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Charles X Gustav ... Chase, Mary Ellen

Charles X Gustav: king of Sweden who conducted the First Northern War (1655-60) against a coalition eventually embracing Poland, Russia, Brandenburg, the Netherlands, and Denmark. His aim was to establish a unified northern ...
Charles XI: king of Sweden who expanded royal power at the expense of the higher nobility and the lower estates, establishing an absolutist monarchy that ended only with the death of Charles ...
Charles XII: king of Sweden (1697-1718), an absolute monarch who defended his country for 18 years during the Great Northern War and promoted significant domestic reforms. He launched a disastrous invasion of ...
Charles XIII: king of Sweden from 1809 and, from 1814 to 1818, first king of the union of Sweden and Norway. The second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden, he was ...
Charles XIV John: French Revolutionary general and marshal of France (1804), who was elected crown prince of Sweden (1810), becoming regent and then king of Sweden and Norway (1818-44). Active in several Napoleonic ...
Charles XV: king of Sweden and Norway from 1859 to 1872. Succeeding his father, Oscar I, on July 8, 1859, Charles was an intelligent and artistically inclined ruler much liked in both ...
Charles's law: a statement that the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, if the pressure remains constant. This empirical relation was first suggested ...
Charles's Wain: group of stars within the constellation Ursa Major (q.v.).
Charles, Archduke: Austrian archduke, field marshal, army reformer, and military theoretician who was one of the few Allied commanders capable of defeating the French generals of the Napoleonic period. He modernized the ...
Charles, Eugenia: lawyer and politician who served as prime minister of Dominica from 1980 to 1995. She was the country's first woman lawyer and the first woman prime minister to serve in ...
Charles, Ezzard: American world heavyweight boxing champion from September 27, 1950, when he outpointed Joe Louis in 15 rounds in New York City, to July 18, 1951, when he was knocked out ...
Charles, Jacques-Alexandre-Cesar: French mathematician, physicist, and inventor who, with Nicolas Robert, was the first to ascend in a hydrogen balloon (1783). About 1787 he developed Charles's law (q.v.) concerning the thermal expansion ...
Charles, Prince of Lorraine and Bar: Austrian field marshal and administrator whose exemplary governorship of the Austrian Netherlands overshadowed his questionable military talents.
Charles, prince of Wales: heir apparent to the British throne, eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, duke of Edinburgh.
Charles, Ray: American pianist, singer, composer, and bandleader, a leading black entertainer billed as "the Genius." Charles was credited with the early development of soul music, a style based on a melding ...
Charles, Thomas: Welsh religious leader, a founder of Calvinistic Methodism in Wales and an inspirer of missionary activities.
Charlesbourg: city, Quebec region, southern Quebec province, Canada. It lies just northwest of the city of Quebec. First known as Bourg Royal and later renamed in honour of its patron saint, ...
Charleson, Ian: English stage actor best known for his work in the film Chariots of Fire (1981), which won an Academy Award Oscar for best picture.
Charleston: social jazz dance highly popular in the 1920s and frequently revived. Characterized by its toes-in, heels-out twisting steps, it was performed as a solo, with a partner, or in a ...
Charleston: city, seat of Charleston county, southeastern South Carolina, U.S. It is a major port on the Atlantic coast, a historic centre of Southern culture, and the hub of a large ...
Charleston: county, southern South Carolina, U.S. It comprises a low-lying coastal region with numerous swamps and marshy areas. A portion of the Sea Islands, strung along the Atlantic coast, form the ...
Charleston: city, capital of West Virginia, U.S., seat of Kanawha county, and the largest city in the state. It is situated in the Allegheny Mountains, at the confluence of the Elk ...
Charleston: city, seat (1830) of Coles county, east-central Illinois, U.S. It lies near the Embarras River, about 45 miles (70 km) south of Champaign. First settled by Benjamin Parker (1826), it ...
Charleston, College of: public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. It consists of schools of the Arts, Business and Economics, Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, and Sciences and Mathematics. ...
