Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Shop

0-9

calisthenics ... camaieu

calisthenics: free body exercises performed with varying degrees of intensity and rhythm, which may or may not be done with light handheld apparatuses such as rings and wands. The exercises employ ...
Calistoga: city, Napa county, western California, U.S. Located just northeast of Santa Rosa, Calistoga lies near the head of Napa Valley, 80 miles (130 km) north of San Francisco. Located in ...
Calixtus: antipope from 1168 to 1178, who reigned with the support of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.
Calixtus I, Saint: pope from 217? to 222, during the schism of Antipope St. Hippolytus. Little was known about Calixtus before the discovery of Philosophumena by Hippolytus, a work that is, in part, ...
Calixtus II: pope from 1119 to 1124.
Calixtus III: pope from 1455 to 1458.
Calkins, Mary Whiton: philosopher, psychologist, and educator, the first American woman to attain distinction in these fields of study.
calla: either of two distinct kinds of plants of the arum family (Araceae). The genus Calla contains one species of aquatic wild plant, C. palustris, which is known as the arum ...
Callaeidae: songbird family, order Passeriformes, collectively called wattlebirds (a name also applied to certain honeyeaters).
Callaghan, James Callaghan, Baron: British Labour Party politician, who was prime minister from 1976 to 1979.
Callaghan, Morley: Canadian novelist and short-story writer.
Callahan, Harry: American photographer noted for his innovative photographs of commonplace objects and scenes.
Callander: small burgh (town), Stirling council area, historic county of Perthshire, Scotland, on the River Teith. It is a tourist centre on an important entry point into the Highlands, near the ...
Callao: city and principal commercial seaport of Peru, located within the 57-square-mile (147-square-kilometre) Callao constitutional provincia, directly west of Lima. The mostly urbanized area of the constitutional province is part of ...
Callas, Maria: American operatic soprano who revived classical coloratura roles in the mid-20th century with her lyrical and dramatic versatility.
Callendar effect: climatic change brought about by man-made increases in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂), primarily through the processes of combustion. The actuality of such changes was proposed in 1938 ...
Callendar, H L: British physicist who made notable contributions to thermometry, calorimetry, and knowledge of the thermodynamic properties of steam. Callendar in 1886 described a precise thermometer based on the electrical resistivity of ...
Calles, Plutarco Elias: military and political leader who modernized the revolutionary armies and later became president of Mexico. He was the founder of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR; National Revolutionary Party), which became ...
Callias: diplomat and a notable member of one of the wealthiest families of ancient Athens.
Callias: Athenian ridiculed by the comic poets for his youthful extravagance; later in life he was a successful military commander and diplomat. The grandson of the Callias described above, he was ...
Callicrates: Athenian architect who designed the Temple of Athena Nike on the Athenian Acropolis and, with Ictinus, the Parthenon.
Callide Valley: valley in eastern Queensland, Australia, a southeast-northwest corridor extending for 70 miles (110 km) west of the Calliope Range. Its principal settlement is Biloela. Cotton, grains, and dairy pastures are ...
Callieres, Francois de: French diplomat and author whose book De la maniere de negocier avec les souverains (1716; The Practice of Diplomacy) was considered a model introduction to the subject of diplomacy.
calligraphy: writing as an art. The term derives from the Greek words for "good" or "beautiful" and for "writing" or "drawing" and refers to what masters called the art of fair ...
Callimachus: Greek poet and scholar, the most representative poet of the erudite and sophisticated Alexandrian school.
Callimachus: Greek sculptor, perhaps an Athenian, reputed to have invented the Corinthian capital after witnessing acanthus leaves growing around a basket placed upon a young girl's tomb.
Callinicus Of Heliopolis: architect who is credited with the invention of Greek fire, a highly incendiary liquid that was projected from "siphons" to enemy ships or troops and was almost impossible to extinguish.
