| | - Decker, Alonzo Galloway, Jr.
- American business executive (b. Jan. 18, 1908, Orangeville, Md.-d. March 18, 2002, Earleville, Md.), transformed Black & Decker, a power-tool company cofounded by his father, into a corporate giant. Decker ...
- Decker, Mary
- (from the article "Zola Budd: Collision and Controversy") ...name at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Rather, the 18-year-old Budd found herself in the unflattering glare of the spotlight after a collision with her idol-and rival-American Mary Decker ...
- Declaration of Independence
- in U.S. history, document that was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain. It ... [25 Related Articles]
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
- one of the basic charters of human liberties, containing the principles that inspired the French Revolution. Its 17 articles, adopted between August 20 and August 26, 1789, by France's National ... [12 Related Articles]
- declarative language
- (from the article "computer programming language") Declarative languages, also called nonprocedural or very high level, are programming languages in which (ideally) a program specifies what is to be done rather than how to do it. In ...
- declarative memory
- (from the article "memory") ...all of the other memories stored in the brain. The items stored in long-term memory represent facts as well as impressions of people, objects, and actions. They can be classified ...
- Declaratory Act
- (from the article "Ireland") ...in subordination to that of England but ended in asserting its independence. In the 1690s commercial jealousy compelled the Irish Parliament to destroy the Irish woolen export trade, and in ...
- Declaratory Act
- (1766), declaration by the British Parliament that accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act. It stated that the British Parliament's taxing authority was the same in America as in Great ... [3 Related Articles]
- declaratory judgment
- in law, a judicial judgment intended to fix or elucidate litigants' rights that were previously uncertain or doubtful. A declaratory judgment is binding but is distinguished from other judgments or ...
- declaratory theory of recognition
- (from the article "international law") ...may buttress a claim to statehood even in circumstances where the conditions for statehood have been fulfilled imperfectly (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992). According to the "declaratory" theory of ...
- declension
- (from the article "Greek language") Not counting the vocative case, the Greek declension in the Mycenaean period still contained five cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, dative-locative, and instrumental. Between the Mycenaean period and the 8th century ...
- declination
- in astronomy, the angular distance of a body north or south of the celestial equator. Declination and right ascension, an east-west coordinate, together define the position of an object in ... [4 Related Articles]
- declination axis
- (from the article "telescope") ...a telescope to be pointed at a celestial object for viewing.) In the equatorial mounting, the polar axis of the telescope is constructed parallel to the Earth's axis. The polar ...
- decline phase
- (from the article "food preservation") ...stationary phase, the rate of bacterial cell growth is equal to the rate of bacterial cell death. When the rate of cell death becomes greater than the rate of cell ...
- decoction mashing
- (from the article "beer") ...malt, however, benefits from a period of mashing at lower temperatures to permit the breakdown of proteins and glucans. This requires some form of temperature programming, which is achieved by ...
- decoder
- (from the article "telecommunication") ...(FEC). In this method information bits are protected against errors by the transmitting of extra redundant bits, so that if errors occur during transmission the redundant bits can be used ...
- decoherence
- (from the article "quantum computer") ...A quantum computer must maintain coherence between its qubits (known as quantum entanglement) long enough to perform an algorithm; because of nearly inevitable interactions with the environment (decoherence), practical methods ...
- decoking
- (from the article "petroleum refining") Decoking is a routine daily occurrence accomplished by a high-pressure water jet. First the top and bottom heads of the coke drum are removed. Next a hole is drilled in ...
- decolonization
- (from the article "international relations") Islamic and South Asian nationalism, first awakened in the era of the first World War, triumphed in the wake of the second, bringing on in the years 1946-50 the first ...
- decolorization
- (from the article "sugar") Melt syrup is clarified either by phosphatation, in which phosphoric acid and lime are added to form calcium phosphates, which are removed by surface scraping in a flotation clarifier, or ...
- decomposer
- (from the article "carbon cycle") ...CO2 directly to the atmosphere as a by-product of their respiration. The carbon present in animal wastes and in the bodies of all organisms is released as CO2 by decay, ...
