Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company ... Evans, Alice

European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company: major European aerospace company that builds commercial and military aircraft, space systems, propulsion systems, missiles, and other defense products. It was formed in 2000 from the merger of three leading ...
European Atomic Energy Community: international organization established by one of the Treaties of Rome in 1958 to form a common market for the development of the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The original members ...
European Coal and Steel Community: administrative agency established by a treaty ratified in 1952, designed to integrate the coal and steel industries in western Europe. The original members of the ECSC were France, West Germany, ...
European Community: association designed to integrate the economies of Europe. The term also commonly refers to the "European Communities," which comprise the EC, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and the ...
European Court of Human Rights: judicial organ established in 1959 that is charged with supervising the enforcement of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950; commonly known as the European ...
European Court of Justice: the judicial branch of the European Union (EU). Its headquarters are in Luxembourg. The ECJ originated in the individual courts of justice established in the 1950s for the European Coal ...
European Defense Community: an abortive attempt by western European powers, with United States support, to counterbalance the overwhelming conventional military ascendancy of the Soviet Union in Europe by the formation of a supranational ...
European Economic Co-operation, Organisation for: organization set up by a convention signed in Paris in April 1948 to coordinate efforts to restore Europe's economy under the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan). Among its many functions, ...
European exploration: the exploration of regions of the Earth for scientific, commercial, religious, military, and other purposes by Europeans beginning in the 15th century.
European Free Trade Association: group of four countries-Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland-organized to remove barriers to trade in industrial goods among themselves, but with each nation maintaining its own commercial policy toward countries outside ...
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party: transnational parliamentary group representing the interests of allied liberal and centrist parties in the European Parliament of the European Union (EU). The ELDR was formed in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1976 ...
European Parliament: legislative assembly of the European Union (EU). Inaugurated in 1958 as the Common Assembly, the European Parliament originally consisted of representatives selected by the national parliaments of EU member countries. ...
European People's Party: transnational parliamentary group representing the interests of allied conservative parties in the European Parliament of the European Union (EU). The EPP was formed in 1953 as the Christian Democrat Group, ...
European Plain: one of the greatest uninterrupted expanses of plain on the Earth's surface. It sweeps from the Pyrenees Mountains on the French-Spanish border across northern Europe to the Ural Mountains in ...
European Socialists, Party of: transnational parliamentary group representing the interests of allied socialist and social democratic parties in the European Parliament of the European Union (EU). Although a socialist group fostered cooperation among socialist ...
European Southern Observatory: astrophysical organization founded in 1962. Its activities are financially supported and administered by a consortium of nine European nations-Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland. ESO's ...
European Space Agency: western European space and space-technology research organization founded in 1975 from the merger of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) and the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), both established in ...
European Union: international organization comprising 25 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to western Europe, the EU has expanded to include several central and eastern European ...
europium: (Eu), chemical element, rare-earth metal of transition Group IIIb of the periodic table; it is the least dense, softest, and most volatile member of the lanthanide series. The element was ...
Europoort: port on the southwestern coast of The Netherlands. It lies opposite the Hoek van Holland, at the entrance of the New Waterway Canal, a distributary of the Rhine. About 17 ...
Europop: form of popular music made in Europe for general European consumption. Although Europop hits contain traces of their national origins and often gain international attention via the dance floor, the ...
Eurydice: in ancient Greek legend, the wife of Orpheus. Her husband's attempt to retrieve Eurydice from Hades forms the basis of one of the most popular Greek legends. See Orpheus.
eurypterid: member of an extinct order (Eurypterida) of unusual arthropods rarely preserved as fossils. The eurypterids appeared at the beginning of the Ordovician Period (about 505 million years ago) and became ...
eurythmics: harmonious bodily movement as a form of artistic expression-specifically, the Dalcroze system of musical education in which bodily movements are used to represent musical rhythms.
Eusden, Laurence: British poet who, by flattering the Duke of Newcastle, was made poet laureate in 1718. He became rector of Coningsby and held the laureateship until his death. Alexander Pope satirized ...
Eusebio: the greatest Portuguese football (soccer) player of all time. Known as "the Panther," he was celebrated for his long runs through defenders and his deft scoring touch.
Eusebius Of Caesarea: bishop, exegete, polemicist, and historian whose account of the first centuries of Christianity, in his Ecclesiastical History, is a landmark in Christian historiography.
