| | - electropolishing
- electrochemical process of smoothing a metallic surface. The metallic object is made the anode in an electrolytic reaction so controlled that its high spots dissolve, until only a smooth surface ...
- electropositivity
- (from the article "chemical bonding") ...ionization energies (so that they readily give up electrons) and low electron affinities (so that they have little tendency to acquire electrons) have low electronegativities (i.e., they are electropositive) and ...
- electroreception
- (from the article "mechanoreception") Perhaps the most interesting specialization of the lateralline system is the formation in several groups of fish of deeply buried, single electrically sensitive organs. Such structures, for example, are found ...
- electrorefining
- (from the article "metallurgy") ...or chemical means. Pyrometallurgical refining usually consists of the oxidizing of impurities in a high-temperature liquid bath. Electrolysis is the dissolving of metal from one electrode of an electrolytic cell ...
- electroretinogram
- (from the article "eye, human") ...must be determined by some objective means-e.g., the response of the pupil, or, better still, the electrical changes occurring in the retina in response to light stimuli. Thus, the electroretinogram ...
- electroscope
- instrument for detecting the presence of an electric charge or of ionizing radiation, usually consisting of a pair of thin gold leaves suspended from an electrical conductor that leads to ... [1 Related Articles]
- electroslag remelting
- (from the article "steel") In this process, there is a slowly melting consumable electrode and a water-cooled mold for solidification, as in vacuum arc remelting, but the melting is conducted under normal atmosphere and ...
- electrospray ionization
- (from the article "Fenn, John B.") ...techniques broke down their three-dimensional structure. Fenn developed a way to convert samples of large molecules into gaseous form without such degradation. In the late 1980s he originated electrospray ionization, ...
- electrostatic generator
- (from the article "Hauksbee, Francis, The Elder") ...the relative weights of air and water. Investigating the forces of surface tension, he made the first accurate observations on the capillary action of tubes and glass plates. In 1706 ...
- electrostatic induction
- modification in the distribution of electric charge on one material under the influence of nearby objects that have electric charge. Thus, because of the electric force between charged particles that ... [2 Related Articles]
- electrostatic loudspeaker
- (from the article "electromechanical transducer") Electrostatic loudspeakers make use of a large, thin metal plate between two parallel screens. An amplified audio signal is impressed onto the screens, polarizing the metal sheet, and the resulting ...
- electrostatic precipitation
- method of removing certain impurities (either solid particles or liquid droplets) from air or other gas. It is widely used for removing particles from industrial-waste gases. [3 Related Articles]
- electrostatic probe
- (from the article "plasma") ...and particle velocities. In the laboratory and in space, both electrostatic (charged) and magnetic types of sensory devices called probes help determine the magnitudes of such variables. With the electrostatic ...
- electrostatic process
- (from the article "printing") Several pressureless printing processes have already been perfected. In 1923 an electrostatic onset system drew the ink of a cylindrical typeform to the paper by means of an electrical charge. ...
- electrostatic separation
- (from the article "mineral processing") The electrostatic method separates particles of different electrical charges and, when possible, of different sizes. When particles of different polarity are brought into an electrical field, they follow different motion ...
- electrostatic unit of charge
- (from the article "Coulomb force") ...defined by Coulomb's law. If an electric force of one unit (one dyne) arises between two equal electric charges one centimetre apart in a vacuum, the amount of each charge ...
- electrostatic voltmeter
- (from the article "voltmeter") ...in use today is likely to employ an electromechanical mechanism in which current flowing through turns of wire is translated into a reading of voltage. Other types of voltmeters include ...
- electrostatics
- (from the article "electricity") Electrostatics is the study of electromagnetic phenomena that occur when there are no moving charges-i.e., after a static equilibrium has been established. Charges reach their equilibrium positions rapidly because the ...
- electrostriction
- property of all electrical nonconductors, or dielectrics, that manifests itself as a relatively slight change of shape, or mechanical deformation, under the application of an electric field. Reversal of the ...
