(from the article "thermodynamics") This article covers classical thermodynamics, which does not involve the consideration of individual atoms or molecules. Such concerns are the focus of the branch of thermodynamics known as statistical thermodynamics, ...
(from the article "United Kingdom") ...had sacked Camulodunum, Verulamium (St. Albans), and London, the three chief centres of Romanized life in Britain. Paulinus acted harshly after his victory, but the procurator of the province, Julius ...
in the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art ... [25 Related Articles]
(from the article "education") ...a humanist in which not only the quadrivium but also scientific studies were enthusiastically proposed. There was nothing arid or abstract in Rabelais's approach to nature, and in this context ...
(from the article "fungus") Parasitic; uredinalian septal pores with tremelloid haustorial cells; contains one order.Saprobic; many are aquatic or aeroaquatic hyphomycetes; simple septal pores; some with long fusiform basidiospores; example genera include Classicula ...
(from the article "fungus") ...conidia formed from tips of hyphae; example genera include Atractiella, Saccoblastia, Helicogloea, and Phleogena. Parasitic; uredinalian septal pores with tremelloid haustorial cells; contains one order.
(from the article "classification") in biology, the establishment of a hierarchical system of categories on the basis of presumed natural relationships among organisms. The science of biological classification is commonly called taxonomy (q.v.).for more ...
(from the article "archaeology") The first concern is the accurate and exact description of all the artifacts concerned. Classification and description are essential to all archaeological work, and, as in botany and zoology, the ...
(from the article "ship") The leading classification society, operating in almost every country in the world, is Lloyd's Register of Shipping, which began its work long before any national legislation existed for the performance ...
principles governing the organization of objects into groups according to their similarities and differences or their relation to a set of criteria. Classification theory has applications in all branches of ...
(from the article "Media and Publishing") ...advertising revenues, with a 42% expansion in 2005 over 2004. Though online advertising was on the upswing, the market share for newspaper companies' most-lucrative revenue maker-classified advertising-was shrinking. In most ...
(from the article "Tai languages") ...classifier for animals (Thai tua, Longzhou tuu) are derived from a protoform *tua, whereas the Northern forms (Buyei tuu) are attributed to a protoform *dua. (A classifier is a term ...
in Marxism, the ultimate condition of social organization, expected to occur when true communism is achieved. According to Karl Marx (1818-83), the primary function of the state is to repress ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Social Networking-Making Connections on the Web") The first companies to create social networks based on Web technology were Classmates.com and SixDegrees.com. Classmates.com, founded in 1995, used an aggressive pop-up advertising campaign to draw Web surfers to ...
(from the article "sedimentary rock") ...component in any carbonate will vary noticeably as a function of both age (due to evolution) and depositional setting (because of subsequent abrasion and transport as well as ecology). Carbonate ...
(from the article "geology") ...siltstones, and conglomerates (e.g., the graywacke-type sandstones and siltstones). These rocks are broadly known as clastic rocks because they consist of distinct particles or clasts. Clastic petrology is concerned with ...
(from the article "Terms designating composition and physical characteristics") ...weathering and chemical weathering are significantly different, they generate markedly distinct products and two fundamentally different kinds of sediment and sedimentary rock: (1) terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks and (2) allochemical ...
(from the article "lake") Waters draining into a lake carry with them much of the suspended sediment that is transported by rivers and streams from the local drainage basin. Current and wave action along ...
(from the article "igneous rock") These are various features that express the accumulation of fragments or the rupturing and dislocation of solid material. In volcanic environments they generally result from explosive activity or the incorporation ...
(from the article "bromine") ...range of temperatures. The vapour is amber in colour, and the liquid is reddish brown. A saturated solution of bromine in water is orange-red and, on cooling, yields a red ...
(from the article "Separations based on phase equilibria") In clathration, separation also is based on fitting molecules into sites of specific dimensions. Upon crystallizing from solution, certain compounds form cages (on the molecular scale) of definite size. If ...
