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Ethernet: (from the article "Xerox PARC") Another early PARC breakthrough was Ethernet. Proposed by Robert Metcalfe and jointly developed with Intel Corporation and Digital Equipment Corporation in the mid-1970s, this networking standard increased the speed and ...
Ethical Culture: a movement based upon the conviction that moral tenets need not be grounded in religious or philosophical dogma. Ethical culture has sought to promote social welfare through community effort. The ... [1 Related Articles]
ethical egoism: (from the article "ethics") All of the normative theories considered so far have had a universal focus-i.e., the goods they seek to achieve, the character traits they seek to develop, or the principles they ...
ethical naturalism: (from the article "realism") ...or reinterpret mathematical statements so as to eliminate all apparent commitment to numbers, sets, or other abstracta may likewise be viewed as a species of reductive antirealism. Finally, ethical naturalism, ...
Ethical Policy: in Indonesian history, a program introduced by the Dutch in the East Indies at the turn of the 20th century aimed at promoting the welfare of the indigenous Indonesians (Javanese). ... [2 Related Articles]
ethical Rationalism: (from the article "Rationalism") The views of Kant were presented above as typical of this position (see above, Types and expressions of Rationalism). But few moralists have held to ethical Rationalism in this simple ...
ethical relativism: the doctrine that there are no absolute truths in ethics and that what is morally right or wrong varies from person to person or from society to society. [5 Related Articles]
ethical religion: (from the article "religions, classification of") ...of a community") and individually founded religions. The first are the result of nature's unconscious working through long periods of time, and the latter are characterized by a high degree ...
ethics: the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles. [47 Related Articles]
Ethics and Political Science, Academy of: (from the article "Paris") ...Jean-Baptiste Colbert; the Academy of Sciences, founded in 1666, also by Colbert; the Academy of Fine Arts, two sections formed at different times by Mazarin and Colbert and joined in ...
ethics of care: (from the article "bioethics") ...utilitarianism and Kantianism but also more recently developed perspectives such as virtue theory and perspectives drawn from philosophical feminism, particularly the school of thought known as the ethics of care.
Ethio-Semitic languages: the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea, including Ge'ez, the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox church; Amharic, one of the principal languages of modern Ethiopia; Tigre, of northwestern Eritrea ... [1 Related Articles]
Ethiopia: landlocked country on the Horn of Africa. It shares frontiers with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, and The Sudan ... [54 Related Articles]
Ethiopia, flag of: horizontally striped green-yellow-red national flag with a central blue disk bearing a yellow star in outline. The flag's width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.
Ethiopia, history of: (from the article "Ethiopia") That life is of great antiquity in Ethiopia is indicated by the Hadar remains, a group of skeletal fragments found in the lower Awash River valley. The bone fragments belong ...
Ethiopian chant: vocal liturgical music of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians in eastern Africa. A musical notation for Ethiopian chant introduced in the 16th century is called melekket and consists of characters from ...
Ethiopian literature: writings either in classical Ge'ez (Ethiopic) or in Amharic, the principal modern language of Ethiopia. The earliest extant literary works in Ge'ez are translations of Christian religious writings from Greek, ... [3 Related Articles]
Ethiopian Orthodox church: independent Christian patriarchate in Ethiopia. The church recognizes the honorary primacy of the Coptic patriarch of Alexandria. It is headquartered in Addis Ababa. [12 Related Articles]
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front: (from the article "Ethiopia") ...Mengistu Haile Mariam was convicted of genocide for his role in the "Red Terror" campaign, in which thousands of students and intellectuals were killed. In May the ruling party, the ...
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party: (from the article "Ethiopia") The Derg borrowed its ideology from competing Marxist parties, one of which, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party (EPRP), believed so strongly in civilian rule that it undertook urban guerrilla war ...
