machine for automatically performing arithmetical operations and certain mathematical functions. Modern calculators are descendants of a digital arithmetic machine devised by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Later in the 17th century, ... [8 Related Articles]
branch of mathematics concerned with the calculation of instantaneous rates of change (differential calculus) and the summation of infinitely many small factors to determine some whole (integral calculus). Two mathematicians, ... [23 Related Articles]
(from the article "mineral") ...extent of organically formed aragonite. Minerals also are produced by the human body: hydroxylapatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH)] is the chief component of bones and teeth, and calculi are concretions of mineral substances ...
(from the article "logic, history of") Another and distinct goal Leibniz proposed for logic was a "calculus of reason" (calculus ratiocinator). This would naturally first require a symbolism but would then involve explicit manipulations of the ...
branch of mathematics concerned with the problem of finding a function for which the value of a certain integral is either the largest or the smallest possible. Many problems of ... [7 Related Articles]
city, capital of West Bengal state, and former capital (1772-1912) of British India. It is India's largest city and one of its major ports. The city is located on the ... [11 Related Articles]
(from the article "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand") ...Sir John Simon, a prominent English lawyer and politician, that did not contain a single Indian. When the Congress and other parties boycotted the commission, the political tempo rose. After ...
(from the article "Calcutta") ...Raj Bhavan. The state Legislative Assembly is located in the city, as is the Secretariat, housed in the Writers' Building, with the state ministries in charge of various departments. The ...
(from the article "Calcutta") ...a number of committees to conduct the activities of the corporation. A commissioner, the executive head of the corporation, is responsible to its elected membership. The city is also a ...
(from the article "Calcutta") Government in the city proper is the responsibility of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation; the corporation's council is composed of one elected representative from each of the city's 100 wards. The ...
state-controlled institution of higher learning founded by the British in India in 1857. Modeled on the University of London, Calcutta was originally a purely affiliating university that offered no actual ... [1 Related Articles]
departamento, west-central Colombia. It is situated in the Cordillera Central of the Andes Mountains and is bounded by the Magdalena River on the east and the Cauca ...
annual prize awarded "to the artist of the most distinguished American picture book for children." It was established in 1938 by Frederic G. Melcher, chairman of the board of the ...
(from the article "Notable early nuclear reactors") ...silk weaving. Tourism has grown in importance. Whitehaven, the administrative centre, is also a fishing (cod and pilchard) and pleasure-craft port. The United Kingdom's first nuclear power station, Calder Hall ...
(from the article "ice hockey") ...awards are the Vezina Trophy, for the goalie voted best at his position by NHL managers; the William M. Jennings Trophy, for the goalie or goalies with the team permitting ...
(from the article "Iredell, James") Iredell's opinion in Calder v. Bull (1798) helped establish the principle of judicial review five years before it was actually tested in Marbury v. Madison. He is, however, remembered primarily ...
American sculptor best known as the originator of the mobile, a type of kinetic sculpture the delicately balanced or suspended components of which move in response to motor power or ... [6 Related Articles]
Scottish critic, poet, and historian published numerous literary criticisms, collections of poetry, and historical analyses, but he was especially admired for his critical work T.S. Eliot (1987). Calder's impact as ...
large bowl-shaped volcanic depression more than one kilometre in diameter and rimmed by infacing scarps. Calderas usually, if not always, form by the collapse of the top of a volcanic ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "Venezuela") ...more, and a new petrochemical industry was launched. Although prosperity had returned, growing popular dissatisfaction strengthened the opposition Christian Democrats, whose presidential candidate, Rafael Caldera Rodriguez, won the 1968 elections.
westernmost metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, England. The metropolitan borough is part of the historic county of Yorkshire, except for a small area west of Todmorden that belongs ...
dramatist and poet who succeeded Lope de Vega as the greatest Spanish playwright of the Golden Age. Among his best-known secular dramas are El medico de su honra (1635; The ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Costa Rica") ...trade agreements, and preelection fever dominated the attention of Costa Ricans in 2005. In late 2004 Costa Rica's immediate past three presidents were accused of accepting bribes. Former president Rafael ...