(from the article "stinkhorn") ...and burst open within an hour, becoming slimy and fetid at maturity. Genera widespread in the temperate zone include Phallus,Mutinus,Dictyophora,Simblum, and Clathrus.
(from the article "Lewis and Clark Expedition") ...their progress for nearly a month. The members conducted a democratic vote on where to spend the winter, with even York and Sacagawea casting votes. Near present-day Astoria, Ore., the ...
(from the article "1965: Other Winners") ...Bolt for Doctor ZhivagoCinematography, Black-and-White: Ernest Laszlo for Ship of FoolsCinematography, Color: Freddie Young for Doctor ZhivagoArt Direction, Black-and-White: Robert Clatworthy for Ship of FoolsArt Direction, Color: John Box and ...
French artist best known for, and one of the greatest masters of, ideal-landscape painting, an art form that seeks to present a view of nature more beautiful and harmonious than ... [7 Related Articles]
black convex glass used by artists to reflect the landscape in miniature and, in doing so, to merge details and reduce the strength of colour so that the artist is ...
Belgian-American cytologist who developed the principal methods of separating and analyzing components of the living cell. For this work, on which modern cell biology is partly based, Claude, his student ...
engineer, chemist, and inventor of the neon light, which found widespread use in signs and was the forerunner of the fluorescent light. [3 Related Articles]
French sculptor of whose work little remains and who for many years was best known as the mistress and muse of Auguste Rodin. She was also the sister of Paul ... [1 Related Articles]
poet, playwright, essayist, a towering force in French literature of the first half of the 20th century, whose works derive their lyrical inspiration, their unity and scope, and their prophetic ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "embalming") ...experiments leading to his discovery of the circulation of blood, during which he injected coloured solutions into the arteries of cadavers. Later the Dutch and German scientists Frederik Ruysch and ...
(from the article "photography, history of") The finest daguerreotypes in Britain were produced by Claudet, who opened a studio on the roof of the Royal Adelaide Gallery in June 1841. He was responsible for numerous improvements ...
last important poet of the classical tradition. Coming to Italy and abandoning Greek, he showed his mastery of Latin in a poem celebrating the consulship (395) of Probinus and Olybrius. ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius") ...daughter of the conqueror of Hannibal, and through his sister Sempronia, wife of Scipio Aemilianus, the destroyer of Carthage. He was equally associated with the great rivals of the Scipios, ...
(from the article "Measure for Measure") ...city while he travels to Poland. In actuality, the duke remains in Vienna disguised as a friar in order to watch what unfolds. Following the letter of the law, Angelo ...
(from the article "Much Ado About Nothing") Shakespeare sets up a contrast between the conventional Claudio and Hero, who have the usual expectations of each other, and Beatrice and Benedick, who are highly skeptical of romance and ...
Roman emperor in 268-270, whose major achievement was the decisive defeat of the Gothic invaders (hence the name Gothicus) of the Balkans in 269. [1 Related Articles]
Roman politician, father-in-law of the agrarian reformer Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. Claudius served on the Gracchan land commission from 133 until his death. He was consul in 143 and censor in ...
son of Appius Claudius Caecus and commander of the fleet that suffered the only serious Roman naval defeat of the First Punic War (264-241 BC). The setback occurred in 249, ... [1 Related Articles]
traditional founder of the Claudii, one of the most distinguished gentes ("clans") of ancient Rome. About 504 BC he migrated from Regillum (or Regilli) in Sabine territory to Rome, where ...
Belgian poet, novelist, playwright, screenwriter, director, and painter, renowned for his prolific energy and the versatility of his politically and socially challenging work. Many consider him to be Belgium's greatest ... [2 Related Articles]
German-born Dutch royal (b. Sept. 6, 1926, Dotzingen, Ger.-d. Oct. 6, 2002, Amsterdam, Neth.), was the consort of Queen Beatrix of The Netherlands. When Claus married then crown princess Beatrix ... [1 Related Articles]
Prussian general and military thinker, whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy. [9 Related Articles]
(from the article "gastropod") ...represented by lateral opening of very short kidney, pore of ureter opening near or behind middle of mantle cavity; about 1,500 species.Elongated shells of West Indian shore salt-spray zone ...
