| | - celestial photography
- (from the article "Wolf, Max") German astronomer who applied photography to the search for asteroids and discovered 228 of them.contribution by SchlesingerSchlesinger, FrankAmerican astronomer who ...
- celestial pole
- (from the article "astronomical map") The daily eastward rotation of the Earth on its axis produces an apparent diurnal westward rotation of the starry sphere. Thus, the stars seem to rotate about a northern or ...
- celestial sphere
- the apparent surface of the heavens, on which the stars seem to be fixed. For the purpose of establishing coordinate systems to mark the positions of heavenly bodies, it can ... [3 Related Articles]
- celestial unknown, method of
- (from the article "mathematics, East Asian") Li Ye's book also contains a method, unknown to Qin Jiushao, that seems to have flourished in North China for some decades before Li completed "Sea Mirror of Circle Measurements." ...
- celestina
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") In 1772 a device called a celestina was patented by Adam Walker of London; it employed a continuous horsehair ribbon (kept in motion by a treadle) to rub the strings ...
- Celestina, La
- Spanish dialogue novel, generally considered the first masterpiece of Spanish prose and the greatest and most influential work of the early Renaissance in Spain. [2 Related Articles]
- celestine
- mineral that is a naturally occurring form of strontium sulfate (SrSO4). It resembles barite, barium sulfate, but is much less common. Barium is interchangeable with strontium in the crystal structure; ... [1 Related Articles]
- Celestine (II)
- pope who was elected in December 1124 but resigned a few days later and is not counted in the official list of popes.
- Celestine I, Saint
- pope from 422 to 432. [2 Related Articles]
- Celestine II
- pope from 1143 to 1144.
- Celestine III
- pope from 1191 to 1198. [3 Related Articles]
- Celestine IV
- pope from October 25 to Nov. 10, 1241.
- Celestine V, Saint
- pope from July 5 to Dec. 13, 1294, the first pontiff to abdicate. He founded the Celestine order. [2 Related Articles]
- Celestius
- one of the first and probably the most outstanding of the disciples of the British theologian Pelagius (q.v.). [2 Related Articles]
- celiac artery
- (from the article "human cardiovascular system") ...visceral and parietal branches. Visceral vessels include the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric, which are unpaired, and the renal and testicular or ovarian, which are paired. The celiac artery ...
- celiac disease
- an inherited autoimmune digestive disorder in which people cannot tolerate gluten, a protein constituent of wheat, barley, malt, and rye flours. General symptoms of the disease include the passage of ... [3 Related Articles]
- celiac ganglion
- (from the article "nervous system, human") ...inferior mesenteric. Lying on the anterior surface of the aorta, preaortic ganglia provide axons that are distributed with the three major gastrointestinal arteries arising from the aorta. Thus, the celiac ...
- celibacy
- the state of being unmarried and, therefore, sexually abstinent, usually in association with the role of a religious official or devotee. In its narrow sense, the term is applied only ... [27 Related Articles]
- Celibidache, Sergiu
- Romanian-born German conductor noted for both his perfectionism, which occasioned numerous rehearsals, and his opposition to recording music; from 1979 he was the director of the Munich Philharmonic (b. June ...
- Celine, Louis-Ferdinand
- French writer and physician who, while admired for his talent, is better known for his anti-Semitism and misanthropy. [1 Related Articles]
- Celje
- city, central Slovenia, on the Savinja River about 35 miles (56 km) northeast of Ljubljana, Slovenia's capital. Founded as Claudia Celeia by the Roman emperor Claudius in the 1st century ...
- cell
- in biology, the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed. A single cell is often a complete organism in ... [59 Related Articles]
- cell
- (from the article "telephone and telephone system") The geographic area served by a cellular radio system is broken up into smaller geographic areas, or cells. Uniform hexagons most frequently are employed to represent these cells on maps ...
- cell
- in electricity, unit structure used to generate an electrical current by some means other than the motion of a conductor in a magnetic field. A solar cell, for example, consists ...