- electrotyping
- electroforming process for making duplicate plates for relief, or letterpress, printing. The process was first announced in 1838 by M.H. von Jacobi, a German working in St. Petersburg, Russia. Thomas ... [1 Related Articles]
- electroweak theory
- in physics, the theory that describes both the electromagnetic force and the weak force. Superficially, these forces appear quite different. The weak force acts only across distances smaller than the ... [23 Related Articles]
- electrum
- natural or artificial alloy of gold with at least 20 percent silver, which was used to make the first known coins in the Western world. Most natural electrum contains copper, ... [5 Related Articles]
- elegant water shrew
- (from the article "water shrew") The elegant water shrew (Nectogale elegans) of continental Southeast Asia is the most specialized for aquatic life. Only occasionally emerging from the water, it eats only aquatic ...
- elegiac stanza
- in poetry, a quatrain in iambic pentameter with alternate lines rhyming. Though the older and more general term for this is heroic stanza, the form became associated specifically with elegiac ...
- elegy
- meditative lyric poem lamenting the death of a public personage or of a friend or loved one; by extension, any reflective lyric on the broader theme of human mortality. In ... [13 Related Articles]
- Elek, Ilona
- Hungarian fencer who was the only woman to win two Olympic gold medals in the individual foil competition. In addition to her success in the Olympics, Elek was world champion ... [1 Related Articles]
- Elektra Records
- (from the article "Elektra Records") Formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman, who initially ran it from his dormitory at St. John's College, in Annapolis, Maryland, Elektra became one of the top folk labels alongside Vanguard, ...
- Elektrostal
- city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia. It lies 36 miles (58 km) east of Moscow city. The name, meaning "electric steel," derives from the high-quality-steel industry established there soon after ...
- element
- (from the article "rare-earth element") The early Greeks defined earths as materials that could not be changed further by the sources of heat then available. Until late in the 18th century, this Greek conception remained ...
- element
- (from the article "set theory") ...certain types of infinite sets of real numbers. A set, wrote Cantor, is a collection of definite, distinguishable objects of perception or thought conceived as a whole. The objects are ...
- element 117
- (from the article "transuranium element") Less-detailed predictions have been made for other heavy elements. Element 117, for example, is expected to be a member of the halogen series, which is the group composed of fluorine, ...
- element 118
- a transuranium element that occupies position 118 in the periodic table and one of the noble gases. Element 118 is a synthetic element, and in 1999, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley ... [4 Related Articles]
- element 119
- (from the article "transuranium element") Although detailed predictions of the chemistry of element 119 have not as yet been completed, it is expected to be a typical alkali metal with a +1 oxidation state. The ...
- element 120
- (from the article "transuranium element") Element 120 is expected to be a typical alkaline-earth element. As with element 119, the ionization energies should be higher than the normal family trend would indicate and should make ...
- elementare typographie
- (from the article "Tschichold, Jan") ...age, was functional, aesthetically satisfying, and designed for reproduction by machine-type composition and newer printing technology. Tschichold moved to the forefront of modern design with "elementare typographie," a special issue ...
- elementarism
- (from the article "Doesburg, Theo van") Van Doesburg returned to painting around 1924, at which time he decided to introduce the diagonal into his compositions to increase their dynamic effect. He named his new approach "elementarism," ...
- Elementary and Secondary Education Act
- (from the article "United States") ...Act of 1965 established a Cabinet-level department to coordinate federal housing programs. Johnson's Medicare bill fulfilled President Truman's dream of providing health care for the aged. The Elementary and Secondary ...
- elementary education
- the first stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning at about age 5 to 7 and ending at about age 11 to 13. In the United Kingdom and some other ... [41 Related Articles]
- Elementary Education Act
- (from the article "education") ...for year after year as population increased, and, with the growing industrialization, people crowded into the new towns. At last in 1870 Parliament, after long, acrimonious debates, passed an Elementary ...
- elementary equivalence
- (from the article "metalogic") ...belongs to D. In particular, if each AI is a model of a theory, then U is also a model of the theory.Two realizations of the same language are said ...
- elementary particle
- (from the article "subatomic particle") Electrons and quarks contain no discernible structure; they cannot be reduced or separated into smaller components. It is therefore reasonable to call them "elementary" particles, a name that in the ...