(from the article "Figueres Ferrer, Jose") ...agriculture, engaging in coffee planting and the production of cabuya (an agave plant from which rope and bags are made). His criticism of the government of Rafael ...
(from the article "El Salvador") Armando Calderon Sol of Arena triumphed in the presidential election of 1994, and his party also won control of the National Assembly. Under Calderon's leadership the government reduced the number ...
(from the article "Gran Sasso d'Italia") ...Corno Grande, or Monte (mount) Corno, the highest point (9,554 feet [2,912 m]) of the Apennines. The summit is snow-covered most of the year, and on the north slope of ...
American physician and writer who, as cofounder and head of the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), crusaded for the inclusion of responsible sex education in ... [1 Related Articles]
island in Carmarthen Bay of the Bristol Channel, Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro) county, Wales. It lies 2.3 miles (3.7 km) south of the port of Tenby. The island is 1.5 miles ...
(from the article "New Caledonia") ...population and Europeans about one-third. Their differing cultures have given rise to two distinct ways of life, known as kanak and caldoche; people of ...
city, seat (1892) of Canyon county, southwestern Idaho, U.S., on the Boise River. It originated (1883) as a construction camp for the Oregon Short Line Railroad and was named for ...
borough (township), Essex county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S. It lies 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Newark. Settled in the 1780s and incorporated in 1892, it is known as the ...
American author whose unadorned novels and stories about the rural poor of the American South mix violence and sex in grotesque tragicomedy. His works achieved a worldwide readership and were ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Wood Family") ...for a time and later with Humphrey Palmer. By 1783 Enoch was established in Burslem as an independent potter in partnership with his cousin Ralph Wood, and in 1790 he ...
(from the article "Jacquerie") ...1358, an uprising began near Compiegne and spread quickly throughout the countryside. The peasants destroyed numerous castles and slaughtered their inhabitants. Under their captain general, Guillaume Cale, or Carle, they ...
(from the article "Smith, Patti") Signed to a contract with Arista Records, she released her first album, Horses, in 1975; it was produced by John Cale, the Welsh avant-gardist and cofounder (with ...
in the Old Testament, one of the spies sent by Moses from Kadesh in southern Palestine to spy out the land of Canaan. Only Caleb and Joshua advised the Hebrews ... [1 Related Articles]
tributary of the Orange River in southeastern Africa. It rises in the Drakensberg, on the Lesotho-South Africa border, and flows generally southwest, forming most of the boundary between Lesotho and ... [3 Related Articles]
historical area of north Britain beyond Roman control, roughly corresponding to modern Scotland. It was inhabited by the tribe of Caledones (Calidones). The Romans first invaded the district under Agricola ...
county, northeastern Vermont, U.S., bounded on the southeast by New Hampshire, the Connecticut River constituting the border. Piedmont terrain occupies most of the county except the northeastern corner, which lies ...
(from the article "typography") ...using designs made up of repeated decorative units like early printers' fleurons, were extremely successful. Dwiggins designed a number of typefaces for the Linotype, two of which, Electra and Caledonia, ...
(from the article "Darien, Gulf of") ...mangrove-lined arm lying between Caribana Point and Cape Tiburon, Colombia. The delta of the Atrato River protrudes into the gulf. Farther northwest along the Panama coast of the gulf, Caledonia ...
waterway running southwest to northeast across the Glen Mor fault of northern Scotland and connecting the North Sea with the North Atlantic. In 1773 James Watt was employed by the ... [2 Related Articles]
range of mountains situated in northwestern Europe, developed as a result of the opening, closure, and destruction of the Iapetus Ocean in the period from the start of the Cambrian ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "Devonian Period") ...Silurian Period, resulted from the closing of the Iapetus Ocean (which was the precursor of the Atlantic Ocean) and is known as the Iapetus suture. It was marked by a ...
(from the article "New Caledonia") ...and voted a local budget. By 1953 French citizenship had been granted to all New Caledonians, regardless of ethnic origin. Melanesians then formed a coalition with Europeans to bring to ...
any system for dividing time over extended periods, such as days, months, or years, and arranging such divisions in a definite order. A calendar is convenient for regulating civil life ... [18 Related Articles]
(from the article "Mayan calendar") ...civilizations. The calendar was based on a ritual cycle of 260 named days and a year of 365 days. Taken together, they form a longer cycle of 18,980 days, or ...