Callinus: Greek elegiac poet, the few surviving fragments of whose work reflect the troubled period when Asia Minor was invaded by the Cimmerians, a race originating in what was later South ...
calliope: in music, a steam-whistle organ with a loud, shrill sound audible miles away; it is used to attract attention for circuses and fairs. It was invented in the United States ...
Calliope: in Greek mythology, foremost of the nine Muses, patron of epic poetry. At the behest of Zeus, the king of the gods, she judged the dispute between the goddesses Aphrodite ...
Callistemon: genus of shrubs and trees, of the family Myrtaceae, native to Australia. They have spikes of showy flowers and are commonly called bottlebrushes. The plants are often cultivated outdoors in ...
Callisthenes Of Olynthus: (c. 360-327 BC), ancient Greek historian.
Callisto: outermost of the four large moons (Galilean satellites) discovered around Jupiter by the Italian astronomer Galileo in 1610. It was probably also discovered independently that same year by the German ...
Callisto: in Greek mythology, a nymph, or else a daughter of either Lycaon of Arcadia or of Nycteus or Ceteus. Callisto was one of the goddess Artemis' huntress companions and swore ...
Callistus: patriarch of Constantinople, theologian, and hagiographer, an advocate of a Byzantine school of mystical prayer that he upheld by the authority of his office and by his writings.
Callot, Jacques: French printmaker who was one of the first great artists to practice the graphic arts exclusively. His innovative series of prints documenting the horrors of war greatly influenced the socially ...
Calloway, Cab: American bandleader, singer, and all-around entertainer known for his exuberant performing style and for leading one of the most highly regarded big bands of the swing era.
callus: in dermatology, small area of thickened skin, caused by continued friction, pressure, or other physical or chemical irritants. In response to mild but repeated injury, the cells of the epidermis, ...
callus: in osteology, bony and cartilaginous material forming a connecting bridge across a bone fracture during repair. Within one to two days after injury, a provisional callus forms, enveloping the fracture ...
Calmette, Albert: French bacteriologist, pupil of Louis Pasteur, and codeveloper with Camille Guerin of the tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). He also described a diagnostic test for tuberculosis, known as Calmette's reaction.
calomel: a very heavy, soft, white, sweetish-tasting halide mineral, formed by the alteration of other mercury minerals, such as cinnabar or amalgams. Calomel is found together with native mercury, cinnabar, calcite, ...
Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de: French statesman whose efforts to reform the structure of his nation's finance and administration precipitated the governmental crisis that led to the French Revolution of 1789.
Caloocan: city on Dagatdagatan Lagoon (Manila Bay), central Luzon, Philippines, adjacent to northern Manila. Founded in 1762, it became a municipality in 1815. Caloocan suffered much damage during World War II. ...
Calopogon: genus of about four species of terrestrial orchids, family Orchidaceae, found in bogs and swamps of North America and the West Indies. The lip of the grass-pink, or swamp-pink (Calopogon ...
caloric theory: explanation, widely accepted in the 18th century, of the phenomena of heat and combustion in terms of the flow of a hypothetical weightless fluid known as caloric. The idea of ...
calorie: a unit of energy or heat variously defined. The calorie was originally defined as the amount of heat required at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere to raise the temperature ...
calorimeter: device for measuring the heat developed during a mechanical, electrical, or chemical reaction, and for calculating the heat capacity of materials.
Calotes: genus of arboreal (tree-dwelling) lizards of the family Agamidae, remarkable for their extreme colour changes when excited. They are found in gardens and forests of India, Southeast Asia, and some ...
calotype: early photographic technique invented by William Henry Fox Talbot of Great Britain in the 1830s. In this technique, a sheet of paper coated with silver chloride was exposed to light ...
Calpurnius Siculus, Titus: Roman poet, author of seven pastoral eclogues.
Caltanissetta: city, capital of Caltanissetta provincia, central Sicily, Italy. The city lies in the mountains west of the Salso River at an elevation of 1,929 feet (588 m). It is sometimes ...