- elementary radiation pyrometer
- (from the article "pyrometer") ...Optical pyrometers, for example, measure the temperature of incandescent bodies by comparing them visually with a calibrated incandescent filament that can be adjusted in temperature. In an elementary radiation pyrometer, ...
- Elena, Fort
- (from the article "Sabha") ...caravan centre from the 11th century. The modern town of stark white buildings and wide streets is surrounded by older settlements of mud-walled dwellings and covered alleyways. The former Italian ...
- elephant
- largest living land animal, characterized by its long trunk (elongated upper lip and nose), columnar legs, and huge head with temporal glands and wide, flat ears. Elephants are grayish to ... [13 Related Articles]
- Elephant and Castle
- (from the article "Southwark") ...Hamlets by road via the Rotherhithe Tunnel (1904-08) and Tower Bridge (1894). There are numerous other rail, road, and Underground (subway) routes. The borough's main crossroads, known as the Elephant ...
- Elephant Battle
- (from the article "Galatia") ...Hellenistic states. Invited from Europe to participate in a Bithynian civil war (278 BC), the Gallic horde plagued western Anatolia until checked by the Seleucid king Antiochus I at the ...
- elephant beetle
- (from the article "rhinoceros beetle") ...horns that are oriented vertically. The longer of the two horns curves forward from behind the head, whereas the other emerges from the head itself. Another striking specimen is the ...
- elephant fish
- (from the article "chimaera") ...colour from silvery to blackish. The species are placed in three families: Chimaeridae (including the species called rabbit fish), characterized by a rounded or cone-shaped snout; Callorhinchidae (elephant fishes), with ...
- Elephant Island
- (from the article "Gambia River") ...or drowned estuary. The dividing and reuniting of river channels-a phenomenon known as braiding-has created several islands along the river's middle course, of which the two largest are Elephant Island ...
- elephant louse
- (from the article "louse") ...the Anoplura. The Anoplura have three stylets enclosed in a sheath within the head, and a small proboscis armed with recurved toothlike processes, probably for holding the skin during feeding. ...
- Elephant Man
- disfigured man who, after a brief career as a professional "freak," became a patient of London Hospital from 1886 until his death.
- elephant seal
- either of the two largest pinnipeds (aquatic mammals of the suborder Pinnipedia): the northern elephant seal (species Mirounga angustirostris), now found mainly on coastal islands off California and Baja California; ... [5 Related Articles]
- elephant shrew
- any of 16 species of rat-sized African mammals named for their long, tapered, and flexible snout (proboscis). All have slim bodies, slender limbs, and very long hind legs and feet. ... [2 Related Articles]
- elephant's-foot
- an odd-looking twining plant of the yam family (Dioscoreaceae), characterized by a large, woody, and partially exposed tuber. It is native to semiarid areas in southern Africa. The tubercle-covered tuber, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Elephanta Island
- island located in Bombay Harbour of the Arabian Sea, about 6 miles (10 km) east of Bombay (Mumbai) city and 2 miles (3 km) west of the mainland coast of ... [3 Related Articles]
- elephantiasis
- (from the article "elephantiasis") condition associated with the infectious diseases known collectively as filariasis (q.v.).association with filariasisfilariasis...and dilation of the lymph channels, whi
- Elephantine
- island in the Nile opposite Aswan city in Aswan muhafazah (governorate), Upper Egypt. Elephantine is the Greek name for pharaonic Abu. There the 18th- and 19th-dynasty pharaohs built a large ... [3 Related Articles]
- elephantsnout fish
- (from the article "elephantsnout fish") any of certain mormyrid (q.v.) species having an elongate appendage on the lower jaw.major referenceosteoglossomorphExcept for one North Am
- Elers, David
- (from the article "Astbury, John") ...it is John who is credited with the important Astbury discoveries and creations. He allegedly masqueraded as an idiot in order to learn the craft from the potting brothers John ...
- Elettaria cardamomum
- (from the article "Zingiberaceae") Many species are economically valuable for their spices and perfume. The dried, thick rhizome of Curcuma longa is turmeric. The seeds of Elettaria cardamomum are the source of cardamom. Ginger ...
