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Diele: (from the article "East Friesland") ...with their fields extending at right angles in long, narrow strips. The traditional single-story Frisian house is especially adapted to cattle farming. One vast, steeply sloping roof shelters the Diele, ...
dielectric: insulating material or a very poor conductor of electric current. When dielectrics are placed in an electric field, practically no current flows in them because, unlike metals, they have no ... [7 Related Articles]
dielectric constant: property of an electrical insulating material (a dielectric) equal to the ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor filled with the given material to the capacitance of an identical capacitor ... [7 Related Articles]
dielectric heating: method by which the temperature of an electrically nonconducting (insulating) material can be raised by subjecting the material to a high-frequency electromagnetic field. The method is widely employed industrially for ... [1 Related Articles]
dielectric loss: (from the article "capacitance") ...plates, the charges must be displaced through the dielectric first in one direction and then in the other, and overcoming the opposition that they encounter leads to a production of ...
dielectric polarization: (from the article "liquid") Nonionic liquids (those composed of molecules that do not dissociate into ions) have negligible conductivities, but they are polarized by an electric field; that is, the liquid develops positive and ...
dielectric relaxation: (from the article "relaxation phenomenon") ...physical relaxation processes. Peter Debye referred to the time required for dipolar molecules (ones whose charges are unevenly distributed) to orient themselves in an alternating electric field as dielectric relaxation. ...
Diels, Hermann: (from the article "classical scholarship") ...of Berlin its special lustre, revitalized the study of Plato. Eduard Zeller (1814-1908) wrote a history of ancient philosophy that has been several times revised and is still useful. Later ...
Diels, Otto Paul Hermann: German organic chemist who with Kurt Alder was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1950 for their joint work in developing a method of preparing cyclic organic compounds. [1 Related Articles]
Diels-Alder reaction: (from the article "butadiene") ...molecules, as acrylonitrile or styrene, to form elastic, rubberlike materials. In uncatalyzed reactions with reactive unsaturated compounds, such as maleic anhydride, butadiene undergoes the Diels-Alder reaction, forming cyclohexene derivatives. Butadiene ...
Diemen, Anthony van: colonial administrator who as governor general of the Dutch East Indian settlements (1636-45) consolidated the Dutch empire in the Far East. [1 Related Articles]
Diemer, Louis-Joseph: French pianist and teacher who was one of the first advocates of early keyboard music and instruments.
Diemer, Walter E.: American businessman who was working as an accountant for the Fleer Chewing Gum Co. when in 1928 he accidentally invented bubble gum while experimenting during his spare time with recipes ...
Diemerbroeck, Isbrand van: (from the article "death") ...soul was an essentially human attribute and was the basis of thought, judgment, and responsibility for one's actions. Its departure implied death. The Anatome Corporis Humani (1672) of Isbrand van ...
Dien Bien Phu, Battle of: the decisive engagement in the first Indochina War (1946-54). It consisted of a struggle between French and Viet Minh (Vietnamese Communist and nationalist) forces for control of a small mountain ... [9 Related Articles]
diene: (from the article "hydrocarbon") Compounds that contain two double bonds are classified as dienes, those with three as trienes, and so forth. Dienes are named by replacing the -ane suffix of the corresponding alkane ...
Dienes, Valeria: dancer, teacher, and choreographer, considered the most important exponent of the Hungarian tradition in movement art.
Dientzenhofer, Christoph: German architect who was a leading builder in the Bohemian Baroque style. [1 Related Articles]
Dientzenhofer, Kilian Ignaz: German architect who was one of the leading Bohemian Baroque builders.
Dieppe: town and seaport, northern France, Seine-Maritime departement, Haute-Normandie region, on the English Channel, north of Rouen and northwest of Paris. It stands at the mouth of the ...
Dieppe raid: (from the article "Dieppe") ...the Protestants of the town were persecuted after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes; and in 1694 the town was almost completely destroyed by the English and Dutch fleets. ...
