| | - El Estor
- (from the article "Izabal, Lake") ...the 17th century. By the end of the 18th century it was no longer used, and in the 1950s the deteriorated fort was restored and made a national landmark. The ...
- El Guerrouj, Hicham
- Moroccan middle-distance runner, who became the first man to hold world records in the mile and the 1,500-metre races both indoors and outdoors. [4 Related Articles]
- El Jobo
- (from the article "Native American art") ...almost unknown archaeologically, conclusive evidence is absent, but at the moment it does not appear that their prehistory was artistically rich. Early pre-pottery sites have been found, notably at El ...
- El Malpais National Monument
- high-valley lava flow area, Cibola county, west-central New Mexico, U.S., about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Grants. The area covered by black lava flow extends about 133 square miles ...
- El Monte
- city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. El Monte lies 12 miles (20 km) east of downtown Los Angeles. Spanish missionaries and soldiers inhabited the area in the 18th and early ...
- El Morro
- (from the article "Puerto Rico") ...a financial subsidy from the Mexican mines. Initially they built a fortified palace for the governor called La Fortaleza ("The Fortress"), followed by the massive San Felipe del Morro (El ...
- El Morro National Monument
- rock formation and archaeological site in west-central New Mexico, U.S., 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Ramah. The monument was established in 1906 and has an area of 2 square ...
- El Moutawakel, Nawal
- (from the article "Morocco") ...and in 1970 Morocco became the first African country to play in World Cup competition. At the 1984 Olympic Games, two Moroccans won gold medals in track and field events, ...
- El Nino
- (Spanish: "The Christ Child"), in oceanography and climatology, the anomalous appearance, every few years, of unusually warm ocean conditions along the tropical west coast of South America. This event is ... [21 Related Articles]
- El Nino/Southern Oscillation
- (from the article "Earth Sciences") ...patterns and of multidecadal (decade-to-decade) variations in such environmental factors as sea-surface temperatures. In addition, most seasonal-storm forecasters closely monitored the status of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a large-scale ...
- El Oficio
- (from the article "Spain") ...custom of burying people below the floors of their houses replaced the collective practices of the Copper Age societies. Social stratification is very marked at settlement sites like El Argar ...
- El Panama Hotel
- (from the article "Stone, Edward Durell") Among Stone's best-known buildings outside the United States are El Panama Hotel, Panama City, Panama (1946), notable for its pioneering use of cantilevered balconies in the construction of a resort ...
- El Paraiso
- Late Preceramic site in the present-day Chillon Valley on the central Peruvian coast, generally believed to date just before the beginning of the Initial Period (c. 2100-1800 BC). It is ... [1 Related Articles]
- El Paso
- city, seat (1850) of El Paso county, extreme western Texas, U.S., on the Rio Grande, there bridged to Juarez, Mexico, just south of the New Mexico line. The largest of ... [1 Related Articles]
- El Progreso
- city, northwestern Honduras, on the Ulua River southeast of San Pedro Sula. The city, founded in 1927 as a banana trade centre, grew in the 1970s into a commercial and ...
- El Puerto de Santa Maria
- port city, Cadiz provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autonoma (autonomous community), southern Spain, at the mouth of Guadalete River on the Bay of ...
- El Reno
- city, seat (1907) of Canadian county, central Oklahoma, U.S., on the North Canadian River, immediately west of Oklahoma City. Settled in 1889 when the Rock Island Railroad arrived, the town ...
- El Salvador
- country of Central America. El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated of the seven Central American countries. Despite having little level land, it traditionally was an agricultural country, ... [27 Related Articles]
- El Salvador, flag of
- horizontally striped blue-white-blue national flag that normally incorporates the national coat of arms in its centre. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 189 to 335, or approximately 4 to ...
- El Salvador, history of
- (from the article "El Salvador") HistoryCentral American Common MarketCentral American Common Market...to facilitate regional economic development through free trade and economic integration. Established by the ...
- El Seibo
- city, eastern Dominican Republic, on the Soco River. Founded in 1502, the city serves as a trading centre for the agricultural hinterland. The region yields cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and corn ...
- El Tajin
- (from the article "Native American art") ...called the Huastec had settled by about 250 BC. In time they developed a new cultural expression, which, because they were isolated by Totonac settlers then building up a major ...