(from the article "gastropod") Elongated shells of West Indian shore salt-spray zone (Cerionidae) or Andean mountains of South America and Eurasia (Clausiliidae).Large helicoidal to elongated shells of South America (Strophocheilidae) or southwestern Africa...
German mathematical physicist who formulated the second law of thermodynamics and is credited with making thermodynamics a science. [6 Related Articles]
(from the article "thermodynamics") Phase changes, such as the conversion of liquid water to steam, provide an important example of a system in which there is a large change in internal energy with volume ...
one of Scandinavia's foremost lyric poets. He was influenced by the French Symbolists and in turn greatly influenced Danish modernist poets of the 1940s and 1960s.
(from the article "diagnosis") ...excessive or unreasonable but cannot control the anxiety associated with it. Agoraphobia is one of the most severe phobias. Other phobias include the fear of heights (acrophobia), confined spaces (claustrophobia), ...
in Greek and Latin rhetoric, the rhythmic close to a sentence or clause, or a terminal cadence. The clausula is especially important in ancient and medieval Latin prose rhythm; most ...
in music, a 13th-century polyphonic genre featuring two strictly measured parts: notable examples are the descant sections based on the Gregorian chant melisma (several notes to a syllable), which in ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Magnoliidae") The earliest definitive angiospermous pollen grain is known as Clavatipollenites, which recent studies suggest is probably most closely related to the order Laurales, although it shows some links to the ...
(from the article "Latin American art") ...that propagated Realism. (Ironically, many postindependence leaders looked down upon native Latin American artists and preferred to award commissions and give teaching positions to Europeans.) Pelegrin Clave, a Catalan painter ...
(from the article "Novartis AG") Ciba-Geigy originated in the merger of two smaller Swiss firms, Ciba AG and J.R. Geigy SA. Ciba developed from a silk-dyeing business owned by Alexander Clavel, who began manufacturing the ...
(from the article "Hastings, Warren") ...British settlements in India, but these powers had now to be shared with a Supreme Council of four others, three of whom were new to India. The new councillors, who ...
percussion instrument, a pair of cylindrical hardwood sticks about 8 inches (20 centimetres) long and one inch (2 12 centimetres) in diameter, one of which is held in the player's ...
(from the article "plant disease") The principal genera of plant pathogenic bacteria are Agrobacterium, Clavibacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Streptomyces, and Xylella. With the exception of Streptomyces species, all are small, single,...
(from the article "Ascomycota") ...insects. It forms a small, 3-4-centimetre (about 1 13-inch) mushroomlike fruiting structure with a bright orange head, or cap. A related genus, Claviceps, includes C. purpurea, the cause of ergot ...
stringed keyboard musical instrument, developed from the medieval monochord. It flourished from about 1400 to 1800 and was revived in the 20th century. It is usually rectangular in shape, and ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "keyboard instrument") ...French organs had more than two manuals (Grand Orgue and Positif), the others (Recit and Echo) were usually of short compass; but if, as sometimes, there was a fifth manual, ...
Spanish naturalist and man of letters known for his campaign against public performance of the Corpus Christi autos sacramentales, one-act, open-air dramas that portrayed the eucharistic mystery. From his position ...
(from the article "electronic instrument") Advances in electronic technology during World War II were applied to electronic instrument design in the late 1940s and '50s. The Hammond Solovox, Constant Martin's Clavioline, and Georges Jenny's Ondioline ...
(from the article "calendar") ...able to obtain in satisfactory form until nearly 1572, the year of election of Pope Gregory XIII. Gregory found various proposals awaiting him and agreed to issue a bull that ...
narrow, arched structure that curves downward from the end of the digit in birds, reptiles, many mammals, and some amphibians. It is a hardened (keratinized) modification of the epidermis. Claws ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "hand tool") ...variety of striking tools distinguished by other names, such as pounder, beetle, mallet, maul, pestle, sledge, and others. The best known of the tools that go by the name hammer ...