- Eleusinia
- ancient Greek festival in honour of Demeter (the goddess of agriculture), unconnected with the Eleusinian Mysteries despite the similarity of names. The Eleusinia, which included games and contests, was held ... [1 Related Articles]
- Eleusinian Mysteries
- most famous of the secret religious rites of ancient Greece. According to the myth told in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the earth goddess Demeter (q.v.) went to Eleusis in ... [9 Related Articles]
- Eleusis
- ancient Greek city famous as the site of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Situated in the fertile plain of Thria about 14 miles (23 km) west of Athens, opposite the island of ... [2 Related Articles]
- eleusis
- card game invented by Robert Abbott and first described in Martin Gardner's "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American (July 1959). A more-refined version appeared in Abbott's
- Eleuthera
- (from the article "Bahamas, The") ...inland by the trade winds. The newer hills adjacent to the seashore are normally sand dunes. Solidity increases toward the interior, where the particles become cemented to form Bahama limestone. ...
- Eleutherian Adventurers, Company of
- (from the article "Bahamas, The") ...1647 Capt. William Sayle, who had twice been governor of Bermuda, took the leadership of an enterprise to seek an island upon which dissidents could worship as they pleased. In ...
- Eleutherius
- (from the article "Boniface V") pope from 619 to 625. He succeeded St. Deusdedit after the papacy had been vacant for more than a year and was faced with the task of organizing an Italy ...
- Eleutherius, Saint
- pope from about 175 to 189. During his pontificate the church was involved in a controversy over Montanism, a movement that arose in Asia Minor among Christians who believed that ...
- elevated transit line
- railroad line, usually electric, raised above the ground or street level, usually on a trestle, for local transit in urban areas. By the mid-19th century it was evident that surface ... [1 Related Articles]
- elevating transfer vehicle
- (from the article "airport") ...mobile equipment and complex fixed stacking and movement systems must be used. The fixed systems, which require complex engineering design and maintenance, are known as transfer vehicles (TVs) and elevating ...
- elevation
- (from the article "Vigny, Alfred-Victor, comte de") He acknowledged his disillusionment as early as 1831 in "Paris," a poem of a new genre that he termed elevations. He felt all the more tormented, for he could no ...
- elevator
- (from the article "airplane") ...and the aircraft's direction and attitude by means of flight controls. Conventional flight controls consist of a stick or wheel control column and rudder pedals, which control the movement of ...
- elevator
- car that moves in a vertical shaft to carry passengers or freight between the levels of a multistory building. Most modern elevators are propelled by electric motors, with the aid ... [12 Related Articles]
- elevator stage
- (from the article "theatre") In 1896 Karl Lautenschlager introduced a revolving stage at the Residenz Theater in Munich. Elevator stages permitted new settings to be assembled below stage and then lifted to the height ...
- eleven-man ballot
- (from the article "checkers") ...move of each side is chosen by lot from 47 playable combinations. The three-move, or American, restriction is an extension of the two-move to black's second move, with about 300 ...
- eleven-plus
- in England, competitive examination given between primary and secondary school at about age 11. It evolved after 1944 as a means of determining in which of the three types of ...
- Eleventh Amendment
- (from the article "Chisholm v. Georgia") ...least two reasons: (1) it showed an early intention by the court to involve itself in political matters concerning both the state and the federal governments, and (2) it led ...
- elf
- in Germanic folklore, originally, a spirit of any kind, later specialized into a diminutive creature, usually in tiny human form. In the Prose, or Younger, Edda, elves were classified as ... [1 Related Articles]
- Elf Aquitaine
- former French petroleum and natural resources group that was acquired by Totalfina in 2000 to create TotalFinaElf, renamed Total SA in 2003. Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine ("Elf Aquitaine National Society") ...
- elf owl
- (Micrathene whitneyi), tiny bird of prey of the family Strigidae (order Strigiformes) of Mexico and the southwestern United States. It is the smallest owl and is about the size of ... [1 Related Articles]
- elfin herb
- (from the article "Cuphea") Cuphea hyssopifolia, elfin herb, is a small hairy shrub with many branches. The small stalkless leaves are crowded and narrow; the flowers are tubular and violet white. C. llavea grows ...
