English ironmaster usually credited with having been the first to smelt iron ore with coke, which is a hard, foamlike mass of almost pure carbon made from bituminous coal.
English sailor, engineer, and titular duke of Northumberland and earl of Warwick who wrote a well-known treatise, Dell'Arcano del mare (3 vol., 1646-47; "Concerning the Secret of the Sea"), that ...
Dutch architect whose work is related both to the school of Amsterdam, which emphasized individual expression, and to the De Stijl group, which stressed geometric form. He attended the Royal ...
a course of legal proceedings according to rules and principles that have been established in a system of jurisprudence for the enforcement and protection of private rights. In each case, ...
a combat between persons, armed with lethal weapons, which is held according to prearranged rules to settle a quarrel or a point of honour. It is an alternative to having ...
French political figure whose longevity as a conservative republican-his career bridged the July Monarchy and the early years of the Third Republic-reflected the variable fortunes of republicanism in 19th-century France.
highest peak (15,203 feet [4,634 m]) of Switzerland and second highest of the Alps, lying 28 miles (45 km) south-southwest of Brig in the Monte Rosa Massif of the Pennine ...
American poet who wrote with bemused sarcasm about mundane topics, infusing them with irony. A fully developed style is evident in his first verse collection, Poems (1961), ...
English antiquary who was preeminent among the medievalist scholars in his time. An authority on genealogy and charters, he displayed accurate scholarship and insight unusual for his period.
landscape painter of the Baroque period known for his topographic views of the Roman Campagna. He worked chiefly in Rome and its vicinity throughout his life, but, because his father ...
a marine mammal inhabiting the warm coastal waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans that feeds on seagrasses and is similar to the American manatee. Australia harbours the largest populations, ...
French mathematician and physicist who proposed a theory dealing with the transmission of heat in crystal structures, based on the work of the French mathematicians Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fourier and Simeon-Denis Poisson.
French physicist, mathematician, and philosopher of science who emphasized a history of modern science based on evolutionary metaphysical concepts. He maintained that the role of theory in science is to ...
philosopher, political economist, prolific writer, and a leading German adherent of positivism, the philosophical view that positive knowledge is gained through observation of natural phenomena.
type of Chinese bronze vessel produced in the late Zhou dynasty (c. 600-256/255 BC), it was a food container consisting of two bowls-each supported on three legs-that, when placed together, ...
any of the small, shy antelopes of the family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla) belonging either to the species Sylvicapra grimmia (gray duiker) or to approximately 13 species of the genus Cephalophus ...
city, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies at the junction of the Rhine and Ruhr rivers and is connected with the North Sea German ports ...
city, northwestern Boyaca departamento, north-central Colombia. It lies along the Chicamocha River in the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes Mountains, at an elevation of 8,300 feet (2,530 m) above sea ...
a European title of nobility, having ordinarily the highest rank below a prince or king (except in countries having such titles as archduke or grand duke).
coral formations of the Bismarck Archipelago in the southwestern Pacific, eastern Papua New Guinea. The Duke of York Islands are situated in St. George's Channel between the islands of New ...
private coeducational institution of higher learning in Durham, North Carolina, U.S., affiliated with but not controlled by the United Methodist Church. In 1839 the Union Institute Society was established in ...
Russian-born American composer noted for his sophisticated melodies for films, Broadway musicals, and revues. Among his most popular songs are "April in Paris" from the revue Walk a Little Faster ...
(Russian: "Spirit Wrestler"), member of a Russian peasant religious sect, prominent in the 18th century, that rejected all external authority, including the Bible, in favour of direct individual revelation.
in Buddhist thought, the true nature of all existence. Much Buddhist doctrine is based on the fact of suffering; its reality, cause, and means of suppression formed the subject of ...
passage through the Carpathian Mountains (locally, the eastern Beskids), on the frontier between Slovakia and Poland. The Russian army used the pass to cross Slovakia southward into Hungary in 1849 ...
2.5-ton, six-wheel amphibious truck used in World War II by the U.S. Army and Marine Corps. Its primary purpose was to ferry ammunition, supplies, and equipment from supply ships in ...
Italian virologist who shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1975 with Howard M. Temin and David Baltimore, both of whom had studied under him.
(French: "sweet song"), a rectangular stringed keyboard musical instrument of the late European Middle Ages, known entirely from written records; no original examples are extant. It is possible, however, that ...
long, narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the north, east, and west by southwestern Costa Rica. Extending northwestward from Cape Matapalo and Banco Point for 30 miles (50 ...
stringed musical instrument, a version of the psaltery in which the strings are beaten with small hammers rather than plucked. European dulcimers-such as the Alpine hackbrett, the Hungarian cimbalom, the ...
French soldier and explorer who was largely responsible for establishing French control over the country north and west of Lake Superior. The city of Duluth, Minn., was named for him.
Turkmen dynasty (1337-1522) that ruled in the Elbistan-Maras-Malatya region of eastern Anatolia. Its lands were the focus of rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluks of Syria.
U.S. secretary of state (1953-59) under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. He was the architect of many major elements of U.S. foreign policy in the Cold War with the Soviet Union ...
statement that the gram-atomic heat capacity (specific heat times atomic weight) of an element is a constant; that is, it is the same for all solid elements, about six calories ...
(Rhodymenia palmata), red seaweed found along both coasts of the North Atlantic; a salty confection made from this red algae is also called dulse. Shaped like the palm of a ...
city, seat of St. Louis county, northeastern Minnesota, U.S. One of Minnesota's largest cities, it is a major inland port on the western tip of Lake Superior, at the mouth ...
fashionable residential neighbourhood in the Greater London borough of Southwark, part of the historic county of Surrey. It lies in the southern part of the borough and is centred on ...
the industrial suburbs of Calcutta, southeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India. The name was derived from the Persian word damdama, which refers to a raised mound or battery. The four ...
elected legislative body that, along with the State Council, constituted the imperial Russian legislature from 1906 until its dissolution at the time of the March 1917 Revolution. The Duma constituted ...
city, southeastern Negros island, Philippines. On the Bohol (Mindanao) Sea at the southern entrance to Tanon Strait, it is the second leading port in the central Visayas (after Cebu City), ...
(French: "Son") French playwright and novelist, one of the founders of the "problem play"-that is, of the middle-class realistic drama treating some contemporary ill and offering suggestions for its remedy.
(French: "Father") one of the most prolific and most popular French authors of the 19th century. Without ever attaining indisputable literary merit, Dumas succeeded in gaining a great reputation first ...
any of about 30 species of herbaceous plants valued as indoor foliage for their ability to tolerate low light intensities. The name mother-in-law's tongue, sometimes used for these plants, is ...
little-known shark of the family Squalidae that is related to the dogfishes. Like all members of the genus Centrophorus, it has large green eyes. The dumb gulper shark grows to ...
royal burgh (town), West Dunbartonshire council area, historic county of Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It lies north-northwest of the metropolitan complex of Glasgow, on the banks of the River Leven near its ...
(Aug. 21-Oct. 7, 1944), meeting at Dumbarton Oaks, a mansion in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., where representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom formulated proposals ...
in Washington, D.C., institution in a Georgian-style mansion built in 1801 and housing Byzantine art (4th-15th century), pre-Columbian art (in an addition of eight circular glass galleries designed by Philip ...
royal burgh (1186), Dumfries and Galloway council area, historic county of Dumfriesshire, situated on the left bank of the River Nith 8 miles (13 km) from the Solway Firth, an ...