(from the article "Aztec calendar") A circular calendar stone measuring about 12 feet (3.7 metres) in diameter and weighing some 25 tons was uncovered in Mexico City in 1790 and is currently on display in ...
process of smoothing and compressing a material (notably paper) during production by passing a single continuous sheet through a number of pairs of heated rolls. The rolls in combination are ... [2 Related Articles]
one of the earliest Italian lexicographers, from whose name came the once-common Italian word calepino and English word calepin, for "dictionary." He became an Augustinian monk and compiled a dictionary ... [1 Related Articles]
city and port of entry, Imperial county, southern California, U.S. It is located at the southern end of the Imperial Valley and is separated from the city of Mexicali, Mexico, ...
(from the article "meat processing") These animals are usually stunned mechanically, but some sheep slaughter facilities also use electrical stunning. The feet are removed from the carcasses before they are suspended by the Achilles tendon ...
(from the article "Man, Isle of") ...of the central massif are smooth and rounded as a result of action during various glacial periods. The island's landscape is treeless except in sheltered places. To the southwest lies ...
rodeo event in which a mounted cowboy chases a calf, lassoes it, dismounts, throws the calf to the ground by hand, and ties up three of its feet with a ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "offal") ...cooking, which rendered the otherwise indigestible animal parts edible. In nutritional terms, several variety meats are richer in certain vitamins, minerals, and forms of protein than muscle tissue; calf's liver, ...
city, southern Alberta, Canada. It lies on the western edge of the Great Plains, at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow rivers, 185 miles (298 km) south of Edmonton. ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Ice Hockey") On the ice the NHL did enjoy a better competitive balance than it had shown in several years, however, owing to the ascent of Calgary and San Jose to the ...
(from the article "Olympic Games") The city of Calgary first organized a bidding committee for the Winter Olympics in 1957; 24 years later it was awarded the 15th Winter Games. The influence of television on ...
(from the article "Calgary") The Calgary Stampede is a world-famous annual exhibition and stampede (rodeo). It was founded in 1912 by Guy Weadick, a former Wyoming cowboy, with the backing of major Alberta cattlemen. ...
(from the article "Grey Cup") The CFL consists of two divisions. In the CFL West Division are the British Columbia Lions, Calgary Stampeders, Edmonton Eskimos, and Saskatchewan Roughriders. In the East Division are the Hamilton ...
(from the article "Brazil") In early February the Congress convened, and the Senate reelected Alagoas Sen. Renan Calheiros of the Party of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (PMDB) as its president. Calheiros was a central ...
city, seat of Gordon county, northwestern Georgia, U.S. It lies near the Oostanaula River, 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Rome. Known formerly as Oothcaloga ("Place of the Beaver Dams") ...
county, central South Carolina, U.S. It consists of a low-lying Coastal Plain region south of Columbia. At the southeastern extremity is Lake Marion, and the Congaree River forms the northeastern ...
American political leader who was a congressman, secretary of war, seventh vice president (1825-32), senator, and secretary of state. He championed states' rights and slavery and was a symbol of ... [9 Related Articles]
American actor whose chance meeting with actor Alan Ladd led him to a career as the rugged hero of a number of B westerns in the 1950s; he also starred ...
city, capital of Valle del Cauca departamento, western Colombia, on both sides of the Cali River at an elevation of 3,327 feet (1,014 m). The city, set in the intermontane ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Somalia") ...triggered a bitter feud between rival Hawiye clan factions. The forces of the two rival warlords, General Maxamed Farax Caydiid (Muhammad Farah Aydid) of the Somali National Alliance (SNA) and ...
(from the article "African literature") ...("Reconnaissance") and Horseed ("Vanguard"), fostered Somali writing in the 1960s. The first poet to commit his poems to writing was Cali Xuseen Xirsi. Two of his poems ...
a feral, sullen, misshapen creature in Shakespeare's The Tempest. The son of the sorceress Sycorax, Caliban is the sole inhabitant of his island (excluding the imprisoned Ariel) ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "measurement") ...reference signal of known quantity that has been subdivided or multiplied to suit the range of measurement required. The reference signal is derived from objects of known quantity by a ...
in firearms, unit of measure indicating the interior, or bore, diameter of a gun barrel and the diameter of the gun's ammunition; or the length of a gun expressed in ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "organosulfur compound") Calichimicin (esperamicin) is a highly potent antitumour agent produced by bacteria of the Actinomycetales order and containing a pendant methyl trisulfide component (CH3SSS&singlehorzbond;). Acting much like a molecular "mouse trap," ...