Calukya Dynasty: either of two ancient Indian dynasties. The Western Calukyas ruled as emperors in the Deccan (i.e., peninsular India) from AD 543 to 757 and again from about 975 to about ...
Calumet City: city, Cook county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. A southern suburb of Chicago, Calumet City lies on the Illinois-Indiana state border and along the Little Calumet River, southeast of Lake Calumet. The ...
Calumet District: heavily industrialized area, mostly in Lake county, northwestern Indiana, U.S. It lies along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, adjacent to southeastern Chicago. Following the establishment of steel plants in ...
Calusa: extinct North American Indian tribe that inhabited the southwest coast of Florida from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable and Cape Florida, together with all the outlying keys. According to some ...
Calve, Emma: operatic soprano famed for her performances in the title role of Georges Bizet's Carmen.
Calvert: county, south-central Maryland, U.S., consisting of a tidewater peninsula lying between the Patuxent River to the west and south and Chesapeake Bay to the east. Calvert Cliffs State Park towers ...
Calvert, Leonard: first governor of Maryland colony.
Calvin, John: theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. He was the leading French Protestant Reformer and the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. His interpretation of Christianity, advanced above ...
Calvin, Melvin: American biochemist who received the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the chemical pathways of photosynthesis.
Calvinism: the theology advanced by John Calvin, a Protestant Reformer in the 16th century, and its development by his followers. The term also refers to doctrines and practices derived from the ...
Calvino, Italo: Italian journalist, short-story writer, and novelist, whose whimsical and imaginative fables made him one of the most important Italian fiction writers in the 20th century.
Calvo Doctrine: a body of international rules regulating the jurisdiction of governments over aliens and the scope of their protection by their home states, as well as the use of force in ...
Calvus, Gaius Licinius Macer: Roman poet and orator who, as a poet, followed his friend Catullus in style and choice of subjects.
Calyceraceae: family of small and economically unimportant dicotyledonous flowering plants containing six genera (Boopis, Calycera, Acicarpha, Acarpha, Gamocarpha, and Moschopsis) with 60 species distributed in Central and South America. One species ...
Calydon: ancient Aetolian town in Greece, located on the Euenus (Evinos) River about 6 miles (9.5 km) east of modern Mesolongion. According to tradition, the town was founded by Calydon, son ...
Calymene: genus of trilobites (extinct arthropods) dating from the Ordovician Period (505 to 438 million years ago). Well known in the fossil record, Calymene remains have been found in which impressions ...
calypso: a type of folk song primarily from Trinidad though sung elsewhere in the southern and eastern Caribbean islands. The subject of a calypso text, usually witty and satiric, is a ...
Calypso: in Greek mythology, the daughter of the Titan Atlas (or Oceanus or Nereus), a nymph of the mythical island of Ogygia. She entertained the Greek hero Odysseus for seven years ...
Calzabigi, Ranieri: Italian poet, librettist, and music theorist who exerted an important influence on Christoph Willibald Gluck's reforms in opera.
cam: machine component that either rotates or moves back and forth (reciprocates) to create a prescribed motion in a contacting element known as a follower. The shape of the contacting surface ...
Cam Ranh: city, south-central Vietnam. It is situated on a peninsula enclosing Cam Ranh Bay, an inlet of the South China Sea. Cam Lam (Ba Ngoi), on the western shore of the ...
Cam Ranh Bay: a two-part deepwater inlet on the South China Sea, south-central Vietnam. It is approximately 20 miles (32 km) long from north to south and up to 10 miles (16 km) ...
Camaguey: provincia, east-central Cuba, bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Ciego de Avila province, on the east by Las Tunas province, and on the south ...
Camaguey: city, capital of Camaguey provincia, east-central Cuba. Founded in 1514 as Santa Maria de Puerto Principe, at the site of present-day Nuevitas, the city was moved inland in 1528 to ...
camaieu: painting technique by which an image is executed either entirely in shades of a single colour or in several tints unnatural to the object, figure, or scene represented. When a ...