- El Teniente
- mining settlement, O'Higgins region, Machali commune, central Chile. The site of the world's largest underground copper mine, it lies in the Andes Mountains about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of ... [2 Related Articles]
- El Tigre
- city, central Anzoategui estado (state), northeastern Venezuela, situated in the highlands east of the Barcelona gap. The city is a commercial centre in the Oficina oil fields. Oil is piped ...
- El Tor biotype
- (from the article "cholera") ...to produce a type of toxin called an enterotoxin. Not all V. cholerae O1 produce the toxin. Those that do are further subdivided into two biotypes: classical ...
- El Toro
- (from the article "Central, Cordillera") ...part of the island; it is separated from the Sierra de Cayey by the Caguas, Gurabo, and Blanco valleys. Almost two-thirds of this humid tropical region is occupied by the ...
- El Yunque
- (from the article "Central, Cordillera") ...part of the island; it is separated from the Sierra de Cayey by the Caguas, Gurabo, and Blanco valleys. Almost two-thirds of this humid tropical region is occupied by the ...
- El Zanjon, peace of
- (from the article "Spain") Once the Carlists had been defeated and the Cubans had accepted the peace settlement of El Zanjon (1878), the restored monarchy provided the most stable government Spain had known since ...
- elaboration-likelihood model
- (from the article "persuasion") An extension of the conflict-resolution model is the elaboration-likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion, put forth in 1980 by American psychologists John Cacioppo and Richard Petty. The ELM emphasizes the cognitive ...
- Elaeagnaceae
- the oleaster family of dicotyledonous flowering plants, which together with the family Proteaceae constitutes the order Proteales. The oleaster family comprises three genera of shrubs and small trees of the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Elaeis
- (from the article "palm") ...fan palm and the pantropical cultivated coconut (Cocos nucifera), occurs on more than one continent; the genera transcending continental bounds are Chamaerops in Europe and Africa, Elaeis (oil palm) and ...
- elaenia
- (genus Elaenia), any of about 20 species of plain-coloured New World flycatchers, family Tyrannidae (order Passeriformes), with a short bill and modest, ragged crest, usually concealing a white or yellow ...
- Elagabalus
- Roman emperor from 218 to 222, notable chiefly for his eccentric behaviour. [6 Related Articles]
- elaiosome
- (from the article "Cyperaceae") ...bract. The perigynium may tightly envelop the achene or it may be inflated like a bladder, flattened and scalelike, or even fleshy and edible. Many woodland species of Carex have ...
- Elais
- (from the article "Anius") ...into the sea by her father; floating to the island of Delos, the birthplace of Apollo, she gave birth to Anius, who became a seer and a priest of Apollo. ...
- Elam
- ancient country in southwestern Iran approximately equivalent to the modern region of Khuzestan. Four prominent geographic names within Elam are mentioned in ancient sources: Awan, Anshan, Simash, and Susa. Susa ... [19 Related Articles]
- Elam, Jack
- American character actor (b. Nov. 13, 1918, Miami, Ariz.-d. Oct. 20, 2003, Ashland, Ore.), had a sightless and wandering left eye-the result of an accident in childhood-that enhanced his maniacal ...
- Elamite
- (from the article "Babylon") ...chief god, to supremacy in Mesopotamia. In 1234 Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria subjugated Babylon, though subsequently the Kassite dynasty reasserted itself until 1158, when the city was sacked by the ...
- Elamite language
- extinct language spoken by the Elamites in the ancient country of Elam, which included the region from the Mesopotamian plain to the Iranian Plateau. Elamite documents from three historical periods ... [2 Related Articles]
- elan vital
- (from the article "Bergson, Henri") ...been given of it for failing to see the importance of duration and hence missing the very uniqueness of life. He proposed that the whole evolutionary process should be seen ...
- eland
- either of two species of easily tamed, oxlike antelopes that constitute the genus Taurotragus of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla). They are found in herds on the open plains or ...
- Elandsfontein
- (from the article "Hopefield") The archaeological site of Elandsfontein is located 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Hopefield, about 10 miles (16 km) inland from an estuary of Saldanha Bay and 330 feet (100 ...