Diervilla lonicera: (from the article "bush honeysuckle") ...roots and form patches in rocky, dry areas. Flowering occurs in early summer. The yellow or reddish-yellow blooms are followed by slender, beaked fruits. The northern bush honeysuckles (D. lonicera ...
Diervilla rivularis: (from the article "bush honeysuckle") ...patches in rocky, dry areas. Flowering occurs in early summer. The yellow or reddish-yellow blooms are followed by slender, beaked fruits. The northern bush honeysuckles (D. lonicera and D. rivularis) ...
Diervillaceae: (from the article "Dipsacales") Diervillaceae contains 2 genera, Diervilla, with 3 North American species, and Weigelia, with 10 East Asian species. Many of these are cultivated as ornamental shrubs in temperate areas for their ...
Dies irae: (Latin: "Day of Wrath"), the opening words of a Latin hymn on the Last Judgment, ascribed to Thomas of Celano (d. c. 1256) and once forming part of the office ... [1 Related Articles]
Dies, Martin, Jr.: American politician, the sponsor and first chairman (1938-45) of the House Committee on Un-American Activities.
diesel: (from the article "railroad") In the first half of the 20th century, advances in railroad technology and operating practice were limited. One of the most far-reaching was the perfection of diesel traction as a ...
diesel engine: any internal-combustion engine in which air is compressed to a sufficiently high temperature to ignite diesel fuel injected into the cylinder, where combustion and expansion actuate a piston. It converts ... [15 Related Articles]
diesel fuel: (from the article "The Environment") In the United States a new diesel-fuel usage standard from the Environmental Protection Agency came into force in October for highway vehicles (trucks, buses, and automobiles). It was called ultra-low ...
Diesel, Rudolf: German thermal engineer who invented the internal-combustion engine that bears his name. He was also a distinguished connoisseur of the arts, a linguist, and a social theorist. [3 Related Articles]
diesinking: process of machining a cavity in a steel block to be used for molding plastics, or for hot and cold forging, die-casting, and coining.
diestrus: (from the article "dog") At about the 14th day, or whenever estrus ends, the final, or luteal, stage of the cycle begins; this stage is called diestrus. The discharge becomes redder, the vulva returns ...
diet: (from the article "Health and Disease") In 2005 the U.S. Department of Agriculture released a redesigned food-guide pyramid, which presented the government's newly revised dietary guidelines as a graphic for use by the general public. The ...
Diet: legislature of the German empire, or Holy Roman Empire, from the 12th century to 1806. [12 Related Articles]
Diet: the national legislature of Japan. [7 Related Articles]
Diet Coke: (from the article "Goizueta, Roberto Crispulo") Goizueta was equally involved with the firm's marketing strategy. He created the slogan "Coke is it!" and was credited with the successful introduction of Diet Coke in 1982. He was ...
Diet of Worms: meeting of the Diet (assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire held at Worms, Germany, in 1521 that was made famous by Martin Luther's appearance before it to respond to charges ... [8 Related Articles]
dietary guideline: (from the article "nutrition, human") Following the publication of dietary goals for the Nordic countries in 1968 and for the United States in 1977, dietary goals and guidelines have been set forth by a number ...
dietary law: any of the prescriptions as to what may or may not be eaten under particular conditions. These prescriptions and proscriptions are sometimes religious; often they are secular; frequently, they are ... [3 Related Articles]
Dietary Reference Intake: (from the article "nutrition, human") During the 1990s a paradigm shift took place as scientists from the United States and Canada joined forces in an ambitious multiyear project to reframe dietary standards for the two ...
Dietenberger, Johann: (from the article "biblical literature") ...the failure of attempts to repress it led to the creation of German Catholic versions, largely adaptations of Luther. Hieronymus Emser's edition simply brought the latter into line with the ...
