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endoscope ... England, John

endoscope: (from the article "cancer") ...tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be essential, and radioisotopes can be used to visualize certain organs or regions of the body. If necessary, the physician can ...
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatoscopy: (from the article "diagnosis") The flexible fibre-optic scope used in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is similar to the scopes described above. It is passed through the stomach into the duodenum to visualize the ampulla ...
endoscopic ultrasonic disintegration: (from the article "ultrasonics") ...ultrasound. In some cases, a device called an ultrasonic lithotripter focuses the ultrasound with the help of X-ray guidance, but a more common technique for destruction of kidney stones, known ...
endoscopy: medical examination of the interior of the body, usually through a natural body opening, by the insertion of a flexible, lighted optical shaft or open tube. Instruments used include the ... [4 Related Articles]
endosome: (from the article "virus") ...pit, which is lined by a special protein known as clathrin. As the coated pit invaginates, it is pinched off in the cytoplasm to form a coated vesicle. The coated ...
endosperm: tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo in the angiosperm seed. The initiation of endosperm is a definitive characteristic of angiosperms and requires the fusion of at least one nucleus ... [12 Related Articles]
endospore: (from the article "Cohn, Ferdinand") Among Cohn's most striking contributions was his discovery of the formation and germination of spores (called endospores) in certain bacteria, particularly in Bacillus subtilis. He was also the first to ...
endosternite: (from the article "arachnid") While the exoskeleton provides both support and protection, arachnids also have a hard internal structure called the endosternite, which anchors muscles.skeletal systems
endostyle: (from the article "amphioxus") Above the pharynx is the excretory system made up of the nephridia, which opens into an excretory canal leading to the atrium. The endostyle corresponds to the thyroid in vertebrates, ...
endosurgery: (from the article "therapeutics") Traditional open surgical techniques are being replaced by new technology in which a small incision is made and a rigid or flexible endoscope is inserted, enabling internal video imaging. Endoscopic ...
endosymbiont hypothesis: (from the article "cell") Mitochondria and chloroplasts are self-dividing; they contain their own DNA and protein-synthesizing machinery, similar to that of prokaryotes. Chloroplasts produce ATP and trap photons by mechanisms that are complex and ...
endosymbiosis: (from the article "algae") ...epilithic algae live on rocks; endolithic algae live in porous rocks; and chasmolithic algae grow in rock fissures. Some algae live inside other organisms, and in a general sense these ...
endothelium: (from the article "atherosclerosis") chronic disease caused by the deposition of fats, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances in the innermost layer of endothelium of the large and medium-sized arteries. Atherosclerosis is the most common ...
endothelium-derived relaxing factor: (from the article "Furchgott, Robert F.") ...work for which he shared the Nobel Prize, Furchgott demonstrated that cells in the endothelium, or inner lining, of blood vessels produce an unknown signaling molecule. The molecule, which he ...
endothermic reaction: (from the article "chemical reaction") ...is larger than the energy evolved on making new bonds, and the net result is the absorption of energy. Such a reaction is said to be endothermic if the energy ...
endothermic solution: (from the article "liquid") When two substances mix to form a solution, heat is either evolved (an exothermic process) or absorbed (an endothermic process); only in the special case of an ideal solution do ...
endothermy: (from the article "dinosaur") All animals thermoregulate. The internal environment of the body is under the influence of both external and internal conditions. Land animals thermoregulate in several ways. They do so behaviorally, by ...
endotoxin: toxic substance bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates. Endotoxins consist of lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein complexes. The protein component determines its foreign (antigenic) ... [3 Related Articles]
endotrophic mycorrhiza: (from the article "gymnosperm") Filaments of the fungi called endomycorrhizae live within the cells of the roots of certain gymnosperms, especially conifers. Endomycorrhizal fungi are apparently parasitic, but not destructively so. In cycads, blue-green ...
endowment: (from the article "Mormon") ...by proxy for those who died without knowledge of the truth. The Mormons' interest in genealogy proceeds from their concern to save the deceased population of the earth. Baptism for ...
endozoochory: (from the article "seed and fruit") ...to the carriers can be made: saurochory, dispersal by reptiles; ornithochory, by birds; myrmecochory, by ants. Or the manner in which the diaspores are carried can be emphasized, distinguishing endozoochory, ...
Endymion: in Greek mythology, a beautiful youth who spent much of his life in perpetual sleep. Endymion's parentage varies among the different ancient references and stories, but several traditions say that ...
Enebish, Lhamsurengiyn: Mongolian politician (b. 1947, Mogod Sum, Mong.-d. Sept. 29, 2001, Ulaanbaatar, Mong.), was secretary-general (from 1996) of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) and speaker (from July 19, 2000) of ...
