economy and ...
economic union: (from the article "customs union") Other forms of economic integration include common markets, economic unions, and federations. Common markets allow free passage of labour, capital, and other productive resources by reducing or eliminating internal tariffs ...
economic warfare: the use of, or the threat to use, economic means against a country in order to weaken its economy and thereby reduce its political and military power. Economic warfare also ... [2 Related Articles]
economics: social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. In the 19th century economics was the hobby of gentlemen of leisure and the vocation ... [20 Related Articles]