Dieterle, William: (from the article "1937: Best Picture") ...screen biography and scored another hit. Paul Muni (AAN) delivered an acclaimed performance as Zola, and both he and the picture earned awards from the New York Film Critics' Circle. ...
Dieth, Eugene: (from the article "linguistics") ...are now working on regional atlases that will complement data contained in the Atlas linguistique de la France. In England, work began in 1946, under the direction of Harold Orton ...
diethyl malonate: (from the article "carboxylic acid") Of much greater importance than malonic acid is its diethyl ester, CH₂(COOCH₂CH₃)₂, called diethyl malonate. This compound is used in a synthetic process to produce a variety of monosubstituted and ...
diethyl sulfate: (from the article "organosulfur compound") Esters of sulfuric acid-such as dimethyl sulfate, MeOSO₂OMe, and diethyl sulfate, EtOSO₂OEt, made from the alcohols methanol and ethanol, respectively, as well as sulfur trioxide/sulfuric acid-are important industrial chemicals used ...
diethylamine: (from the article "heterocyclic compound") ...resemble those for their acyclic (noncyclic, or open-chain) analogs. Thus, pyrrolidine may be considered as a cyclic secondary amine and has much in common with the corresponding acyclic amine, diethylamine, ...
diethylcarbamazine: synthetic anthelmintic drug effective against certain parasitic filarial worms, which are endemic throughout most of the subtropical and tropical regions of the world. These parasites infect the blood and lymph ... [1 Related Articles]
diethylene glycol: (from the article "Health and Disease") ...in China were found to be tainted or were recalled because of health and safety concerns. The incidents raised questions about product safety regulations and enforcement in China. In May ...
diethylstilbestrol: nonsteroidal synthethic estrogen used as a drug and formerly used to promote growth of livestock. Unlike natural estrogens, DES remains active following oral administration. It is also administered as vaginal ... [3 Related Articles]
diethylzinc: (from the article "organometallic compound") ...salt as an organometallic compound. A development with a more immediate impact on the field of chemistry was the discovery in 1849 by the German-trained British chemist Edward C. Frankland ...
dieting: regulating one's food intake for the purpose of improving one's physical condition, especially for the purpose of reducing obesity, or what is conceived to be excess body fat. Dieting plans ... [2 Related Articles]
Dietrich von Bern: heroic figure of Germanic legend, apparently derived from Theodoric the Great, an Ostrogothic king of Italy who reigned from c. 493 to 526 AD.
Dietrich, Josef: German SS officer who commanded Adolf Hitler's bodyguard and later led an SS panzer (armoured) army in World War II. [2 Related Articles]
Dietrich, Marlene: German American motion-picture actress whose beauty, voice, aura of sophistication, and languid sensuality made her one of the world's most glamorous film stars. [2 Related Articles]
Dietterlin, Wendel: (from the article "Western architecture") ...with medallions, herms (i.e., architectural elements topped by human busts), and caryatids and atlantes (i.e., human figures used as columns or pilasters). The German treatise on the five orders by ...
Dietz, Ferdinand: (from the article "Western sculpture") Until his death Johann Wolfgang van der Auvera was the most powerful personality in the field of sculpture in the area, but later Ferdinand Dietz at Bamberg pursued an increasingly ...
Dietz, Howard: American motion-picture executive and songwriter.
Dietz, Robert S.: American geophysicist and oceanographer who set forth a theory of seafloor spreading in 1961. [4 Related Articles]
Dieudonne, Jean: French mathematician and educator known for his writings on abstract algebra, functional analysis, topology, and his theory of Lie groups. [1 Related Articles]
Dieulafoy, Marcel-Auguste: French archaeologist and civil engineer who excavated the palaces of the ancient Persian kings Darius I the Great and Artaxerxes II at Susa (modern Shush, Iran) in 1885 and gathered ... [1 Related Articles]
Dieva deli: (from the article "Dievs") Dievs has two sons (Dieva deli in Latvian; Dievo suneliai in Lithuanian), who are known as the Heavenly Twins and the morning and evening stars. Like their Greek (Dioscuri) and ...
