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Camaldolese ... Cameroon, history of

Camaldolese: an independent offshoot of the Benedictine order, founded about 1012 at Camaldoli near Arezzo, Italy, by St. Romuald as part of the monastic-reform movement of the 11th and 12th centuries. ...
Camar: widespread caste in northern India whose hereditary occupation is tanning leather; the name is derived from the Sanskrit word carmakara, or "skin worker." The more than 150 subcastes are characterized ...
Camara, Helder Pessoa: Roman Catholic prelate whose progressive views on social questions brought him into frequent conflict with Brazil's military rulers after 1964. Camara was an early and important figure in the movement ...
Camarasaurus: a group of dinosaurs that lived during the Late Jurassic Period (159 million to 144 million years ago), fossils of which are found in western North America; they are among ...
Camargo Society: group credited with keeping ballet alive in England during the early 1930s. Named after Marie Camargo, the noted 18th-century ballerina, the society was formed in 1930 by Philip J.S. Richardson, ...
Camargo, Marie: ballerina of the Paris Opera remembered for her numerous technical innovations.
Camargue: delta region in Bouches-du-Rhone departement, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur region, southern France. The region lies between the Grand and Petit channels of the Rhone River and ...
Cambaceres, Jean-Jacques-Regis de, duke de Parme: French statesman and legal expert who was second consul with Napoleon Bonaparte and then archchancellor of the empire. As Napoleon's principal adviser on all juridical matters from 1800 to 1814, ...
Cambay: city, east-central Gujarat state, west-central India. It lies at the head of the Gulf of Cambay and the mouth of the Mahi River. The city was mentioned in 1293 by ...
Cambay, Gulf of: trumpet-shaped gulf of the Arabian Sea, indenting northward the coast of Gujarat state, western India, between Bombay and the Kathiawar Peninsula. It is 120 miles (190 km) wide at its ...
Cambert, Robert: the first French composer of opera, though the dramatic sense of the word cannot be applied to any of his works.
Cambisol: one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Cambisols are characterized by the absence of a layer of accumulated clay, humus, ...
cambium: in plants, layer of actively dividing cells between xylem (wood) and phloem (bast) tissues that is responsible for the secondary growth of stems and roots (secondary growth occurs after the ...
Cambodia: country lying in the southwestern Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia. Covering a land area of 70,238 square miles (181,916 square kilometres), it is bordered on the west and northwest by ...
Cambon, Joseph: financial administrator who attempted, with considerable success, to stabilize the finances of the French Revolutionary government from 1791 to 1795.
Cambon, Jules: French diplomat who played an important role in the peace negotiations between the United States and Spain (1898) and was influential in the formation of French policy toward Germany in ...
Cambon, Paul: French diplomat who as ambassador to Great Britain (1898-1920) was instrumental in the formation of the Anglo-French alliance, the Entente Cordiale.
Cambrai: town, Nord departement, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, northern France. It lies along the Escaut River, south of Roubaix. The town was called Camaracum under the Romans, ...
Cambrai, Battle of: British offensive (November-December 1917) on the Western Front during World War I that marked the first large-scale, effective use of tanks in warfare.
Cambrai, League of: an alliance of Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I, Louis XII of France, and Ferdinand II of Aragon, formed Dec. 10, 1508, ostensibly against the Turks but ...
Cambrai, Treaty of: (French: "Peace of the Ladies"; Aug. 3, 1529), agreement ending one phase of the wars between Francis I of France and the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Charles V; it temporarily ...
Cambria: county, central Pennsylvania, U.S. It consists of a mountainous region on the Allegheny Plateau, with the Allegheny Mountains along the eastern edge. The principal waterways are the Conemaugh and Little ...
Cambrian Period: earliest time division of the Paleozoic Era, extending from about 540 to 505 million years ago. The Cambrian Period is often divided into the Early Cambrian Epoch (540 to 520 ...
cambric: lightweight, closely woven, plain cotton cloth first made in Cambrai, France, and originally a fine linen fabric. Printed cambric was used in London by 1595 for bands, cuffs, and ruffs. ...
Cambridge: city, Middlesex county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., situated on the north bank of the Charles River, partly opposite Boston. Originally settled as New Towne in 1630 by the Massachusetts Bay Company, ...