Charleston, Oscar: American baseball player and manager who was considered by many to have been the best all-around ballplayer in the history of the Negro leagues.
Charlestown: chief town and port on Nevis, an eastern Caribbean island in Saint Kitts and Nevis, on a bay on the western coast. It became the chief town after Jamestown, Nevis's ...
Charlestown: section of Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. It is situated on a small peninsula between the estuaries of the Charles and Mystic rivers. The locality is dominated by several low hills, including ...
Charleville: town, south-central Queensland, Australia. It lies along the Warrego River at an elevation of 974 feet (297 metres). The town was settled in 1842 and named for Charleville (Rath Luirc), ...
Charleville-Mezieres: twin towns, jointly capital of Ardennes departement, Champagne-Ardenne region, northeastern France. They lie along the Meuse River, 52 miles (84 km) northeast of Reims ...
Charlevoix, Pierre-Francois-Xavier de: French Jesuit who wrote one of the earliest descriptive accounts of North America.
charlock: (Brassica kaber, or Sinapis arvensis), early-flowering weed of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), widespread in grainfields in Europe and North America. Charlock reaches 1 m (3 feet) and has stiff bristles ...
Charlot, Andre: French theatrical impresario best remembered for the musical revues that he produced in London from 1912 to 1937.
Charlot, Jean: French-born muralist, painter, and book illustrator who was known for monumental frescoes that show the influence of Mayan art.
Charlotte: city, seat (1774) of Mecklenburg county, south-central North Carolina, U.S. It lies just east of the Catawba River in the Piedmont region. Settled about 1750, it was incorporated in 1768 ...
charlotte: either of two traditional French desserts, both formed in a deep, cylindrical mold. For a fruit charlotte the mold is lined with well-buttered bread, filled with a thick puree of ...
Charlotte: grand duchess of Luxembourg from 1919 to 1964. Her constitutional reign saw the evolution of Luxembourg into a modern social-democratic state.
Charlotte Amalie: capital of the U.S. Virgin Islands and of St. Thomas Island, at the head of St. Thomas Harbour, on the island's southern shore. The largest city in the Virgin Islands, ...
Charlotte Harbor: shallow inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, indenting the southwest coast of Florida, U.S., between Sarasota and Fort Myers. It covers about 270 square miles (700 square km). The Peace ...
Charlottenburg: district of Berlin, Germany, on the Spree River. Originally called Lietzenburg, the district was renamed for Sophie Charlotte, wife of Frederick I, king of Prussia, and was chartered in 1705. ...
Charlottesville: city, administratively independent of, but located in, Albemarle county, central Virginia, U.S. It lies on the Rivanna River, in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, about 70 miles (112 ...
Charlottetown: city, seat of Queens County and capital (1765) of Prince Edward Island, Canada, on Hillsborough Bay, an arm of Northumberland Strait, at the mouths of the Elliot (west), North, and ...
Charlottetown Conference: (1864), first of a series of meetings that ultimately led to the formation of the Dominion of Canada. In 1864 a conference was planned to discuss the possibility of a ...
Charlton, Bobby: football (soccer) player and manager who is regarded as one of the greatest English footballers. On April 21, 1970, he became one of the very few players to have appeared ...
Charlton, Boy: Australian swimmer who won five Olympic medals.
charm: a practice or expression believed to have magic power, similar to an incantation or a spell. Charms are among the earliest examples of written literature. Among the charms written in ...
Charnay Fibula: curved silver ornament, dating from the mid-6th century, that bears a runic inscription. The Fibula, a type of clasp, was discovered around 1857 in Burgundy, Fr. Its inscription consists of ...
Charnay, Claude-Joseph-Desire: French explorer and archaeologist, noted for his pioneering investigations of prehistoric Mexico and Central America.
Charney, Jule Gregory: American meteorologist who contributed to the development of numerical weather prediction and to increased understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere by devising a series of increasingly sophisticated mathematical ...
Charnock, Job: English founder of Calcutta and controversial administrator in the East India Company.
charnockite: any member of a series of metamorphic rocks with variable chemical composition, first described from the state of Tamil Nadu in southern India and named for Job Charnock. The term ...