Dievaitis: (from the article "Meness") in Baltic religion, the moon, the god whose monthly renewal of strength is imparted to all growing things. The "young," or "new," moon, sometimes called Dievaitis (Lithuanian: "Little God," or ...
Dievs: in Baltic religion, the sky god. Dievs and Laima, the goddess of human fate, determine human destiny and world order. Dievs is a wooer of Saule, the sun. As pictured ... [1 Related Articles]
Diez, Friedrich Christian: German-born language scholar who made the first major analysis of the Romance languages and thus founded an important branch of comparative linguistics.
differance: (from the article "Derrida, Jacques") ...that equates linguistic meaning with the ideas and intentions in the mind of the speaker or author. Building on theories of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, Derrida coined the ...
Difference Between a Tribe and a Band, The: (from the article "The Difference Between a Tribe and a Band") Although many indigenous peoples, particularly those of Canada, have adopted the word nation in order to emphasize their sovereign political status, others continue to use the words ...
Difference Engine: an early calculating machine, verging on being the first computer, designed and partially built during the 1820s and '30s by Charles Babbage. Babbage was an English mathematician and inventor; he ... [1 Related Articles]
Difference Engine No. 2: (from the article "Babbage, Charles") ...The Analytical Engine, however, was never completed. (See the photograph.) Babbage's design was forgotten until his unpublished notebooks were discovered in 1937. In 1991 British scientists built Difference Engine No. ...
difference equation: mathematical equality involving the differences between successive values of a function of a discrete variable. A discrete variable is one that is defined or of interest only for values that ...
difference quotient: (from the article "calculus") ...This simplifies to gt + gh/2 and is called the difference quotient of the function gt²/2. As h approaches 0, this formula approaches gt, which is interpreted as the instantaneous velocity of ...
difference set: (from the article "combinatorics") A set of k + 1 non-negative integers d₀, d₁, · · · , d_k, is said to form a perfect difference set mod upsilon, if among the k(k − ...
difference tone: (from the article "Tartini, Giuseppe") Tartini contributed to the science of acoustics by his discovery of the difference tone, also called the Tartini tone, a third note heard when two notes are played steadily and ...
difference-in-conditions insurance: (from the article "insurance") Increasing international business activity has caused greater use of policies generally termed difference-in-conditions insurance (DIC). The DIC policy insures property and liability losses not covered by basic insurance contracts. It ...
differentiable function: (from the article "mathematics") Cauchy then said a function f(x) is differentiable at the point a if, as x tends to a (which it is never allowed to reach), the value of the quotient ...
differential: in mathematics, an expression based on the derivative of a function, useful for approximating certain values of the function. The derivative of a function at the point x₀, written as ... [1 Related Articles]
differential analyzer: computing device for solving differential equations. Its principal components perform the mathematical operation of integration (see also integrator). [3 Related Articles]
Differential Aptitude Test: (from the article "aptitude test") ...in educational and vocational counseling. Aptitude tests also have been developed to measure professional potential (e.g., legal or medical) and special abilities (e.g., clerical or mechanical). The Differential Aptitude Test ...
differential association: (from the article "criminology") Examples of these approaches include the theory of differential association, which claims that all criminal behaviour is learned and that the learning process is influenced by the extent of the ...
differential blood count: (from the article "blood count") ...The readings vary with sex, age, physiological state, and general health, but the blood of a normal individual contains on average 5,000,000 red cells and 7,000 white cells per cubic ...
differential diagnosis: (from the article "diagnosis") ...a diagnosis is called clinical decision making. The clinician uses the information gathered from the history and physical examination to develop a list of possible causes of the disorder, called ...
differential discriminator: (from the article "radiation measurement") ...discriminator to count only those pulses that are larger than a preset amplitude. This approach can eliminate small amplitude pulses that may be of no interest in the application. Alternatively, ...