- decomposition
- (from the article "soap and detergent") ...as it passes from towns through drains to sewers and sewage systems, then to rivers, and finally to the sea. It has caused difficulties with river navigation; and, because the ...
- decomposition reaction
- (from the article "chemical reaction") Decomposition reactions are processes in which chemical species break up into simpler parts. Usually, decomposition reactions require energy input. For example, a common method of producing oxygen gas in the ...
- decompression sickness
- physiological effects of the formation of gas bubbles in the body because of rapid transition from a high-pressure environment to one of lower pressure. Pilots of unpressurized aircraft, underwater divers, ... [12 Related Articles]
- decongestant
- any drug used to relieve swelling of the nasal mucosa accompanying such conditions as the common cold and hay fever. When administered in nasal sprays or drops or in devices ... [1 Related Articles]
- deconstruction
- form of philosophical and literary analysis, derived mainly from work begun in the 1960s by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida, that questions the fundamental conceptual distinctions, or "oppositions," in Western ... [10 Related Articles]
- decontamination
- (from the article "chemical weapon") A number of methods have been found useful in decontaminating areas and people covered with chemical agents, including spraying with supertropical bleach (chlorinated lime) or washing contaminated surfaces or garments ...
- decor bois
- (French: "wood decoration"), in decorative arts, trompe l'oeil decoration of porcelain and faience to simulate grained and knotted wood with the likeness of an engraving "nailed" to it. This device ...
- decorative art
- (from the article "decorative art") any of those arts that are concerned with the design and decoration of objects that are chiefly prized for their utility, rather than for their purely aesthetic qualities. Ceramics, glassware, ...
- Decorative Arts, Museum of
- (from the article "Czech Republic") ...the republic's many museums, three in Prague are especially noteworthy: the National Museum (founded 1818), the National Gallery (1796; whose collection is exhibited in several locations), and the Museum of ...
- Decorative Arts, Museum of
- (from the article "Carrier-Belleuse, Albert") ...A master of anatomy and characterization, he was a highly sought-after portraitist. He also was a major force behind the establishment in the early 1860s of what later became the ...
- decorum
- in literary style, the appropriate rendering of a character, action, speech, or scene. The concept of literary propriety, in its simplest stage of development, was outlined by Aristotle. In later ... [4 Related Articles]
- decoupage
- (French: "cutting out"), the art of cutting and pasting cutouts to simulate painting on a wood, metal, or glass surface. There are many variations in technique, but the four basic ...
- Decoux, Jean
- governor-general of French Indochina for the provisional (Vichy) French government during World War II (1940-45). His reforms, which were designed to undermine Japanese influence in the area, unwittingly helped lay ... [2 Related Articles]
- decoy
- (from the article "radar") ...cloud consisting of a large number of tiny metallic reflecting strips that create strong echoes over a large area to mask the presence of real target echoes or to create ...
- decreasing marginal utility
- (from the article "probability and statistics") ...them was Nicolas's cousin Daniel Bernoulli, whose solution depended on the idea that a ducat added to the wealth of a rich man benefits him much less than it does ...
- decree nisi
- (from the article "interlocutory decree") ...a judicial decision that is not final or that deals with a point other than the principal subject matter of the controversy at hand. An interlocutory decree of divorce in ...
- decreolization
- (from the article "African American English") ...American Southeast, or a descendant of 17th-century West African Pidgin English. The possibility that the structure of modern Ebonics is the result of decreolization has also been widely studied. (Decreolization, ...
- decreta
- (from the article "constitutiones principum") ...or instructions to subordinates, especially provincial governors, (3) rescripta, written answers to officials or others who consulted the emperor, in particular on a point of law, and (4) decreta, or ...
- decretal
- a reply in writing by the pope to a particular question of church discipline that has been referred to him. In modern usage, such a document is referred to as ... [6 Related Articles]
- Decroly method
- (from the article "education") The Decroly method can be characterized as a program of work based on centres of interest and educative games. Its basic feature is the workshop-classroom, in which children can go ...