Cambridge: city, regional municipality of Waterloo, southeastern Ontario, Can. It lies 55 miles (90 km) west-southwest of Toronto. Cambridge was created in 1973 from the consolidation of the city of Galt, ...
Cambridge: city (district), administrative and historic county of Cambridgeshire, England, home of the internationally known University of Cambridge. The city lies immediately south of the fen country (a flat alluvial region ...
Cambridge: city, seat (1686) of Dorchester county, eastern Maryland, U.S., on the Choptank River's south bank near Chesapeake Bay's eastern shore. Bisected by Cambridge Creek (a natural harbour), it was founded ...
Cambridge Agreement: (Aug. 26, 1629), pledge made in Cambridge, Eng., by English Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company to emigrate to New England if the government of the colony could be ...
Cambridge critics: group of critics who were a major influence in English literary studies from the mid-1920s and who established an intellectually rigorous school of critical standards in the field of literature. ...
Cambridge Platform: basic document of New England Congregationalism, prepared in Cambridge, Mass. (U.S.), in 1648. It provided for all the details of church government, including the principle that was basic to Congregationalism, ...
Cambridge Platonists: group of 17th-century English philosophic and religious thinkers who hoped to reconcile Christian ethics with Renaissance humanism, religion with the new science, and faith with rationality. Their leader was Benjamin ...
Cambridge, Adolphus Frederick, 1st Duke of: British field marshal, seventh son of King George III.
Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, 2nd Duke of: conservative field marshal and commander in chief of the British army for 39 years. He was the only son of Adolphus Frederick, the youngest son of King George III.
Cambridge, Richard Owen: English poet and essayist and author of the Scribleriad.
Cambridge, University of: English autonomous institution of higher learning at Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Eng., on the River Cam 50 miles (80 km) north of London.
Cambridgeshire: administrative, geographic, and historic county of eastern England. The administrative county covers a much larger area than the ancient shire, or historic county. Formed in 1974, the administrative county incorporates ...
Cambyses I: ruler of Anshan c. 600-559 BC. Cambyses was the son of Cyrus I and succeeded his father in Anshan (northwest of Susa in Elam) as a vassal of King Astyages ...
Cambyses II: Achaemenid king of Persia (reigned 529-522 BC), who conquered Egypt in 525; he was the eldest son of King Cyrus II the Great by Cassandane, daughter of a fellow Achaemenid. ...
Camden: inner borough of London, part of the historic county of Middlesex, to the north of Westminster and the historic City of London. It extends some 5 miles (8 km) from ...
Camden: city, seat (1791) of Kershaw county, in north-central South Carolina, U.S. It was founded by English settlers along the Wateree River about 1733 and was originally known as Pine Tree ...
Camden: county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S., bordered to the west by Pennsylvania, the Delaware River constituting the boundary. It comprises a lowland region drained by the Mullica and Great Egg Harbor ...
Camden: town, eastern New South Wales, Australia, on the Nepean section of the Hawkesbury River, in the Southern Highlands. The locality, originally known as Cowpastures, was renamed Camden Park in 1805, ...
Camden: city, seat (1844) of Camden county, New Jersey, U.S., on the Delaware River, there bridged to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1681, the year before Philadelphia was founded, William Cooper built a ...
Camden: city, seat (1843) of Ouachita county, southern Arkansas, U.S., 100 miles (160 km) south-southwest of Little Rock, on a pine-covered bluff overlooking the Ouachita River. Settled in 1783, it was ...
Camden Town Group: group of English Post-Impressionist artists who met on a weekly basis in the studio of the painter Walter Sickert in Camden Town (an area of London).
Camden, Battle of: (August 16, 1780), in the American Revolution, British victory in South Carolina, one of the most crushing defeats ever inflicted upon an American army.
Camden, Charles Pratt, 1st Earl, Viscount Bayham Of Bayham Abbey, Baron Camden Of Camden Place: English jurist who, as chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1761-66), refused to enforce general warrants (naming no particular person to be arrested). As lord chancellor of Great ...
Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, 1st Marquess, 2nd Earl Camden, Earl Of The County Of Brecknock, Viscount Bayham Of Bayham Abbey, Baron Camden Of Camden Place: lord lieutenant (viceroy) of Ireland from 1795 to 1798, when his repressive actions touched off a major rebellion against British rule.