Enegir: (from the article "Ninazu") in Mesopotamian religion, Sumerian deity, the city god of Enegir, which was located on the Euphrates River between Larsa and Ur in the southern orchard region. Ninazu was also the ...
Energetic-Synergetic geometry: (from the article "Fuller, R Buckminster") ...maximum strength with minimum structures, as is the case in the nested tetrahedron lattices of organic compounds and of metals, Fuller developed a vectorial system of geometry that he called ...
energetics: (from the article "Ostwald, Wilhelm") ...of dynamism dating back to the 17th-century German polymath Gottfried Leibniz with the principles of thermodynamics to form a new metaphysical interpretation of the world that he named "energetics." Second, ...
Energia: (from the article "launch vehicle") In 1976 approval was given for development of the Energia heavy-lift launch vehicle (named for the design bureau that developed it) and its primary mission, the space shuttle
Energia: Russian aerospace company that is a major producer of spacecraft, launch vehicles, rocket stages, and missiles. It built the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile and the first artificial satellite, Sputnik, ... [1 Related Articles]
energid: (from the article "reproduction") ...he suggested that the important matter was the existence not of a cell membrane but of a certain amount of cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus and acting as a unit of ...
energy: (from the article "energy") in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work-i.e., energy in the ...
energy budget: (from the article "climate") Biogenic gases in the atmosphere play a role in the dynamics of Earth's planetary radiation budget, the thermodynamics of the planet's moist atmosphere, and, indirectly, the mechanics of the fluid ...
energy conversion: the transformation of energy from forms provided by nature to forms that can be used by humans. [44 Related Articles]
energy crisis: (from the article "Norway") ...in the Stoltenberg government. Critics claimed that the problem of cleaning high carbon-dioxide levels should be solved before use of such natural-gas plants increased. The prospects of a coming energy ...
energy density: (from the article "magnetism") The energy density in a magnetic field is given in the absence of matter by 12B²/mu₀; it is measured in units of joules per cubic metre. The total magnetic energy ...
energy flow: (from the article "biosphere") The flow of energybiological communitiescommunity ecologyAutotrophs and heterotrophs...to make organic substances from inorganic ones. All other organisms in the ecosystem ...
Energy Independence and Security Act: (from the article "Biofuels-The Next Great Source of Energy?") ...5.75% of transport fuels are to be biofuels by 2010, with 10% of its vehicles to run exclusively on biofuels by 2020. In December 2007, U.S. Pres. George W. Bush ...
energy intelligence: (from the article "intelligence") Energy intelligence specifically addresses the location and size of foreign energy resources; how these resources are used and allocated; foreign governments' energy policies, plans, and programs; new or improved foreign ...
Energy Reorganization Act: (from the article "Atomic Energy Commission") ...AEC also had to regulate that industry to ensure public health and safety and to safeguard national security. Because these dual roles often conflicted with each other, the U.S. government ...
energy resolution: (from the article "radiation measurement") ...carriers. This figure is a small fraction of the number of electron-hole pairs that would be produced directly in a semiconductor detector by the same energy deposition. One consequence is ...
energy source: (from the article "geology") ...from these substances is, however, very expensive and involves possible environmental problems. But both are abundant, and advances in recovery technology may yet make them attractive alternative energy resources.materials science
energy state: in physics, any discrete value from a set of values of total energy for a subatomic particle confined by a force to a limited space or for a system of ... [21 Related Articles]
energy transfer: (from the article "electron tube") The fundamental importance of a large class of electronic devices lies in their ability to amplify power. This power amplification results from the conversion of the energy stored in an ...
energy, conservation of: principle of physics according to which the energy of interacting bodies or particles in a closed system remains constant. The first kind of energy to be recognized was kinetic energy, ... [23 Related Articles]
energy, equipartition of: law of statistical mechanics stating that, in a system in thermal equilibrium, on the average, an equal amount of energy will be associated with each independent energy state. Based on ... [1 Related Articles]
Energy, U.S. Department of: (from the article "Richland") ...by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. The Atomic Energy Commission (later the Energy Research and Development Administration [ERDA], subsequently the Department ...
energy-absorbing steering column: (from the article "automobile") Interior-impact energy-absorbing devices augment restraint systems by absorbing energy from the occupant while minimizing injuries. The energy-absorbing steering column, introduced in 1967, is a good example of such a device. ...
Enesco, Georges: violinist and composer, known for his interpretations of Bach and his works in a Romanian style. [1 Related Articles]
Enets: an indigenous Arctic people who traditionally resided on the east bank of the lower Yenisey River of Russia. They numbered about 300 in the Russian census of 2002. [3 Related Articles]
Enets language: (from the article "Samoyedic languages") ...languages (q.v.). There are five Samoyedic languages, which are divided into two subgroups-North Samoyedic and South Samoyedic. The North Samoyedic subgroup consists of Nenets (Yurak), Enets (Yenisey), and Nganasan (Tavgi). ...