- Elaphe radiata
- (from the article "copperhead") ...and along the southern Australian coasts, averages 1.5 m long. It is usually coppery or reddish brown. It is dangerous but is unaggressive when left alone. The copperhead of India ...
- Elaphoglossum
- (from the article "fern") ...(more or less bean-shaped); 45 genera with about 1,700 species, the largest genera, Dryopteris (log fern, about 250 species), Polystichum (shield fern, about 250 species), and Elaphoglossum (tongue fern, 600-700 ...
- elapid
- any of about 300 venomous species of the snake family Elapidae, characterized by short fangs fixed in the front of the upper jaw. Terrestrial elapids generally resemble the more abundant ... [2 Related Articles]
- Elara
- (from the article "Moons of Jupiter") ...be seen in the table). The more distant group-made up of Ananke, Carme, Pasiphae, and Sinope- has retrograde orbits around Jupiter. The closer group-Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, and Elara-has prograde orbits. ...
- elasmobranch
- (from the article "chondrichthian") ...and chimaeras in the class Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fishes. Under this system, which is used in the present article, the sharks, skates, and rays are further grouped into one subclass, ...
- elasmosaur
- (from the article "plesiosaur") Early in their evolutionary history, the plesiosaurs split into two main lineages: the pliosaurs, in which the neck was short and the head elongated; and the plesiosaurids, in which the ...
- Elasmosaurus
- (from the article "plesiosaur") ...in size. Kronosaurus, for example, was an Early Cretaceous pliosaur from Australia that grew to about 12 metres; the skull alone measured about 3.7 metres. Elasmosaurus, a ...
- elastase
- (from the article "connective tissue") ...varying size. Elastic fibres are extremely resistant to hot water, to strong alkali, and even to digestion with the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. They can be digested, however, by a specific ...
- elastic cartilage
- (from the article "cartilage") ...found predominantly in the intervertebral disks and at the insertions of ligaments and tendons; it is similar to other fibrous tissues but contains cartilage ground substance and chondrocytes. Elastic cartilage, ...
- elastic collision
- (from the article "mechanics") ...of the atoms and molecules that constitute the bodies. However, if the amount of heat is negligible compared to the initial kinetic energy, it may be ignored. Such a collision ...
- elastic defense
- (from the article "World War I") ...opened the Second Battle of the Marne, was launched in Champagne on July 15. It came to nothing: a German thrust from the front east of Reims toward Chalons-sur-Marne was ...
- elastic deformation
- (from the article "deformation and flow") ...as either solids, liquids, or gases, and, under normal circumstances, gases and liquids flow relatively freely and solids deform when they are subjected to forces. Most solids initially deform elastically; ...
- elastic fibre
- any of the yellowish branching fibres composed primarily of the protein elastin, frequently arranged in plates or perforated membranes, as in the walls of the large arteries. Unlike collagenous fibres, ... [4 Related Articles]
- elastic limit
- maximum stress or force per unit area within a solid material that can arise before the onset of permanent deformation. When stresses up to the elastic limit are removed, the ... [1 Related Articles]
- elastic modulus
- (from the article "Variation of some elastic constants (in 10^6 bars) with rock type and confining pressure") ...moduli that are not met by experiment. Most of the subsequent development of this subject was in terms of the continuum theory. Controversies concerning the maximum possible number of independent ...
- elastic rebound
- (from the article "uplift") ...the uplift associated with earthquakes and mountain building. Uplift of the Earth's surface also has occurred in response to the removal of Pleistocene ice sheets through melting and wastage. Such ...
- elastic rebound theory
- (from the article "Reid, Harry Fielding") American seismologist and glaciologist who in 1911 developed the elastic rebound theory of earthquake mechanics, still accepted today.earthquake predictionearthquakeObservation and ...
- elastic scattering
- (from the article "radiation measurement") These are conventionally defined as neutrons whose kinetic energy is below about 1 eV. Slow neutrons frequently undergo elastic scattering interactions with nuclei and may in the process transfer a ...
- elastic skeleton
- (from the article "animal") Elastic skeletons do not change shape but simply bend when a muscle contracts. Muscle relaxation results either from a muscle contracting in the opposite direction to its antagonist or from ...
- elastic strain
- (from the article "earthquake") Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy within some limited region of the rocks of the Earth. The energy can be released by elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, ...