differential equation: mathematical statement containing one or more derivatives-that is, terms representing the rates of change of continuously varying quantities. Differential equations are very common in science and engineering, as well as ... [12 Related Articles]
differential gear: in automotive mechanics, gear arrangement that permits power from the engine to be transmitted to a pair of driving wheels, dividing the force equally between them but permitting them to ... [1 Related Articles]
differential geometry: branch of mathematics that studies the geometry of curves, surfaces, and manifolds (the higher-dimensional analogs of surfaces). The discipline owes its name to its use of ideas and techniques from ... [3 Related Articles]
differential interference contrast: (from the article "microscope") Meanwhile, differential interference contrast (DIC) was developed by Polish-born French physicist Georges Nomarski in 1952. A beam-splitting Wollaston prism emits two beams of polarized light that are plane-polarized at right ...
differential navigation: (from the article "GPS") When positional information is required with pinpoint precision, users can take advantage of differential GPS techniques. Differential navigation employs a stationary "base station" that sits at a known position on ...
differential operator: (from the article "mathematics") ...and Carl Jacobi in Germany showed how problems in dynamics could be reduced to systems of first-order partial differential equations. From this base grew an extensive study of certain partial ...
differential psychology: branch of psychology that deals with individual and group differences in behaviour. Charles Darwin's studies of the survival capabilities of different species and Sir Francis Galton's researches on individual visual ...
differential pulse voltammetry: (from the article "analysis") Differential pulse voltammetry adds a periodically applied potential pulse (temporary increase in potential) to the voltage ramp used for LSV. The current is measured just prior to application of the ...
differential rent: (from the article "rent") Marginal land (the least fertile cultivated) earned no rent. Since, therefore, it was differences in fertility that brought about the surplus for landowners, the return to them was called differential ...
differential rotation: (from the article "Sun") SunHistory of observation
differential suicide: (from the article "individualism") ...individual actions. Methodological individualism precludes explanations that appeal to social factors that cannot in turn be individualistically explained. Examples are Durkheim's classic account of differential suicide rates in terms of ...
differential thermal analysis: in analytical chemistry, a technique for identifying and quantitatively analyzing the chemical composition of substances by observing the thermal behaviour of a sample as it is heated. The technique is ... [1 Related Articles]
differential-algebraic system: (from the article "numerical analysis") ...of moving mechanical systems, a technique that involves both ordinary differential equations and algebraic equations (generally nonlinear). The numerical analysis of these mixed systems, called differential-algebraic systems, is quite difficult ...
differentiation: (from the article "cell") Adult organisms are composed of a number of distinct cell types. Cells are organized into tissues, each of which typically contains a small number of cell types and is devoted ...
differentiation: in mathematics, process of finding the derivative, or rate of change, of a function. In contrast to the abstract nature of the theory behind it, the practical technique of differentiation ... [8 Related Articles]
differentiation: (from the article "Earth") ...event for Earth's surface, however, was the formation of the earliest crust by partial melting of the interior. This chemical separation by partial melting and outgassing of volatiles is termed ...
differentiator: a device or set of components for performing the mathematical operation of differentiation-i.e., supplying an output proportional to the derivative of the input with respect to one or more variables. ...
difficult crossings problem: (from the article "number game") ...the manipulation of objects, and those requiring computation. The first required little or no mathematical skill, merely general intelligence and ingenuity, as for example, so-called decanting and difficult crossings problems. ...
Diffie, Whitfield: (from the article "cryptology") In 1976, in one of the most inspired insights in the history of cryptology, Sun Microsystems, Inc., computer engineer Whitfield Diffie and Stanford University electrical engineer Martin Hellman realized that ...
diffraction: the spreading of waves around obstacles. Diffraction takes place with sound; with electromagnetic radiation, such as light, X-rays, and gamma rays; and with very small moving particles such as atoms, ... [16 Related Articles]