Charnwood: borough (district), administrative county of Leicestershire, England. Nearly all of the borough belongs to the historic county of Leicestershire, except for a small area east of Wymeswold that lies in ...
Charolais: breed of large, light-coloured cattle developed in France for draft purposes but now kept for beef production and used for crossbreeding. White cattle had long been characteristic of the Charolais ...
Charolais: region and former county of France in southern Burgundy, consisting of the country around Charolles (in the modern departement of Saone-et-Loire). Formed from the southern part of the countship of ...
Charon: in Greek mythology, the son of Erebus and Nyx (Night), whose duty it was to ferry over the Rivers Styx and Acheron those souls of the deceased who had received ...
Charon: largest moon of Pluto. It was discovered telescopically in 1978 by James W. Christy and Robert S. Harrington at the U.S. Naval Observatory station in Flagstaff, Arizona. Its radius-about 625 ...
Charonton, Enguerrand: French religious painter of the late Gothic period, famous for his "Coronation of the Virgin."
Charophyceae: class of algae, certain members of which are commonly known as stoneworts. See stonewort.
Charpak, Georges: Polish-born French physicist, winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1992 for his invention of subatomic particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber.
Charpentier, Johann von: pioneer glaciologist, one of the first to propose the idea of the extensive movement of glaciers as geologic agencies.
Charpentier, Marc-Antoine: most important French composer of his generation and the outstanding French composer of oratorios.
Charriere, Henri: French criminal and prisoner in French Guiana who described a lively career of imprisonments, adventures, and escapes in an autobiography, Papillon (1969).
Charriere, Isabelle-Agnes-Elizabeth de: Swiss novelist whose work anticipated early 19th-century emancipated ideas.
Charron, Pierre: French Roman Catholic theologian and major contributor to the new thought of the 17th century. He is remembered for his controversial form of skepticism and his separation of ethics from ...
charter: a document granting certain specified rights, powers, privileges, or functions from the sovereign power of a state to an individual, corporation, city, or other unit of local organization. The most ...
Charter Oath: in Japanese history, statement of principle promulgated on April 6, 1868, by the emperor Meiji after the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of direct participation in government ...
charter party: contract by which the owner of a ship lets it to others for use in transporting a cargo. The shipowner continues to control the navigation and management of the vessel, ...
chartered company: type of corporation that evolved in the early modern era in Europe. It enjoyed certain rights and privileges and was bound by certain obligations, under a special charter granted to ...
Charterhouse: a well-known school and charitable foundation that is now in Godalming, Surrey, Eng. The name Charterhouse is a corruption of the French Chartreuse (the location of the first Carthusian monastery). ...
Charteris, Leslie: author of highly popular mystery-adventure novels and creator of Simon Templar, better known as "the Saint" and sometimes called the "Robin Hood of modern crime." From 1928 some 50 novels ...
Charters Towers: city, northeastern Queensland, Australia, in the upper Burdekin River basin. A gold boom, which began in the early 1870s, led to the founding of the town; its population reached a ...
Chartier, Alain: French poet and political writer whose didactic, elegant, and Latinate style was regarded as a model by succeeding generations of poets and prose writers.
Chartism: a British working-class movement for parliamentary reform named after the People's Charter, a bill drafted by the London radical William Lovett in May 1838. It contained six demands: universal manhood ...
Chartres: town, capital of Eure-et-Loir departement, Centre region, northwestern France, southwest of Paris. The town is built on the left bank of the Eure River, and the spires of its famous ...
Chartres Cathedral: Gothic cathedral located in the town of Chartres, northwestern France. Generally ranked as one of the three chief examples of Gothic French architecture (along with Amiens Cathedral and Reims Cathedral), ...
Chase Manhattan Corporation, The: former American holding company that merged with J.P. Morgan & Co. in 2000 to form J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.
Chase, Mary Ellen: American scholar, teacher, and writer whose novels are largely concerned with the Maine seacoast and its inhabitants.