Eusebius Of Dorylaeum: bishop of Dorylaeum and famous opponent of the Nestorians (who believed that the divine and human persons remained separate in Christ). He was one of the formulators of doctrines at ...
Eusebius Of Emesa: bishop of Emesa, one of the chief doctrinal writers on Semi-Arianism, a modified Arianism that held that Christ was "like" God the Father but not of one substance.
Eusebius Of Laodicea: deacon of Alexandria who became bishop of Laodicea, after risking his life by serving Christian martyrs during the persecutions of the Roman emperors Decius (250) and Valerian (257). He was ...
Eusebius Of Myndus: Neoplatonist philosopher, a pupil of Aedesius of Pergamum. He was distinguished from the other members of the Pergamene school by his comparative sobriety and rationality and by his contempt for ...
Eusebius Of Nicomedia: an important 4th-century Eastern church bishop who was one of the key proponents of Arianism (the doctrine that Jesus Christ is not of the same substance as God) and who ...
Eusebius of Samosata, Saint: Christian martyr and famous opponent of Arianism (q.v.).
Eusebius of Vercelli, Saint: noted supporter of St. Athanasius the Great of Alexandria, Egypt, and restorer of the Nicene Creed, the orthodox doctrine adopted by the first Council (325) of Nicaea, which declared the ...
Eusebius, Saint: pope from April 18 to Aug. 17, 309/310. His epitaph, written by Pope Damasus I, tells of a violent dispute in Rome about readmitting apostates after the persecution of Christians ...
Eustace IV: count of Boulogne (from 1150) and eldest son of King Stephen of England and his wife Matilda, daughter and heiress of the previous count of Boulogne (Eustace III).
Eustace, Saint: one of the most famous early Christian martyrs venerated in the Eastern and Western churches, one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers (a group of saints conjointly honoured, especially in medieval ...
eustachian tube: tube that extends from the middle ear to the pharynx (throat). About 3 to 4 centimetres (1.2-1.6 inches) long in humans and lined with mucous membrane, it is directed downward ...
Eustathius: bishop of Sebaste (now Sabastiyah, West Bank) and metropolitan of Roman Armenia noted for several extreme or heterodox theological positions.
Eustathius of Antioch, Saint: bishop of Antioch who opposed the followers of the condemned doctrine of Arius at the Council of Nicaea.
Eustathius Of Thessalonica: metropolitan (archbishop) of Thessalonica (c. 1175-94), humanist scholar, author, and Greek Orthodox reformer whose chronicles, oratory, and pedagogy show him to be one of medieval Byzantium's foremost men of learning.
Eusthenopteron: genus of extinct lobe-finned fishes (crossopterygians) preserved as fossils in rocks of the late Devonian Period (about 370 million years ago). Eusthenopteron was near the main line ...
Eustis, Dorothy Leib Harrison Wood: American philanthropist and dog breeder whose work with German shepherds led her to establish and endow The Seeing Eye, Inc., and other groups for the training of guide dogs and ...
Eutaw Springs, Battle of: (September 8, 1781), American Revolution engagement fought near Charleston, South Carolina, between British troops under Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Stewart and American forces commanded by General Nathanael Greene. Greene wished to ...
eutectic: the one mixture of a set of substances able to dissolve in one another as liquids that, of all such mixtures, liquefies at the lowest temperature. If an arbitrarily chosen ...
Euterpe: in Greek religion, one of the nine Muses, patron of tragedy or flute playing. In some accounts she was the mother of Rhesus, the king of Thrace, killed in the ...
euthanasia: act or practice of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from painful and incurable disease or incapacitating physical disorder. Because there is no specific provision for it in most legal ...
Euthydemus: king of Bactria. At first he was probably a satrap (governor) of the Bactrian king Diodotus II, whom he later killed and whose throne he usurped. In 208 he was ...
Euthymides: Athenian red-figure vase painter, a contemporary and perhaps rival of Euphronius. He is admired for his explorations in foreshortening and for his studies in movement, departures from Archaic convention.
Euthymius I: Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, monk, and theologian, a principal figure in the Tetragamy (Fourth Marriage) controversy of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise.
Euthymius Of Turnovo: Orthodox patriarch of Turnovo, near modern Sofia, monastic scholar and linguist whose extensive literary activity spearheaded the late medieval renaissance in Bulgaria and erected the theological and legal bases for ...