Ethiopian Plateau: highlands covering much of Ethiopia and central Eritrea. They consist of the rugged Western Highlands and the more limited Eastern Highlands. The two sections are separated by the vast Eastern ... [7 Related Articles]
Ethiopian region: one of the major land areas of the world defined on the basis of its characteristic animal life. Part of the Paleotropical, or Afro-Tethyan, realm, it encompasses Africa south of ... [1 Related Articles]
Ethiopianism: religious movement among sub-Saharan Africans that embodied the earliest stirrings toward religious and political freedom in the modern colonial period. The movement was initiated in the 1880s when South African ... [1 Related Articles]
Ethiopic alphabet: writing system used to write the Ge'ez literary and ecclesiastical language and the Amharic, Tigre, and Tigrinya languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Apparently derived from Sabaean, a South Semitic script, ...
ethmoid bone: (from the article "skeletal system, human") ...for the falx cerebri, a subdivision of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres. On either side of the crest is the cribriform (pierced with small holes) ...
ethmoidal sinus: (from the article "respiration, human") ...different skull bones-the maxilla, the frontal, the ethmoid, and the sphenoid bones. Correspondingly, they are called the maxillary sinus, which is the largest cavity; the frontal sinus; the ethmoid sinuses; ...
ethnarch: (from the article "Makarios III") ...identified with the movement for enosis, the archbishop of Cyprus having traditionally played an important political role during the Turkish occupation as ethnarch, or head of the ...
ethnic cleansing: the attempt to create ethnically homogeneous geographic areas through the deportation or forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups. Ethnic cleansing sometimes involves the removal of all physical ... [9 Related Articles]
ethnic dance: (from the article "dance") In describing many dances, reference is often made to their ethnic, rather than their tribal, origins. An ethnic dance is simply a dance that is characteristic of a particular cultural ...
ethnic group: a social group or category of the population that, in a larger society, is set apart and bound together by common ties of race, language, nationality, or culture. [29 Related Articles]
ethnicity: (from the article "anthropology") Ethnicity refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness that makes the group into a "people." This distinctiveness is believed to be expressed in language, ...
ethno-ecology: (from the article "anthropology") The field of ethno-ecology focuses on the ways people conceptualize elements of the natural environment and human activity within it and investigates how these concepts vary culturally as well as ...
ethnobotany: systematic study of the botanical knowledge of a social group and its use of locally available plants in foods, medicines, clothing, or religious rituals. Rudimentary drugs derived from plants used ...
ethnocentrism: (from the article "race") Although they are easily and often confused, race and racism must be distinguished from ethnicity and ethnocentrism. While extreme ethnocentrism may take the same offensive form and may have the ...
ethnographic film: (from the article "motion picture") Most scholars prefer that all artistry be eliminated from ethnographic films so that the visual data recorded by the camera remains as fresh and uninterpreted as possible. The audience for ...
ethnographic present: (from the article "ethnography") Contemporary ethnographies usually adhere to a community, rather than individual, focus and concentrate on the description of current circumstances rather than historical events. Traditionally, commonalities among members of the group ...
ethnography: descriptive study of a particular human society or the process of making such a study. Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion of the ... [5 Related Articles]
ethnography museum: (from the article "museum, types of") ...history museum collects and exhibits material from an ethnographic viewpoint. As the term suggests, emphasis is placed on culture rather than chronology in the presentation of the collections. The ethnography ...
ethnohistory: (from the article "Swanton, John Reed") ...anthropologist and a foremost student of North American Indian ethnology. His contributions to knowledge of the Indians of the southeastern United States significantly developed the discipline of ethnohistory.relation to anthropology
ethnolinguistics: that part of anthropological linguistics concerned with the study of the interrelation between a language and the cultural behaviour of those who speak it. Several controversial questions are involved in ... [2 Related Articles]
Ethnology and Folklore, Institute of: (from the article "Cuba") ...the Americas, and the Cuban Institute of Cinematographic Art and Industry. The National Union of Cuban Writers and Artists has a large membership that promotes literature and the arts. In ...