Camden, William: English antiquary, a pioneer of historical method, and author of Britannia, the first comprehensive topographical survey of England.
camel: either of two species of large ruminating hoofed mammals of arid Africa and Asia known for their ability to go for long periods without drinking. The Arabian camel, or dromedary ...
camel hair: animal fibre obtained from the camel and belonging to the group called specialty hair fibres. The most satisfactory textile fibre is gathered from camels of the Bactrian type. Such camels ...
camel racing: sport of running camels at speed, with a rider astride, over a predetermined course. The sport is generally limited to running the dromedary-whose name is derived from the Greek verb ...
Camellia: genus of about 80 species of East Asian evergreen shrubs and trees, belonging to the tea family (Theaceae), most notable for three ornamental flowering species and for C. sinensis (sometimes ...
Camelops: extinct genus of large camels that existed from the Late Pliocene epoch to the end of the Pleistocene epoch (between 3,400,000 and 10,000 years ago) in western North America from ...
Camelot: in Arthurian legend, the seat of King Arthur's court. It is variously identified with Caerleon, Monmouthshire, in Wales, and, in England, with the following: Queen Camel, Somerset; the little town ...
Camembert cheese: classic cow's-milk cheese of Normandy, named for a village in that region; its characteristic creamy, ivory-coloured interior and downy white surface, resembling that of Brie, result from the Penicillium camemberti ...
cameo: hard or precious stone carved in relief, or imitations of such stones in glass (called pastes) and mollusk shell. The cameo is usually a gem (commonly agate, onyx, or sardonyx) ...
cameo glass: glassware decorated with figures and forms of coloured glass carved in relief against a glass background of a contrasting colour. Such ware is produced by blowing two layers of glass ...
camera: in photography, device for recording an image of an object on a light-sensitive surface; it is essentially a light-tight box with an aperture to admit light focused onto a sensitized ...
camera lucida: (Latin: "light chamber"), optical instrument invented in 1807 by William Hyde Wollaston to facilitate accurate sketching of objects. It consists of a four-sided prism mounted on a small stand above ...
camera obscura: ancestor of the photographic camera. The Latin name means "dark chamber," and the earliest versions, dating to antiquity, consisted of small darkened rooms with light admitted through a single tiny ...
Camerarius, Joachim: German classical scholar and Lutheran theologian who mediated between Protestants and Catholics at the Reformation.
Camerarius, Rudolph Jacob: botanist who demonstrated the existence of sexes in plants.
Camerata: Florentine society of poets and musicians whose theories and musical experiments led in 1597 to the composition of the first opera, Dafne, by Jacopo Peri and the poet Ottavio Rinuccini. ...
Cameron: county, north-central Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a mountainous region on the Allegheny Plateau. The principal stream is Sinnemahoning Creek, which divides itself into the Bennett and Driftwood branches. Parklands include ...
Cameron Highlands: resort area of west-central West Malaysia (Malaya), in the Main Range, about 80 miles (130 km) south of southernmost Thailand. It comprises a cool highland plateau (elevation 4,750 feet [1,448 ...
Cameron, Duncan: fur trader who became involved in a rivalry with the Hudson's Bay Company over the settlement of the Red River region of western Canada.
Cameron, Julia Margaret: British photographer who is considered one of the greatest portrait photographers of the 19th century.
Cameron, Richard: Scottish Covenanter, founder of a religious sect called Cameronians.
Cameron, Simon: U.S. senator, secretary of war during the American Civil War, and a political boss of Pennsylvania. His son James Donald Cameron (1833-1918) succeeded him in the Senate and as a ...
Cameron, Sir Ewen: Scottish Highland chieftain, a strong supporter of the Stuart monarchs Charles II and James II of England. A man of enormous bulk, Lochiel became renowned for his feats of strength ...
Cameron, Verney Lovett: British explorer, the first to cross equatorial Africa from sea to sea.
Cameronian: any of the Scottish Covenanters who followed Richard Cameron in adhering to the perpetual obligation of the two Scottish covenants of 1638 and 1643 as set out in the Queensferry ...
Cameroon: country lying at the junction of western and central Africa. Triangular in shape, it covers an area of 179,714 square miles (465,458 square kilometres) and is bordered by Nigeria to ...
Cameroon, history of: history of the area from prehistoric and ancient times to the present.