Euthymius The Great, Saint: ascetic and one of the great fathers of Eastern Orthodox monasticism, who established religious communities throughout Palestine.
Euthymius The Hagiorite: Georgian Ekvthime Mthatzmideli (Euthymius of the Holy Mountain) monastic leader, scholar, and writer whose propagation of Greek culture and Eastern Orthodox tradition generated the golden age of Georgian education and ...
Eutin: town, Schleswig-Holstein Land (state), northeastern Germany. Surrounded by lakes, it lies about 30 miles (50 km) north of Lubeck. The town was founded as a border post ...
eutrophication: the gradual increase in the concentration of phosphorus, nitrogen, and other plant nutrients in an aging aquatic ecosystem such as a lake. The productivity or fertility of such an ecosystem ...
Eutropius: eunuch who became the most powerful figure in the Eastern Roman Empire under the emperor Arcadius (Eastern ruler 383-408).
Eutropius of Saintes, Saint: early Christian bishop-missionary to Gaul, who was martyred by the Romans.
Eutyches: revered archimandrite, or monastic superior, in the Eastern Church, at Constantinople, who is regarded as the founder of Eutychianism, an extreme form of the Monophysite heresy that emphasizes the exclusive ...
Eutychian: a follower of the 4th-5th-century monk Eutyches (q.v.), who advocated a type of Monophysitism, a belief that Christ had only one nature (see Monophysite). The doctrine of Eutychianism is considered ...
Eutychian, Saint: pope from 275 until his death. He succeeded Pope St. Felix I. Fragments of his original Greek epitaph were discovered in the catacombs of Callistus, Rome, but nothing more is ...
Eutychides Of Sicyon: Greek sculptor, who was a pupil of Lysippus. His most noted work was a statue of "Fortune," which he made for the city of Antioch (founded 300 BC). The goddess, ...
Euwe, Max: Dutch chess master who won the world championship (1935) from Alexander Alekhine and lost it to Alekhine in a return match (1937). See the table ...
euxenite: complex oxide mineral, a niobate-titanate that forms hard, brilliant black crystals and masses in granite pegmatites and associated detrital deposits. Titanium replaces niobium-tantalum in the molecular structure to form the ...
Evagoras: king of Salamis, in Cyprus, c. 410-374 BC, whose policy was one of friendship with Athens and the promotion of Hellenism in Cyprus; he eventually fell under Persian domination.
Evagrius Ponticus: Christian mystic and writer whose development of a theology of contemplative prayer and asceticism laid the groundwork for a tradition of spiritual life in both Eastern and Western churches.
Evander: in classical mythology, a migrant from Pallantium in Arcadia (central part of the Peloponnesus) who settled in Italy and founded a town named Pallantion, after his native place. The site ...
Evangelical Alliance: British-based association of Christian churches, societies, and individuals that is active in evangelical work. It was organized in London in 1846 at an international conference of Protestant religious leaders after ...
Evangelical and Reformed Church: Protestant church in the United States, organized in 1934 by uniting the Reformed Church in the United States and the Evangelical Synod of North America. The church brought together churches ...
Evangelical church: any of the classical Protestant churches or their offshoots, but especially in the late 20th century, churches that stress the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, personal conversion experiences, ...
Evangelical Church in Germany, The: federation of Lutheran, Reformed, and United (a combination of Lutheran and Reformed) territorial churches in Germany. Organized in 1948 after the difficult years of the Nazi era (1933-45), it helped ...
Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren: denomination organized in 1918 by uniting the Lutheran and Reformed churches in Bohemia and Moravia (now Czech Republic). Subsequently, other smaller Czech Protestant groups merged into this church. Its roots ...
Evangelical Free Church of America: fellowship of independent Christian churches in the United States that was organized in 1950 and that developed from several free-church groups made up of members of Scandinavian descent. The Swedish ...
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: the largest Lutheran church in North America. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America was formed in 1988 by the merger of two major Lutheran denominations, the American Lutheran Church and ...
Evangelical Lutheran People's Church of Denmark: the established, state-supported church in Denmark. Lutheranism was established in Denmark during the Protestant Reformation.
Evangelical United Brethren Church: Protestant church formed in 1946 by the merger of the Evangelical Church and the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. Both of these churches were essentially Methodist in doctrine ...
Evans, Alice: American scientist whose landmark work on pathogenic bacteria in dairy products was central in gaining acceptance of the pasteurization process to prevent disease.