Enewetak: atoll, northwestern end of the Ralik chain, Republic of the Marshall Islands, in the western Pacific Ocean. Circular in shape (50 miles [80 km] in circumference), it comprises 40 islets ... [5 Related Articles]
enfant du siecle: (from the article "French literature") ...their work their obsession with the burden of history and their subjection to time and change. The terms mal du siecle and enfant du ...
Enfantin, Barthelemy-Prosper: eccentric French social, political, and economic theorist who was a leading member of the St. Simonian movement. [1 Related Articles]
Enfants de Geneve: (from the article "Berthelier, Philibert") ...charged with civil and criminal jurisdiction. He opposed the installation of a Savoyard puppet, John, as bishop and temporal lord of Geneva (1513) and in 1515 formed a league of ...
Enfants sans Souci: (French: Carefree Children), one of the largest of the societes joyeuses of medieval France, an association of the merchants, craftsmen, and students of Paris, founded for the purpose of staging ... [2 Related Articles]
Enfield: outer borough of London, on its northern perimeter, in the historic county of Middlesex. The eastern part of the borough lies in the valley of the River Lea; the western ...
Enfield: town (township), Hartford county, northern Connecticut, U.S., on the Connecticut River at the Massachusetts border. It includes the industrial subdivisions of Thompsonville and Hazardville. The area was settled by a ...
Enfield rifle: (from the article "Enfield") ...developed valley of the (canalized) River Lea has timber yards and associated industries. Enfield also has engineering plants, although the well-known Royal Small Arms Factory that produced the Enfield series ...
enfleurage: (from the article "essential oil") ...reduce the particle size and to rupture some of the cell walls of oil-bearing glands. Steam distillation is by far the most common and important method of production, and extraction ...
Enga: province (established in 1978), west central Papua New Guinea, in the southwestern Pacific. It has an area of 4,900 square miles (12,800 square km) and was separated from the Western ...
Enga language: (from the article "Papuan languages") ...languages, most of them are spoken by relatively few individuals: the number of speakers of individual languages is generally less than 3,000. Although the most commonly spoken Papuan language, Enga, ...
Engadin: Swiss portion of the upper Inn (Romansh En) River valley, in Graubunden canton, extending about 60 mi (100 km) from the Inn's source near the Maloja Pass (5,955 ft [1,815 ...
Engadine language: (from the article "Rhaetian dialects") ...spoken in Switzerland and northern Italy. The most important Rhaetian dialects are Sursilvan and Sutsilvan, which together make up the Romansh language (q.v.). Other Rhaetian dialects are Engadine, spoken in ...
engaged column: (from the article "Western architecture") ...Olympian Zeus at Acragas, begun in about 500 BC and left unfinished a century later. To carry the weight of the massive entablature, the outer columns were not freestanding but ...
Engagement: (from the article "Lauderdale, John Maitland, duke of") ...Parliament, he helped ally Scotland with the Parliamentarians. Nevertheless, after Charles I was taken captive by Parliament in 1647, Maitland secured from the king a secret agreement, known as the ...
Engaruka: (from the article "eastern Africa, history of") It is still far from clear when and whence iron smelting spread to the East African interior. Certainly there was no swift or complete transfer from stone to iron. At ...
Engel curve: (from the article "Engel, Ernst") German statistician remembered for the "Engel curve," or Engel's law, which states that the lower a family's income, the greater is the proportion of it spent on food. His conclusion ...
Engel, Carl Ludwig: (from the article "Helsinki") ...of the grand duchy of Finland from Turku (Abo) to Helsinki. Meanwhile, the centre of Helsinki had been completely reconstructed under the influence of the German-born architect Carl Ludwig Engel, ...
Engel, Ernst: German statistician remembered for the "Engel curve," or Engel's law, which states that the lower a family's income, the greater is the proportion of it spent on food. His conclusion ...
Engel, Lehman: (from the article "theatre music") Although musical theatre of this kind has developed toward a closer integration of music and story, its primary feature has remained the individual song. Lehman Engel, a leading conductor of ...
Engelbart, Douglas: American inventor whose work beginning in the 1950s led to his patent for the computer mouse, the development of the basic graphical user interface, and groupware. [2 Related Articles]
Engelberger, Joseph F.: (from the article "automation") ...work. The first industrial robot was installed in 1961 to unload parts from a die-casting operation. Its development was due largely to the efforts of the Americans George C. Devol, ...
Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson: Swedish national hero who led a 15th-century rebellion against Erik of Pomerania, king of the united realms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. [2 Related Articles]
Engelbrektsson's Revolt: (from the article "Sweden") ...anger. His war with Holstein resulted in a Hanseatic blockade of the Scandinavian states in 1426, cutting off the import of salt and other necessities and the export of ore ...