(from the article "virus") ...Coxsackie viruses, echoviruses), cardioviruses, rhinoviruses (common cold viruses), and aphthoviruses (foot-and-mouth disease virus of cattle).Icosahedral, nonenveloped virions about 38 nm in diameter, composed of 32 capsomeres and 180 molecules ...
all-cotton fabric woven in plain, or tabby, weave and printed with simple designs in one or more colours. Calico originated in Calicut, India, by the 11th century, if not earlier, ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "colonialism, Western") ...poorer classes, though dainty fabrics for the wealthy also paid well. Imports of calicoes (inexpensive cotton fabrics from Calicut) to England grew so large that in 1721 Parliament passed the ...
bird genus in the family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes), which includes the shorebirds known as dunlin, knot, and sanderling (qq.v.). Some sandpipers are also classified as Calidris (see sandpiper). [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "ruff") in zoology, Old World bird of the sandpiper subfamily Calidritinae (family Scolopacidae, order Charadriiformes) remarkable for its unusual courtship plumage and behaviour. The name ruff applies to the species or ...
constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted as the 31st state of the Union on Sept. 9, 1850, and by the early 1960s it was the ... [70 Related Articles]
in San Francisco, oldest scientific institution in the western United States (incorporated 1853). The academy is situated in Golden Gate Park. Since the building's redesign (completed 2008) by the Italian ...
principal water-conveyance structure of the California State Water Project, U.S. From the Sacramento River delta east of San Francisco, it runs south through the San Joaquin Valley and over the ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "bayberry") ...in the bayberry family (Myricaceae), but especially M. pennsylvanica, also called candleberry, whose grayish waxy berries, upon boiling, yield the wax used in making bayberry candles. The California bayberry, or ...
(from the article "black oak") The California black oak (Q. kelloggii), a deciduous tree native to western North America, is occasionally 30 m tall. It grows at altitudes as high as 2,440 m above sea ...
(from the article "Phacelia") ...slopes of southern California, bears blue, five-lobed blooms in loose sprays over the dark green, toothed, oval leaves on plants about 23 cm (9 inches) tall. From similar areas the ...
(from the article "condor") Adult California condors are mostly black, with bold white wing linings, and bare red-to-orange head, neck, and crop. Young birds have dark heads that gradually become red as they near ...
surface oceanic current, southward-flowing continuation of the Aleutian Current along the west coast of North America between latitudes 48° N and 23° N. The California Current's surface velocity is commonly ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Death Valley") ...national monument. The national monument was expanded several times, including in 1937 and in 1952, when Devils Hole, located in Nevada's Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge, was added. In 1994 ...
(from the article "flying fish") ...winglike, rigid fins and an unevenly forked tail. Some species, such as the widely distributed Exocoetus volitans, are two-winged, with only the pectoral fins enlarged; others, such as the California ...
(from the article "Del Monte Foods") In the 1870s and '80s California became a major producer of fruits and vegetables; and, in 1899, 11 of the state's biggest canners merged under the name California Fruit Canners ...
(from the article "California") The Gold Rush hastened statehood in 1850 (as a part of the Compromise of 1850); and, though the Gold Rush peaked in 1852, the momentum of settlement did not subside. ...
(from the article "dormancy") The woodchuck, the dormouse, and the California ground squirrel enter hibernation in successive stages, with a complete or nearly complete awakening between each one. In the woodchuck, an initial decline ...
(from the article "gull") ...has a black head and bill, a gray mantle, and pinkish to reddish legs. It builds a stick nest in trees and hunts for insects over ponds. In the winter, ...
When California was first described in Encyclopaedia Britannica's first edition (1768-71), it was thought to be an island. The evolution of Britannica's treatment of California-from that first ...