- cell adhesion molecule
- (from the article "Edelman, Gerald Maurice") ...the 1970s Edelman shifted his research to focus on questions outside of immunology: specifically, how the body-the brain in particular-develops. In 1975 he discovered substances called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), ...
- Cell Broadband Engine
- (from the article "International Business Machines Corporation") ...addition to producing supercomputers for governments and large corporations, IBM's supercomputer division, in cooperation with the Toshiba Corporation and the Sony Corporation of Japan, designed the Cell Broadband Engine. Developed ...
- cell colony
- (from the article "plant development") Three-dimensional body forms may evolve from the association of cells in colonies. Cells among the colonial green algae are of definite number; each component cell resembles a free-living unicell, but ...
- cell culture
- the maintenance and growth of the cells of multicellular organisms outside the body in specially designed containers and under precise conditions of temperature, humidity, nutrition, and freedom from contamination. In ...
- cell cycle
- (from the article "cancer") ...of cells by coding for proteins that form a signaling "cascade." This cascade relays messages from the exterior of the cell to the nucleus, where a molecular apparatus called the ...
- cell deletion
- (from the article "death") ...has stressed the biological importance of this other kind of cell death, which has been referred to as programmed cell death. In vertebrates it has been called apoptosis and in ...
- cell determination
- (from the article "cell") ...time and in the correct proportion; otherwise, there would be a jumble of randomly assorted cells in no way resembling an organism. The orderly development of an organism depends on ...
- cell division
- (from the article "cell division") the process by which cells reproduce. See meiosis; mitosis.VIDEOdamage and program theories of agingGary Null and other expe
- cell junction
- (from the article "cell") ...life, and their amounts in tissues change as the organs develop. The CAM, however, are not responsible for the stable adhesion of one cell to another; this more permanent adhesion ...
- cell membrane
- (from the article "Plasma membrane lipid composition") A thin membrane surrounds every living cell, delimiting the cell from the environment around it. Enclosed by this cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane) are the cell's constituents, ...
- cell of Mauthner
- (from the article "nervous system") ...the cranial nerves. The hindbrain exerts partial control over the spinal motor neurons through the reticular formation. Fish and tailed amphibians, in addition, have a pair of giant cells called ...
- cell plate
- (from the article "cell") ...consisting of actin and myosin, the proteins involved in muscle contraction and other forms of cell movement. In plant cells the cytoplasm is divided by the formation of a new ...
- Cell processor
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Some experts said that the IBM Cell processor in Sony's PlayStation 3 could be used for computing tasks other than video games. Given the chip's graphics capabilities, IBM said that ...
- cell surface antigen
- (from the article "blood group") ...sites on the surfaces of red cells of another type. The reaction between red cells and corresponding antibodies usually results in clumping-agglutination-of the red cells; therefore, antigens on the surfaces ...
- cell theory
- (from the article "zoology") The so-called cell theory, which was enunciated about 1838, was never actually a theory. As Edmund Beecher Wilson, the noted American cytologist, stated in his great work, The Cell, By ...
- cell wall
- (from the article "bacteria") Lying outside of this membrane is a rigid wall that determines the shape of the bacterial cell. The wall is made of a huge molecule called peptidoglycan (or murein). In ...
- cell wall
- (from the article "cell") The plant cell wall is a specialized form of extracellular matrix that surrounds every cell of a plant and is responsible for many of the characteristics distinguishing plant from animal ...
- cell-mediated food allergy
- (from the article "nutritional disease") ...E antibodies and releases chemical mediators such as histamine, resulting in gastrointestinal, skin, or respiratory symptoms ranging from mild to life-threatening. Much less common are cell-mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) food allergies, ...
- cell-mediated immunity
- (from the article "connective tissue disease") ...those seen in serum sickness and in rheumatoid arthritis and the kidney damage seen in systemic lupus erythematosus (see below Systemic lupus erythematosus). Last, the interaction may result in cellular immunity, ...