- elfin woodland
- stunted forest at high elevations in tropical wet areas. Its low, gnarled trees are heavily draped with air plants, and its floor is cushioned by mosses and other primitive plants. ...
- elfinwood
- (from the article "elfin woodland") stunted forest at high elevations in tropical wet areas. Its low, gnarled trees are heavily draped with air plants, and its floor is cushioned by mosses and other primitive plants. ...
- Elgar, Sir Edward
- English composer whose works in the orchestral idiom of late 19th-century Romanticism-characterized by bold tunes, striking colour effects, and mastery of large forms-stimulated a renaissance of English music. [2 Related Articles]
- Elgin
- royal burgh (town) and city, in Moray council area and historic county, northeastern Scotland, situated on the River Lossie in the fertile plain of Moray, of which it is the ...
- Elgin
- city, Kane and Cook counties, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Fox River, about 40 miles (65 km) northwest of downtown Chicago. Potawatomi Indians were early inhabitants of the ...
- Elgin Marbles
- collection of ancient Greek sculptures and architectural details in the British Museum, London, where they are now called the Parthenon Sculptures. The objects were removed from the Parthenon at Athens ... [5 Related Articles]
- Elgin Vase
- (from the article "Northwood, John") ...pieces inspired Northwood's ventures into new techniques for carving and etching glass. After studying the Elgin Marbles and the Portland Vase in the British Museum, Northwood began work on his ...
- Elgin, James Bruce, 8th earl of
- British statesman and governor general of British North America in 1847-54 who effected responsible, or cabinet, government in Canada and whose conduct in office defined the role for his successors. [1 Related Articles]
- Elgin, Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of, 11th Earl Of Kincardine
- British diplomatist and art collector, famous for his acquisition of the Greek sculptures now known as the "Elgin Marbles" (q.v.). [2 Related Articles]
- Elgin, Victor Alexander Bruce, 9th earl of
- British viceroy of India from 1894 to 1899. [1 Related Articles]
- Elgon, Mount
- extinct volcano on the Kenya-Uganda boundary. Its crater, about 5 miles (8 km) in diameter, contains several peaks, of which Wagagai (14,178 feet [4,321 m]) is the highest. Its extrusions ... [4 Related Articles]
- Elhanan of Bethlehem
- (from the article "Goliath") In another passage it is said that Goliath of Gath was slain by a certain Elhanan of Bethlehem in one of David's conflicts with the Philistines (II Sam. 21: 18-22). ...
- Elhuyar y de Suvisa, Juan Jose d'
- (from the article "Elhuyar, Fausto") Spanish chemist and mineralogist who in partnership with his brother Juan Jose was the first to isolate tungsten, or wolfram (1783), though not the first to recognize its elemental nature. ...
- Elhuyar, Fausto
- Spanish chemist and mineralogist who in partnership with his brother Juan Jose was the first to isolate tungsten, or wolfram (1783), though not the first to recognize its elemental nature. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Eli
- (from the article "biblical literature") ...2, verses 1-10) probably became the basis of the form and content of the Magnificat, the song that Mary, the mother of Jesus, sang in Luke, chapter 1, verses 46-55, ...
- Eliade, Mircea
- historian of religions, phenomenologist of religion, and author of novels, novellas, and short stories. Eliade was one of the most influential scholars of religion of the 20th century and one ... [10 Related Articles]
- Eliano, John
- (from the article "Maronite church") ...sought union with the Latin patriarch of Antioch in 1182. A definitive consolidation of the union, however, did not come until the 16th century, brought about largely through the work ...
- Elias Of Cortona
- disciple of St. Francis of Assisi and a leading figure in the early history of the Franciscan Order, which he twice governed. [1 Related Articles]
- Elias Pina
- city, western Dominican Republic, in the San Juan valley near the Haitian border. It serves as a commercial centre for the surrounding agricultural lands, which produce sugarcane, cotton, coffee, and ...
- Elias, Edward George
- American lawyer and celebrity representative who in 1958 founded the Professional Bowlers Association and went on to help establish bowling's presence on television, where its longevity as a sports series ...
|
|