- Decroly, Ovide
- Belgian pioneer in the education of children, including those with physical disabilities. Through his work as a physician, Decroly became involved in a school for disabled children and consequently became ... [2 Related Articles]
- decryption
- (from the article "data encryption") the process of disguising information as "ciphertext," or data unintelligible to an unauthorized person. Conversely, decryption, or decipherment, is the process of converting ciphertext back into its original format. Manual ...
- DeCuir, John
- (from the article "1956: Other Winners") ...Color: Lionel Lindon for Around the World in 80 DaysArt Direction, Black-and-White: Malcolm F. Brown and Cedric Gibbons for Somebody up There Likes MeArt Direction, Color: John DeCuir and Lyle ...
- decurio
- in ancient Rome, the head of a group of 10. The title had two applications, one civil, the other military. In the first usage decurio was applied to a member ...
- Dedalus, Stephen
- (from the article "Joyce, James") ...(1914). Three stories, The Sisters, Eveline, and After the Race, had appeared under the pseudonym Stephen Dedalus before the editor decided ...
- Dede Korkut
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...had as its basis the Turco-Iranian legend of an 8th-century hero, Abu Muslim, another the Turkish tales of the knight Danishmend. Other epics, such as the traditional Turkish tale of ...
- Dedeaux, Rod
- American baseball coach (b. Feb. 17, 1914, New Orleans, La.-d. Jan. 5, 2006, Glendale, Calif.), modeled his coaching style on that of his friend and major league baseball coach Casey ...
- Dedekind cut
- (from the article "Dedekind, Richard") ...that the character of the continuum need not depend on the quantity of points on a line segment (or continuum) but rather on how the line submits to being divided. ...
- Dedekind, Richard
- German mathematician who developed a major redefinition of irrational numbers in terms of arithmetic concepts. Although not fully recognized in his lifetime, his treatment of the ideas of the infinite ... [8 Related Articles]
- Dedham
- town (township), Norfolk county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., on the Charles River, just southwest of Boston. One of the oldest inland settlements of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, it was founded in ...
- Dedieu, Virginie
- (from the article "Swimming") ...medals each, capturing the duet free, the free routine combination, and the duet technical. Natalya Ishchenko took the solo technical contest to account for the fourth Russian gold. Only France's ...
- dedifferentiation
- (from the article "human embryology") ...changed environment, cartilage may lose its matrix, and its cells may come to resemble the more primitive tissue from which it arose. Nevertheless, despite such reversal and apparent simplification ("dedifferentiation"), ...
- deduction
- in logic, a rigorous proof, or derivation, of one statement (the conclusion) from one or more statements (the premises)-i.e., a chain of statements, each of which is either a premise ... [14 Related Articles]
- deduction
- (from the article "income tax") ...on a flat per capita basis or in accordance with a schedule. When income is taxed at graduated rates, exemptions are worth more to high-income than to low-income families. In ...
- deductive-nomological theory
- (from the article "history, philosophy of") ...reason or experience. This doctrine may be said to have been given more rigorous expression among Positivist philosophers of the present century in the shape of what is variously known ...
- Dedza
- (from the article "Dedza") ...is near the Mozambique border, on the traditional route between Ntcheu and Lilongwe, and is the trade centre for a fertile agricultural area (rice and potatoes). Extensive softwood plantations cover ...
- Dedza
- town, central Malawi, at the foot of Dedza Mountain (7,211 feet [2,198 metres]). Situated in an area with a cool, healthy climate and a perennial supply of mountain water, the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Dedza Mountain
- (from the article "Malawi") ...about three-quarters of the total land area. The highland areas are mainly isolated tracts that rise as much as 8,000 feet above sea level. They comprise the Nyika, Viphya, and ...
- dee
- (from the article "cyclotron") ...accelerator of this type was developed in the early 1930s by the American physicists Ernest O. Lawrence and M. Stanley Livingston. A cyclotron consists of two hollow semicircular electrodes, called ...
- Dee, Frances
- American actress (b. Nov. 26, 1907, Los Angeles, Calif.-d. March 6, 2004, Norwalk, Conn.), was a movie star of the 1930s and '40s who was known for her serene beauty, ...