- cell-surface receptor
- (from the article "cell") ...The ability of the cells to distinguish cells of their own species from those of others is mediated by proteoglycan molecules in the extracellular matrix. The proteoglycan binds to specific ...
- cella
- in Classical architecture, the body of a temple (as distinct from the portico) in which the image of the deity is housed. In early Greek and Roman architecture it was ... [3 Related Articles]
- Cellamare, Antonio Giudice, Prince de
- (from the article "Maine, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, duc du") ...Louise-Benedicte de Bourbon-Conde, was enraged by the regent's actions. In 1718 she involved du Maine in a conspiracy with the Spanish ambassador, Antonio Giudice, Prince de Cellamare, to substitute Philip ...
- cellar
- room beneath ground level, especially one for storing fruits and vegetables, both raw and canned, on a farm. A typical cellar may be beneath the house or located outdoors, partly ... [1 Related Articles]
- cellarette
- small, movable wine cooler and, later, also a deep, metal-lined tray with compartments for holding bottles in a sideboard. Most portable cellarettes were made of mahogany, and designs were varied, ...
- Celle
- city, Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany, on the Aller River, at the southern edge of the Luneburger Heide (Heath), northeast of Hannover. The old town, Altencelle, was founded about ...
- Celler-Kefauver Act
- (from the article "Clayton Antitrust Act") ...(shipping) agreements and the distribution of sales territories among so-called natural competitors. Two sections of the Clayton Act were later amended by the Robinson-Patman Act (1936) and the Celler-Kefauver Act ...
- Celliers, Jan Francois Elias
- (from the article "South African literature") ...writers of the second movement, which spanned the first two decades of the 20th century. Chief among them were Eugene Marais, with his disillusioned and compassionate verse on human suffering; ...
- Cellini's halo
- bright white ring surrounding the shadow of the observer's head on a dew-covered lawn with a low solar elevation angle. The low solar angle causes an elongated shadow, so that ...
- Cellini, Benvenuto
- Florentine sculptor, goldsmith, and writer, one of the most important Mannerist artists and, because of the lively account of himself and his period in his autobiography, one of the most ... [10 Related Articles]
- cello
- bass musical instrument of the violin group, with four strings, pitched C-G-D-A upward from two octaves below middle C. The cello, about 27.5 inches (70 cm) long (47 inches [119 ... [3 Related Articles]
- cellocut
- (from the article "printmaking") The cellocut method was named by its originator, U.S. printmaker Boris Margo, one of the first to experiment extensively with plastics.
- cellophane
- regenerated cellulose extruded into thin, flat, transparent sheets. Extrusion through a small hole or spinneret produces a fibre, rayon. Highly impermeable to dry gases, grease, and bacteria, cellophane is used ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cellorigo, Gonzalez de
- (from the article "Spain") ...their money in the censos, the government annuities. These censos were the greatest plague and perdition of Spain, wrote Gonzalez de Cellorigo, perhaps the ...
- cells of Boettcher
- (from the article "ear, human") ...to be similar, if not identical, to that of the perilymph. Beyond the hair cells and the Deiters' cells are three other types of epithelial cells, usually called the cells ...
- cells of Claudius
- (from the article "ear, human") ...is thought to be similar, if not identical, to that of the perilymph. Beyond the hair cells and the Deiters' cells are three other types of epithelial cells, usually called ...
- cells of Hensen
- (from the article "ear, human") ...its composition is thought to be similar, if not identical, to that of the perilymph. Beyond the hair cells and the Deiters' cells are three other types of epithelial cells, ...
- cellular adhesion
- (from the article "cancer") ...tumour cells. Normally, cells are cohesive and stick to one another by a series of specialized molecules. An important early step in cancer invasion appears to be the loss of ...
- cellular automata
- (from the article "spreadsheet") ...to educational uses-for example, to display the synthesis of sound from simple audio waveforms. Furthermore, since they are two-dimensional grids of cells, they can readily be programmed as cellular automata, ...