Ethnology, Institute of: (from the article "cultural anthropology") ...influenced the characteristic tendencies of a whole generation of European sociologists and cultural anthropologists, including Alfred Metraux and Claude Levi-Strauss, and founded the Institute of Ethnology of the University of ...
ethnomethodology: (from the article "sociology") In Studies in Ethnomethodology (1967), Harold Garfinkel coined the term ethnomethodology to designate the methods individuals use in daily life to construct their reality, primarily through intimate ...
ethnomusicology: field of scholarship that encompasses the study of all world musics from various perspectives. It is defined either as the comparative study of musical systems and cultures or as the ... [7 Related Articles]
ethnopharmacology: (from the article "pharmaceutical industry") ...from industrialized countries. In most cases these indigenous peoples learned which plants had medicinal value the same way they learned which plants were safe to eat-trial and error. Ethnopharmacology is ...
ethnopsychiatry: (from the article "cultural anthropology") ...to psychology new bases on which to reflect on concepts of personality and the formation of personality. It has permitted psychology to develop a system of cross-cultural psychiatry, or so-called ...
ethological isolation: (from the article "evolution") Sexual attraction between males and females of a given species may be weak or absent. In most animal species, members of the two sexes must first search for each other ...
ethology: the study of animal behaviour. Although many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour through the centuries, the modern science of ethology is usually considered to have arisen as a ... [8 Related Articles]
ethos: in rhetoric, the character or emotions of a speaker or writer that are expressed in the attempt to persuade an audience. It is distinguished from pathos, which is the emotion ... [4 Related Articles]
ethyl: (from the article "radical") ...their peculiar structures; they exist for appreciable lengths of time, given the right conditions. Most free radicals, however, including such simple ones as the methyl (·CH₃) and ethyl (·C₂H₅) radicals, ...
ethyl acetoacetate: an ester widely used as an intermediate in the synthesis of many varieties of organic chemical compounds. Industrially it is employed in the manufacture of synthetic drugs and dyes. [4 Related Articles]
ethyl alcohol: a member of a class of organic compounds that are given the general name alcohols; its molecular formula is C₂H₅OH. Ethyl alcohol is an important industrial chemical; it is used ... [23 Related Articles]
ethyl bromide: (from the article "chemical compound") ...shift represents a fractional increase of one part per million (ppm) in the energy of absorbed radiation, relative to the value for tetramethylsilane. For example, in the proton NMR spectrum ...
ethyl chloride: colourless, flammable gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. At one time, ethyl chloride was a high-volume industrial chemical used in the preparation of the gasoline additive tetraethyl lead. ...
ethyl ether: well-known anesthetic, commonly called simply ether, an organic compound belonging to a large group of compounds called ethers; its molecular structure consists of two ethyl groups linked through an oxygen ... [3 Related Articles]
ethyl group: (from the article "organometallic compound") ...is part of an organic group. Typically, an organic group contains carbon-hydrogen (C&singlehorzbond;H) bonds; for example, the simple methyl group, CH₃, and larger homologs such as the ethyl group, C₂H₅, ...
ethyl halide: (from the article "organohalogen compound") The boiling points of ethyl halides increase as the atomic number of the halogen increases. With increasing atomic number the halogen becomes more polarizable, meaning that the electric field associated ...
ethyl methyl sulfide: (from the article "organosulfur compound") ...connected to different positions of the same carbon chain, a cyclic sulfide (a heterocycle) results. If no other functional group is present in the molecule, sulfides are named as such; ...
ethyl methyl sulfoxide: (from the article "organosulfur compound") ...named by simply designating, in alphabetical order, the two organic groups attached to the &singlehorzbond;S(&doublehorzbond;O)&singlehorzbond; group, followed by the word sulfoxide (e.g., ethyl methyl sulfoxide, CH₃S(O)C₂H₅), or by forming a ...
ethyl vinyl ether: (from the article "heterocyclic compound") Similarly, 4,5-dihydrofuran mirrors many of the properties of the corresponding unsaturated ether, ethyl vinyl ether, which has the formula:
ethylbenzene: (from the article "chemical industry") The three isomeric xylenes (isomeric means that they have exactly the same number and kind of atoms but are arranged differently) occur together, and with them is another isomer, ethylbenzene, ...