(genus Xenopus), any member of 6 to 14 species of tongueless, aquatic African frogs (family Pipidae) having small black claws on the inner three toes of the hind limbs. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "mustelid") ...but a few include plant matter, mostly fruits or berries, in their diet. Dentition is characterized by strong canine teeth and sharp molars and premolars. Some mustelids have specialized diets. ...
(from the article "mechanics' institute") ...1800 to 1804. He then moved to London, where in 1809 he helped to found the London Institute for the Diffusion of Science, Medicine, and the Arts, while Andrew Ure ...
soil particles the diameters of which are less than 0.005 millimetre; also a rock that is composed essentially of clay particles. Rock in this sense includes soils, ceramic clays, clay ... [41 Related Articles]
(from the article "West Virginia") ...that collects, documents, and preserves the state's archaeology, art, culture, geology, history, paleontology, and geography. The Huntington Museum of Art also has excellent cultural facilities. The Clay Center for the ...
(from the article "playa") In Australia many playas have large transverse crescentic foredunes on their leeward side. Because of their silt and clay composition, these features are sometimes called clay dunes. In Australia they ...
(from the article "nodule") Chert and flint often occur as dense and structureless nodules of nearly pure silica in limestone or chalk, where they seem to be replacements of the carbonate rock by silica. ...
any of a group of important hydrous aluminum silicates with a layer (sheetlike) structure and very small particle size. They may contain significant amounts of iron, alkali metals, or alkaline ... [4 Related Articles]
the scientific discipline concerned with all aspects of clay minerals, including their properties, composition, classification, crystal structure, and occurrence and distribution in nature. The methods of study include X-ray diffraction, ...
(from the article "refractory") In this section the composition and properties of the clay-based refractories are described. Most are produced as preformed brick. Much of the remaining products are so-called monolithics, materials that can ...
(from the article "Anatolian religion") Though the Old Assyrian tablets are concerned exclusively with commercial matters, the seal impressions that they bear contain a new and elaborate system of religious symbolism (iconography) that later reached ...
(from the article "Track and Field Sports") ...shot 21.73 m (71 ft 312 in) to end a string of second-place finishes at the previous two world championships and two Olympic Games. Battling rain and gusty winds, Bryan ...
American statesman, U.S. congressman (1811-14, 1815-21, 1823-25) and U.S. senator (1806-07, 1810-11, 1831-42, 1849-52), who was a major promoter of the Missouri Compromise (1820), the compromise tariff of 1833 (ending ... [18 Related Articles]
hardened clay. Some geologists further restrict the term to a sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of clay-sized particles (less than 1256 millimetre in diameter) and is not laminated or ... [3 Related Articles]
city, seat of St. Louis county and a suburb of St. Louis, eastern Missouri, U.S. Founded in 1876, it was named for Ralph Clayton, a farmer from Virginia who had ...
law enacted in 1914 by the United States Congress to clarify and strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). The vague language of the latter had provided large corporations with numerous ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Bono") ...of a Roman Catholic father and a Protestant mother (who died when he was just age 14). In Dublin in 1977, he and school friends David Evans (later "the Edge"), ...
African-American jazz musician who was the star trumpet soloist of the early, classic Count Basie orchestra and, thereafter, was an outstanding soloist and successful arranger.
British motion-picture director whose nine films ranged from the social realism of Room at the Top to the psychological ghost story The Innocents (b. March 1, 1921--d. Feb. 25, 1995).
U.S. public official best known for his part in negotiating the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850), aimed at harmonizing U.S.-British interests in Central America.
(from the article "Saudi Arabia") ...the two parts of his dual kingdom being administered for the time being as separate units. In the same year, the Treaty of Jiddah, negotiated between Ibn Sa'ud and a ...