- elastic wave
- motion in a medium in which, when particles are displaced, a force proportional to the displacement acts on the particles to restore them to their original position. If a material ... [1 Related Articles]
- elasticity
- (from the article "distribution theory") ...can also be written (∂Q/Q)/(∂L/L), reflects the percentage increase in production resulting from the addition of 1 percent to the amount of labour employed. This magnitude is called the elasticity ...
- elasticity
- ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed. A body with this ability is said to ... [25 Related Articles]
- elasticoviscous deformation
- (from the article "rock") ...In plastic behaviour, the material strains continuously (but still has strength) after the yield point stress is reached; however, beyond this point there is some permanent deformation. In elasticoviscous deformation, ...
- elastin
- (from the article "aging") Elastin is the molecule responsible for the elasticity of blood vessel walls. With age, progressive loss of elasticity of vessels occurs, presumably because of fragmentation of the elastin molecule.lung
- elastomer
- any rubbery material composed of long, chainlike molecules that are capable of recovering their original shape after being stretched to great extents. Under normal conditions the long molecules making up ... [4 Related Articles]
- Elat
- port city, southern extremity of Israel. It lies at the south tip of the Negev and at the head of the Gulf of Aqaba (Hebrew, Mifratz Elat), the eastern arm ... [2 Related Articles]
- elater
- (from the article "bryophyte") ...the sporangium above the calyptra that protected it. Elongation is rapid, and the seta is held erect by water pressure within its cells. The sporangium usually contains within it elongate ...
- elateriform larva
- (from the article "insect") Larvae, which vary considerably in shape, are classified in five forms: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grublike), campodeiform (elongated, flattened, and active), elateriform (wireworm-like), and vermiform (maggot-like). The three types of pupae ...
- Elatinaceae
- family of flowering plants, in the order Malpighiales, comprising two genera of mostly aquatic herbs. Members of the family have more or less toothed, stipulate, opposite or whorled leaves and ... [1 Related Articles]
- Elazar, David
- Israeli army commander who was accused of bad judgment and lack of preparedness in the Yom Kippur War of 1973.
- Elazig
- city, eastern Turkey. It lies at the foot of a plateau overlooking a fertile plain. Originally founded as an Ottoman military garrison and administrative centre after the mid-19th century, the ...
- Elba
- island off the west coast of Italy, in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Elba has an area of 86 square miles (223 square km) and is the largest island of the Tuscan ... [2 Related Articles]
- ElBaradei, Mohamed
- Egyptian lawyer and government official who was director general (1997- ) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In 2005 ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize ... [3 Related Articles]
- Elbasan
- town, central Albania. It lies on the north bank of the Shkumbin River, in the highlands at the eastern end of a fertile, well-watered plain. It was founded in 1466 ...
- Elbaz, Alber
- (from the article "Fashions") ...elevated by Prada in July to helm its moribund Jil Sander ready-to-wear label. Three months later Matthew Williamson succeeded Paris couturier Christian Lacroix as the creative force behind Pucci. Alber ...
- Elbe Bridge
- (from the article "Poppelmann, Matthaus Daniel") ...(1715-32; now the Japanese Palace) and the palace at Pillnitz. He also designed fortifications, dams, roads, and houses throughout Saxony, and his Augustus Bridge (1727-31; now the Elbe Bridge) is ...
- Elbe Germanic
- (from the article "Germanic languages") ...groups are distinguishable: North Germanic in southern Scandinavia, excluding Jutland; North Sea Germanic, along the North Sea and in Jutland; Rhine-Weser Germanic, along the middle Rhine and Weser; Elbe Germanic, ...
- Elbe River
- one of the major waterways of central Europe. It runs from the Czech Republic through Germany to the North Sea, flowing generally to the northwest. The river rises on the ... [7 Related Articles]
- Elbe-Havel Canal
- navigable waterway in Germany, linking the Elbe and Havel rivers. Its eastern end joins the Plauensee, a lake on the Havel River, at Brandenburg, downstream from Berlin. In the west ... [1 Related Articles]
- Elbe-Lubeck Canal
- German waterway connecting the Elbe River at Lauenberg with the Baltic Sea at Lubeck. The waterway, 64 km (40 miles) long, was built in 1895-1900 to replace the medieval Stecknitz ... [2 Related Articles]
- Elbee, Maurice Gigost d'
- (from the article "Vendee, Wars of the") ...defeat at Neerwinden (March 18). The peasant leaders Jacques Cathelineau, Gaston Bourdic, and Jean-Nicolas Stofflet were joined by royalist nobles such as Charles Bonchamps, Marquis de Bonchamps, Maurice Gigost d'Elbee, ...