Engelbrektsson, Olaf: (from the article "Norway") ...in Denmark. As a result, the council was abolished, and the bishops lost all hope for help from Sweden, which did not want to provoke Denmark and whose king was ...
Engelmann prickly pear: (from the article "prickly pear") Some Opuntia species are cultivated as ornamentals and are valued for their large flowers. They are easily propagated from stem segments. Two of the best-known species, Engelmann prickly pear (O. ...
Engelmann spruce: (from the article "spruce") ...to 70 feet) tall. A drought-tolerant cultivar, Picea glauca 'Black Hills,' is useful in landscaping and in windbreaks. The cones of black spruce are purple, those of white spruce brown. ...
Engelmann, George: U.S. botanist, physician, and meteorologist who is known primarily for his botanical monographs, especially one on the cactus and also A Monography of North American Cuscutinae (1842).
Engels: city, Saratov oblast (province), western Russia. The city is situated on the left bank of the Volga River, opposite Saratov, to which it is connected by a highway bridge (completed ...
Engels, Friedrich: German Socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern Communism. They co-authored the Communist Manifesto (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of ... [25 Related Articles]
Engen, Alf: Norwegian-born American skier who won eight national ski-jumping and eight combined-competition championships and set a number of world records between 1931 and 1947 after having won the 1931 world pro ...
Engestrom, Lars: (from the article "Sweden") ...he may have preferred the Swedish throne to be taken over by his ally King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway. Meanwhile, the French consul in Goteborg and the Francophile Swedish foreign ...
Enggano Island: island in the Indian Ocean, off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Bengkulu provinsi ("province"), Indonesia. Enggano lies about 110 miles (177 km) south of Bengkulu city. It is about 22 ... [1 Related Articles]
Enggano language: (from the article "Austronesian languages") Yapese is one of several problematic languages that can be shown to be Austronesian but that share little vocabulary with more typical languages. Other languages of this category are Enggano, ...
Enghalskrug: German faience ewer with an ovoid body and a long narrow neck, which has a hinged pewter lid, a slight lip, and a broad foot, usually bound with a ring ... [1 Related Articles]
Enghien, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Conde, Duke d': French prince whose execution, widely proclaimed as an atrocity, ended all hope of reconciliation between Napoleon and the royal house of Bourbon. [3 Related Articles]
Engholm, Bjorn: German politician who became the leader of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1991.
Engil'chek Glacier: (from the article "Tien Shan") ...the Eren Habirg Mountains. There also are many glaciers in the Kakshaal Range, the Ak-Shyyrak Range, the Ile Alatau Range, and the southern Tien Shan. The largest glacier in the ...
engine: (from the article "military technology") The invention of mechanical artillery was ascribed traditionally to the initiative of Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, in Sicily, who in 399 BC directed his engineers to construct military engines ...
engine: (from the article "airplane") ...1936). The first DC-2 was put in service on the Newark-Pittsburgh-Chicago run, after only 11 months' development time. In an era when American engine builders were introducing new and more ...
engine department: (from the article "ship") ...three distinct groups: (1) the deck department, which steered, kept lookout, handled lines in docking and undocking, and performed at-sea maintenance on the hull and nonmachinery components, (2) the engine ...
engine lathe: (from the article "lathe") ...spindle to which the workholding device is attached is usually power driven at speeds that can be varied. On a speed lathe the cutting tool is supported on a tool ...
engine oil: (from the article "gasoline engine") The lubricants commonly employed are refined from crude oil after the fuels have been removed. Their viscosities must be appropriate for each engine, and the oil must be suitable for ...
engineering: the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, ... [6 Related Articles]
engineering geology: the scientific discipline concerned with the application of geological knowledge to engineering problems-e.g., to reservoir design and location, determination of slope stability for construction purposes, and determination of earthquake, flood, ... [5 Related Articles]
engineering plastic: (from the article "plastic") ...and polystyrene. Specialty resins are plastics whose properties are tailored to specific applications and that are produced at low volume and higher cost. Among this group are the so-called engineering ...
England: predominant constituent unit of the United Kingdom, occupying more than half the island of Great Britain. [264 Related Articles]
England and Wales Cricket Board: (from the article "cricket") A reorganization of English cricket took place in 1969, resulting in the end of the MCC's long reign as the controlling body of the game, though the organization still retains ...
England, Bank of: the central bank of the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are in the central financial district of the City of London. [20 Related Articles]
England, Church of: English national church that traces its history back to the arrival of Christianity in Britain during the 2nd century; it has been the original church of the Anglican Communion (q.v.) ... [48 Related Articles]
England, flag of: flag of a constituent unit of the United Kingdom, flown subordinate to the Union Jack, that consists of a white field (background) with a red cross known as the Cross ...
England, John: Irish-born American Roman Catholic prelate who became the first bishop of Charleston and who founded the first Roman Catholic newspaper in the United States.