- cellular endosperm
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...on the basis of when the cell wall forms. In nuclear endosperm formation, repeated free-nuclear divisions take place; if a cell wall is formed, it will form after free-nuclear division. ...
- Cellular Jail
- (from the article "Andaman Islands") ...steamer service connects Port Blair with North, Middle, South, and Little Andaman. Vinayak Damodar (Vir) Savarkar, the great Indian revolutionary, was imprisoned for life (1911-37) in the Cellular Jail (declared ...
- cellular respiration
- the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining processes and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms ... [3 Related Articles]
- cellulase
- (from the article "Some compounds produced by bacteria on an industrial scale") Various other classes of compounds are digested by hydrolytic enzymes specific for them. Not all of these enzymes occur in every organism; for example, few animals possess cellulase (cellulose-digesting enzyme), ...
- celluloid
- the first synthetic plastic material, developed by the American inventor John Wesley Hyatt in the late 1860s from a homogeneous colloidal dispersion of cellulose nitrate and camphor. A tough material, ... [5 Related Articles]
- cellulose
- a complex carbohydrate, or polysaccharide, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units. The basic structural component of plant cell walls, cellulose comprises about 33 percent of all vegetable matter (90 ... [22 Related Articles]
- cellulose acetate
- man-made textile fibre produced from the plant substance cellulose, which is obtained from soft woods or the short fibres adhering to cotton seeds (linters) and treated with acetic acid and ... [3 Related Articles]
- cellulose diacetate
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...British chemist George Miles in 1903-05 with the discovery that, when the highly acetylated cellulose was subjected to hydrolysis, it became transformed to a less highly acetylated compound (cellulose diacetate) ...
- cellulose triacetate
- (from the article "cellulose acetate") Cellulose triacetate, generally known in the United States by the trade name Arnel, is chemically different from, but related to, secondary acetate, being fully acetylated cellulose. It has greater heat ...
- cellulosic ethanol
- (from the article "Biofuels-The Next Great Source of Energy?") ...of oxygen, and methanol, butanol, and dimethyl ether, which are in development. Much focus is on the development of methods to produce ethanol from biomass that has a high content ...
- Celosia
- genus of about 45 species of herbaceous plants, of the amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), native to tropical America and Africa. Members of the genus are characterized by alternate leaves and showy ...
- celsian
- an uncommon feldspar mineral, barium aluminosilicate (BaAl2Si2O8), that occurs as hard, light-coloured, glassy masses and crystals in association with manganese deposits in contact zones, as at Jakobsberg, Swed.; Tochigi prefecture, ...
- Celsius temperature scale
- scale based on 0° for the freezing point of water and 100° for the boiling point of water. Invented in 1742 by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius, it is sometimes ... [7 Related Articles]
- Celsius, Anders
- astronomer who invented the Celsius temperature scale (often called the centigrade scale). [2 Related Articles]
- Celsius, Olof
- (from the article "Linnaeus, Carolus") ...studies in medicine at Lund University, but he transferred to Uppsala University in 1728. Because of his financial situation, he could only visit a few lectures; however, the university professor ...
- Celsus
- (from the article "Origen") ...on papyruses. Paragraph by paragraph it answers the Alethes logos ("The True Doctrine" or "Discourse") of the 2nd-century anti-Christian philosopher Celsus and is therefore a principal source for the pagan ...
- Celsus, Aulus Cornelius
- one of the greatest Roman medical writers, author of an encyclopaedia dealing with agriculture, military art, rhetoric, philosophy, law, and medicine, of which only the medical portion has survived. De ... [2 Related Articles]
- Celt
- a member of an early Indo-European people who from the 2nd millennium BC to the 1st century BC spread over much of Europe. Their tribes and groups eventually ranged from ... [35 Related Articles]
- celt
- characteristic New Stone Age tool, a polished stone ax or adz head designed for attachment to a wooden shaft and probably mainly used for felling trees or shaping wood. Great ... [2 Related Articles]
- Celtex
- (from the article "Rhone-Poulenc SA") When France entered the European Economic Community in 1957, Rhone-Poulenc became active in the reorganization of the French chemical industry. In 1961 it absorbed Celtex, a major synthetic-fibre producer, and ...