- Elbegdorj, Tsahiagiyn
- (from the article "Mongolia") Area: 1,564,116 sq km (603,909 sq mi) | Population (2006 est.): 2,580,000 | Capital: Ulaanbaatar | Chief of state: President Nambaryn Enhbayar | Head of government: Prime Ministers Tsahiagiyn ...
- Elbek
- (from the article "Uzbekistan") ...subsequently branched out to produce many of the first modern indigenous plays, stories, and novels of Central Asia. The younger poets Batu, Cholpan (Abdulhamid Sulayman Yunus), and Elbek (Mashriq Yunus ...
- Elberfeld
- (from the article "Wuppertal") ...km) along the steep banks of the Wupper River, a right-bank tributary of the Rhine, northeast of Dusseldorf. Formed as Barmen-Elberfeld in 1929 through the amalgamation of the towns of ...
- Elbert, Mount
- mountain in Lake county, Colorado, U.S., whose peak is the highest point (14,433 feet [4,399 metres]) in Colorado and in the American Rocky Mountains. Mount Elbert lies 12 miles (19 ... [3 Related Articles]
- Elbeuf
- town, Seine-Maritime departement, Haute-Normandie region, northwestern France. It lies on the left bank of the Seine River, 12 miles (19 km) south of Rouen. Wooded hills and high cliffs surround ...
- Elbing vocabulary
- (from the article "Old Prussian language") Modern knowledge of Old Prussian is based primarily on a German-Prussian vocabulary, known as the Elbing vocabulary and compiled about 1300, and the three Old Prussian catechisms dating from the ...
- Elblag
- city, Warminsko-Mazurskie wojewodztwo (province), north-central Poland. It lies along the Elblag River near the Nogat River, which is the eastern mouth of the Vistula River.
- elbow
- in human anatomy, hinge joint formed by the meeting of the humerus (bone of the upper arm) and the radius and ulna (bones of the forearm). The elbow allows the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Elbow
- (from the article "Measure for Measure") ...underworld figures (the bawd Mistress Overdone, her pimp Pompey, and her customer Froth) who have exploited the sexual freedom of Vienna despite the wonderfully inept policing attempts of Constable Elbow ...
- Elbrus, Mount
- highest peak of the Caucasus mountains, southwestern Russia. It is an extinct volcano with twin cones reaching 18,510 feet (5,642 m) and 18,356 feet (5,595 m). The volcano was formed ... [6 Related Articles]
- Elburz Mountains
- major mountain range in northern Iran, 560 miles (900 km) long. The range, most broadly defined, extends in an arc eastward from the frontier with Turkmenistan southwest of the Caspian ... [4 Related Articles]
- Elche
- city, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain, situated on the Vinalopo River just south of Alicante city. ...
- Elchibey, Abulfaz
- Azerbaijani historian and nationalist leader (b. June 7, 1938, Keleki, Nakhichevan A.S.S.R, U.S.S.R.-d. Aug. 22, 2000, Ankara, Turkey), was a leading anti-Soviet dissident and cofounder (1989) of the nationalist Azerbaijan ... [1 Related Articles]
- Elda
- city, Alicante provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, southeastern Spain, northwest of Alicante city. Of ancient origin, Elda was called ...
- Eldad ben Mahli ha-Dani
- Jewish traveller and philologist who was generally credited with the authorship of a fanciful geographical narrative that exerted an enduring influence throughout the Middle Ages. This possibly gave rise to ... [2 Related Articles]
- Eldeguzid Dynasty
- (1137-1225), Iranian atabeg dynasty of Turkish origin that ruled in Azerbaijan (now divided between Iran and Azerbaijan). [1 Related Articles]
- elder
- in Christianity, any of various church officers. In modern times the title of elder has been used notably in the Presbyterian and Reformed churches and in Mormonism. [8 Related Articles]
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