ethylene: the simplest of the organic compounds known as alkenes, which contain carbon-carbon double bonds. It is a colourless, flammable gas having a sweet taste and odour. Natural sources of ethylene ... [21 Related Articles]
ethylene bromide: a colourless, sweet-smelling, nonflammable, toxic liquid belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds. Ethylene bromide was once used in conjunction with lead-containing antiknock agents as a component of gasoline; however, ... [3 Related Articles]
ethylene chloride: a colourless, toxic, volatile liquid having an odour resembling that of chloroform. It is denser than water, and it is practically insoluble in water. [1 Related Articles]
ethylene glycol: (from the article "ethylene glycol") simplest member of the glycol family of organic compounds. A glycol is an alcohol with two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbon atoms (a 1,2-diol). The common name ethylene glycol literally ...
ethylene oxide: (from the article "heterocyclic compound") The three-membered ring heterocycles containing single atoms of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur-aziridine, oxirane (or ethylene oxide), and thiirane, respectively-and their derivatives can all be prepared by nucleophilic reactions, of the ...
ethylene-propylene monomer: (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...(approximately 5 percent) of a diene-usually ethylidene norbornene or 1,4-hexadiene. Both copolymers are prepared in solution using Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The former are known as EPM (ethylene-propylene monomer) and the latter ...
ethylene-propylene-diene monomer: (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...ethylidene norbornene or 1,4-hexadiene. Both copolymers are prepared in solution using Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The former are known as EPM (ethylene-propylene monomer) and the latter as EPDM (ethylene-propylene-diene monomer). The copolymers ...
ethylenediamine: (from the article "coordination compound") ...Chelates are particularly stable and useful. An example of a typical chelate is bis(1,2-ethanediamine)copper(2+), the complex formed between the cupric ion (Cu²⁺) and the organic compound ethylenediamine (NH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂, often abbreviated ...
ethylenediaminedinitrate: (from the article "explosive") Several explosives, although previously known, only came into use during World War II. The most important of these were RDX, PETN, and ethylenediaminedinitrate (EDNA), all of which were cast with ...
Etiemble, Rene: (from the article "French literature") ...le rock, French culture was confident that it preserved an individual character, and the French enjoyed the defense offered against such transatlantic imports by Rene Etiemble in his polemic
etiocholanolone: (from the article "steroid") Testosterone and androstenedione are the major testicular androgens. Several other less-active androgens occur naturally. Major metabolites of testosterone are androsterone and etiocholanolone. The latter compound is androgenically inactive, but it ...
etiologic tale: (from the article "myth") Etiologic tales are very close to myth, and some scholars regard them as a particular type of myth rather than as a separate category. In modern usage the term etiology ...
etiological approach: (from the article "nature, philosophy of") The etiological approach, though developed in the 1970s, was in fact precisely the same as the view propounded by Kant in his Critique of Judgment (1790). In ...
etiology: (from the article "human disease") The etiologic classification of disease is based on the cause, when known. This classification is particularly important and useful in the consideration of biotic disease. On this basis disease might ...
etiquette: system of rules and conventions that regulate social and professional behaviour. In any social unit there are accepted rules of behaviour upheld and enforced by legal codes; there are also ... [7 Related Articles]
Etlingera: (from the article "Zingiberales") In the genus Etlingera (family Zingiberaceae), the inflorescence shoots are so short that they do not emerge from the ground and all that can be seen is a circlet of ...
Etna, Mount: active volcano on the east coast of Sicily. The name comes from the Greek Aitne, from aitho, "I burn." Mount Etna is the highest active volcano in Europe, its topmost ... [4 Related Articles]
Eto Shimpei: statesman who played a leading role in the Meiji Restoration (the 1868 return of power to the emperor and overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate).
Eto'o, Samuel: Samuel Eto'o of Cameroon was a rising star in African association football (soccer) in 2001. Though still unseasoned, the lanky 20-year-old was shaping up to be a formidable striker both ... [1 Related Articles]
Etobicoke: former city (1967-98), southeastern Ontario, Canada. In 1998 it amalgamated with the cities of North York, Scarborough, York, and Toronto and the borough of East York to become the City ...