- Dee, John
- English mathematician, natural philosopher, and student of the occult. [2 Related Articles]
- Dee, River
- river in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, rising at an elevation above 4,000 feet (1,250 metres) in the Cairngorm Mountains and flowing for about 90 miles (145 km) east to the North Sea ...
- Dee, River
- river in northern Wales and England, approximately 70 miles (110 km) long. It rises in the county of Gwynedd on the slopes of Dduallt, in Snowdonia National Park, and falls ...
- Dee, Ruby
- American actress and social activist who was known for her pioneering work in African American theatre and film and for her outspoken civil rights activism. Dee's artistic partnership with her ... [1 Related Articles]
- Dee, Sandra
- American actress (b. April 23, 1942, Bayonne, N.J.-d. Feb. 20, 2005, Thousand Oaks, Calif.), worked as a model and appeared in television commercials before becoming the sweetheart of the teen ...
- deed of trust
- (from the article "mortgage") The mortgage is still the most widely used form of security device in transactions involving land in Anglo-American jurisdictions. Alternative devices, such as the deed of trust (whereby a trustee ...
- Deeley, Michael
- (from the article "1978: Best Picture") Other Nominees
- Deep Bay
- (from the article "Hong Kong") In general, Hong Kong's soils are acidic and of low fertility. An exception is the alluvial soils, which are found mainly in the Deep Bay area, where the sediment-laden waters ...
- Deep Blue
- In February 1996 Gary Kasparov, the world's best chess-playing human, sat down against Deep Blue, the world's best chess-playing computer, for the start of a six-game match. When Deep Blue ... [4 Related Articles]
- deep drawing
- (from the article "metallurgy") ...pulling metal through a die. One type is wire drawing. The diameter reduction that can be achieved in such a die is limited, but several dies in series can be ...
- deep ecology
- (from the article "environmentalism") A more radical doctrine, known as deep ecology, builds on preservationist themes from the early environmental movement. Its main originators, the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess, the American sociologist Bill Devall, ...
- Deep Freeze, Operation
- (from the article "Byrd, Richard E.") In 1955 Byrd was made officer in charge of the United States' Antarctic programs and became the senior authority for government Antarctic matters. In this capacity he helped supervise Operation ...
- deep frying
- (from the article "frozen prepared food") Many meats are fried in immersion fryers. During frying, meats are cooked and desirable flavours created. Furthermore, the hot oil used in frying sears the surface of the meat, minimizing ...
- deep image poet
- (from the article "American literature") Through his personal charisma and his magazine The Fifties (later The Sixties and The Seventies), Robert Bly encouraged a number of ...
- Deep Impact
- (from the article "Physical Sciences") On July 4, 2005, after a journey of more than 431 million km (268 million mi), NASA's Deep Impact space probe fired a 370-kg (816-lb) copper projectile, or impactor, into ...
- deep Mars crosser
- (from the article "asteroid") ...distances greater than 1.3 AU-are dubbed Mars crossers. This class is further subdivided into two: shallow Mars crossers (perihelion distances no less than 1.58 AU but less than 1.67 AU) ...
- Deep Sea Drilling Project
- (from the article "Antarctica") As part of the Deep Sea Drilling Project conducted from 1968 to 1983 by the U.S. government, the drilling ship Glomar Challenger undertook several cruises of Antarctic and subantarctic waters ...
- deep sleep
- (from the article "sleep") Which of the various NREM stages is light sleep and which is deep sleep? The criteria used to establish sleep depth are the same as those used to distinguish sleep ...
- Deep South
- (from the article "United States") ...than is possible for any of the other older traditional regions. Those described above are of lesser order than the two principal Souths, variously called Upper and Lower (or Deep) ...
- deep structure
- (from the article "semantics") According to the original formulation of generative or transformational grammar, the semantic and the syntactic components were regarded as distinct elements in the deep structure of a sentence. The syntactic ...
- Deep Survey/Spectrometer Telescope
- (from the article "telescope") ...has been selected to maximize the telescope's sensitivity to detect faint EUV sources. Three of the telescopes have scanners that are pointed in the satellite's spin plane. The fourth telescope, ...