- Celtiberia
- an area in present north-central Spain occupied from the 3rd century BC onward by tribes of mixed Iberian and Celtic stock. These Celtiberians inhabited the hill country between the sources ... [1 Related Articles]
- Celtiberian
- (from the article "Scipio Africanus the Younger") The background of the next phase of Scipio's life was again Spain, where for years Rome had been engaged in war with the Celtiberians and had suffered a series of ...
- Celtiberian War
- (from the article "Arevaci") The Arevaci and the Belli rose up against the Romans in the Celtiberian War, which lasted from 153 to 133 BC. After such victories as that of 137 BC, in ...
- Celtic Ash
- (from the article "The Belmont Stakes") ...Northern Dancer, 1964; and Majestic Prince, 1969. In 1964, riding Northern Dancer, he won the Preakness for a second time and, in 1969, for a third time, on Majestic Prince. ...
- Celtic Church
- the early Christian church in the British Isles, founded probably in the 3rd century. Highly ascetic in character, it contributed to the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons in the 7th century, ... [6 Related Articles]
- Celtic field system
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...The earliest ironsmiths made daggers of the Hallstatt type but of a distinctively British form. The settlements were also of a distinctively British type, with the traditional round house, the ...
- Celtic Football Club
- (from the article "Football") Celtic won its 40th Scottish League championship, but for the first time in nine years, Celtic and the third-place Rangers failed to finish as one of the top two. Second-place ...
- Celtic languages
- branch of the Indo-European language family, spoken throughout much of Western Europe in Roman and pre-Roman times and currently known chiefly in the British Isles and in the Brittany peninsula ... [10 Related Articles]
- Celtic literature
- the body of writings composed in Gaelic and the languages derived from it, Scottish Gaelic and Manx, and in Welsh and its sister languages, Breton and Cornish. For writings in ... [6 Related Articles]
- Celtic religion
- religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Celts. [1 Related Articles]
- Celtis, Conradus
- German scholar known as Der Erzhumanist ("The Archhumanist"). He was also a Latin lyric poet who stimulated interest in Germany in both classical learning and German antiquities.
- Celto-Gallic
- (from the article "San Marino") ...and Argentina. Nearly nine-tenths of San Marino's citizens are Roman Catholics, though there is no official religion. The official language is Italian. A widely spoken dialect has been defined as ...
- Celto-Iberian language
- extinct Indo-European language of the western part of the Iberian Peninsula. Celto-Iberian was written in the Iberic script (borrowed from speakers of the non-Indo-European Iberian language in eastern and southern ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cem
- (from the article "Bayezid II") Bayezid II was the elder son of the sultan Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople. On the death of his father in 1481, his brother Cem contested the succession. Bayezid, ...
- Cemal Pasa
- (from the article "Damascus") ...son of the grand sharif of Mecca, made secret visits there to enlist support for the Arab Revolt begun by his father in 1916. In a countermove, ...
- Cemal Pasa
- Turkish army officer and a leading member of the Ottoman government during World War I. [2 Related Articles]
- cement
- in general, adhesive substances of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction. Cements of this kind are finely ground powders ... [6 Related Articles]
- cement rock
- (from the article "cement") ...and chalk, but others, such as coral or shell deposits, also are used. Clays, shales, slates, and estuarine muds are the common argillaceous raw materials. Marl, a compact calcareous clay, ...
- cementation
- (from the article "cobalt processing") In the production of a so-called cemented carbide, such as tungsten carbide, a briquetted mixture of tungsten carbide and cobalt powder is heated at a temperature above the melting point ...
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