Etoile Chain: (from the article "Marseille") Marseille's hinterland consists of a chain of mountains, known as the Etoile Chain, which leads northward toward Aix-en-Provence (formerly Marseille's rival as capital of the region) and to Mount Sainte-Victoire. ...
Eton: town (parish), Windsor and Maidenhead unitary authority, historic county of Buckinghamshire, England, across the River Thames from Windsor. It is renowned for Eton College, the largest of the great public ...
Eton College: near Windsor, Berkshire, one of England's largest independent secondary schools and one of the highest in prestige. It was founded by Henry VI in 1440-41 for 70 highly qualified boys ... [3 Related Articles]
Eton fives: (from the article "fives") The game, played largely in Great Britain in public schools, has three forms that vary from each other in the physical conformation of the court and in slightly different playing ...
etoposide: (from the article "drug") ...Irinotecan and topotecan are used in the treatment of colorectal, ovarian, and small-cell lung cancer. Vinblastine and vincristine (vinca alkaloids), derived from the periwinkle plant, along with etoposide, act primarily ...
Etosha National Park: (from the article "Principal national parks of the world") The Etosha Pan is the centre of Etosha National Park, which has an area of 8,598 square miles (22,269 square km) and one of the largest accumulations of big-game species ...
Etosha Pan: extremely flat salt pan, northern Namibia, covering an area of approximately 1,900 square miles (4,800 square km) at an elevation of about 3,400 feet (1,030 m). This enormous expanse of ... [1 Related Articles]
etrog: one of four species of plants used during the Jewish celebration of Sukkoth (Feast of Booths), a festival of gratitude to God for the bounty of the earth that is ...
Etruria: (from the article "ancient Greek civilization") ...though large, island. Herodotus described one such trader from the later Archaic period, Sostratus of Aegina, a man of fabulous wealth. Then in the early 1970s a remarkable inscription was ...
Etruria, Kingdom of: (from the article "Bourbon, House of") The Kingdom of Etruria (1801-07) was a contrivance of the Napoleonic period. Devised by the French for the House of Bourbon-Parma in compensation for the impending annexation of Parma to ...
Etruscan: member of an ancient people of Etruria, in Italy (between the Tiber and Arno rivers west and south of the Apennines), whose urban civilization reached its height in the 6th ... [18 Related Articles]
Etruscan alphabet: writing system of the Etruscans, derived from a Greek alphabet (originally learned from the Phoenicians) as early as the 8th century BC. It is known to modern scholars from more ... [7 Related Articles]
Etruscan art: (from the article "epigraphy") ...attempts at retrospection ended in epicized myth and legendry (e.g., in Livy). The Greeks on the southern coastal fringe had little truck with the hinterlands of early times. The Etruscan ...
Etruscan language: language isolate spoken by close neighbours of the ancient Romans. The Romans called the Etruscans Etrusci or Tusci; in Greek they were called Tyrsenoi or Tyrrhenoi; in Umbrian and Italic ... [5 Related Articles]
Etruscan religion: (from the article "divination") ...is a private practitioner, the elaborateness of the procedure may be reflected in the fee. In contrast to the worldly motives of some diviners, the calling of diviner-priest was seen ...
Etterbeek: municipality, Brussels-Capital Region, central Belgium. First mentioned in the early 12th century, Etterbeek is one of the 19 suburban communes that, with Brussels proper, make up Greater Brussels. Historically, Etterbeek ...
Ettuttokai: (from the article "Sangam literature") ...or literary academies, in Madurai, India, from the 1st to the 4th century AD. The Tolkappiyam, a book of grammar and rhetoric, and eight anthologies (Ettuttokai) of secular poetry were ...
Etty, William: one of the last of the English academic history painters. [1 Related Articles]
etude: in music, originally a study or technical exercise, later a complete and musically intelligible composition exploring a particular technical problem in an esthetically satisfying manner. Although a number of didactic ...
etude: (from the article "theatre") Meyerhold constructed a set of 16 etudes as the basis of biomechanics. These etudes were chosen from an eclectic range of sources, including the circus, Chinese and Japanese theatre, and ...