- Deep Thought
- (from the article "chess") ...estimated that each additional half-move of search would increase a program's performance level by 250 rating points. This was borne out by a steady improvement by the best programs until ...
- Deep Tow
- (from the article "ocean") ...transducers. For determining subbottom structure, low-frequency acoustic pulses are produced by explosives, compressed air, or water-jet implosion. Near-bottom sonar systems, such as the Deep Tow of the Scripps Institution of ...
- deep-focus earthquake
- (from the article "earthquake") The deeper-focus earthquakes commonly occur in patterns called Benioff zones that dip into the Earth, indicating the presence of a subducting slab. Dip angles of these slabs average about 45°, ...
- deep-scattering layer
- horizontal zone of living organisms, usually schools of fish, occurring below the surface in many ocean areas, so called because the layer scatters or reflects sound waves, causing echoes in ...
- deep-sea angler
- (from the article "anglerfish") ...and by limblike pectoral and (in some species) pelvic fins. Most species of anglerfishes inhabit the sea bottom. They are divided into four groups: batfish, goosefish, frogfish (qq.v.), and deep-sea ...
- deep-sea fish
- in general, any species of fishes (class Osteichthyes) that are found at extreme ocean depths, usually more than 600 m and even to as much as 8,370 m (that is, ... [2 Related Articles]
- deep-sea trench
- any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom in which maximum oceanic depths (approximately 7,300 to more than 11,000 m [24,000 to 36,000 feet]) occur. The deepest known depression ... [6 Related Articles]
- deep-sea vent
- (from the article "plate tectonics") Plate tectonics has influenced the evolution and propagation of life in a variety of ways. The study of oceanic ridges revealed the presence of bizarre life adjacent to the chimneys ...
- deep-space probe
- (from the article "spacecraft") ...periods generally use panels of solar cells, often in conjunction with storage batteries. The shuttle orbiter, designed for stays in space of one to two weeks, uses hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. ...
- deep-well injection
- (from the article "environmental works") One option for the disposal of liquid hazardous waste is deep-well injection, a procedure that involves pumping liquid waste through a steel casing into a porous layer of limestone or ...
- deepwater circulation
- (from the article "Atlantic Ocean") The deep and bottom water of the North Atlantic, as already stated, consists of surface water sinking between Iceland and Greenland and in the Labrador Sea, from which it spreads ...
- deer
- (family Cervidae), any of the ruminant mammals (order Artiodactyla) having two large and two small hooves on each foot and having antlers in the males of most species and in ... [2 Related Articles]
- Deer Chief
- (from the article "Southeast Indian") ...region believed that animals possessed souls. Slain animals sought vengeance against humanity through the agency of their "species chief," a supernatural animal with great power. The Deer Chief, for instance, ...
- Deer Isle Bridge
- (from the article "bridge") ...girder depth to span-had a great influence on suspension bridge design in the 1930s. Its revolutionary design led to the building of several major bridges, such as the Golden Gate ...
- deer mouse
- any of 53 species of small rodents found in a variety of habitats from Alaska and northern Canada southward to western Panama. They have bulging eyes and large ears, weigh ...
- deer nose bot fly
- (from the article "bot fly") The subfamily Oestrinae includes the North American and European deer nose bot flies (Cephenomyia). These are among the swiftest flying insects, moving at approximately 80 km (50 miles) per hour. ...
- Deer Park period
- (from the article "Buddhism") ...followed the Buddha's enlightenment, when, without success, he preached the Avatamsaka-sutra (or Huayan/Kegon Sutra). The second is the so-called Deer Park period, when he ...
- Deer Tower Palace
- (from the article "Zhou") ...His cruelty was such that the nearby forests were strung with human flesh. Moreover, he provoked the resentment of the people by levying taxes to build, over the course of ...
- Deer, The Book of
- illuminated manuscript written in Latin, probably in the 9th century, at a monastery founded by St. Columba at Deer Abbey (now in Aberdeenshire, Scotland) and containing 12th-century additions in Latin ... [2 Related Articles]
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