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charge conservation ... Charles X
charge conservation
in physics, constancy of the total electric charge in the universe or in any specific chemical or nuclear reaction. The total charge in any closed system never changes, at least ...
charge d'affaires
the lowest rank of diplomatic representative recognized under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961). A charge d'affaires is usually accredited to the foreign minister of the country in which ...
Chari River
principal tributary feeding Lake Chad in north-central Africa. It flows through Chad and the Central African Republic and is formed by the Bamingui (its true headstream), the Gribingui, and the ...
Charibert I
king of the Franks, the eldest son of Chlotar I and Ingund. He shared in the partition of the Frankish kingdom that followed his father's death in 561, receiving the ...
Charibert II
king of Aquitaine from 630. On the death of his father, Chlotar II, in 629, the entire Frankish realm went to his brother, Dagobert I, but in 630 Dagobert ceded ...
Charidemus
Greek mercenary leader from Euboea who fought sometimes on the side of the Athenians, at other times on the side of their enemies. He served under the Athenian general Iphicrates ...
Charikar
capital of Parvan velayat (province), east central Afghanistan, at an altitude of 5,250 ft (1,600 m). The city lies on the road from Kabul (the national capital, 40 mi [65 ...
Charing Cross
locality in the City of Westminster, London. It is situated at the busy intersection of the streets called the Strand and Whitehall, just south of Trafalgar Square. The name derives ...
chariot
open, two- or four-wheeled vehicle of antiquity, probably first used in royal funeral processions and later employed in warfare, racing, and hunting. The chariot apparently originated in Mesopotamia in about ...
chariot racing
in the ancient world, a popular form of contest between small, two-wheeled vehicles drawn by two-, four-, or six-horse teams. The earliest account of a chariot race occurs in Homer's ...
charisma
attribute of astonishing power and capacity ascribed to the person and personality of extraordinarily magnetic leaders. Such leaders may be political and secular as well as religious. They challenge the ...
Chariton
Greek novelist, author of Chaereas and Callirhoe, the earliest fully extant romantic novel in Western literature. The complex but clearly narrated plot concerns a husband and wife whose love is ...
charity
in Christian thought, the highest form of love, signifying the reciprocal love between God and man that is made manifest in unselfish love of one's fellow men. St. Paul's classical ...
Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Daughters of
a Roman Catholic religious congregation founded at Paris in 1633 by St. Vincent de Paul and St. Louise de Marillac. The congregation was a radical innovation by 17th-century standards; it ...
charity school
type of English elementary school that emerged in the early 18th century to educate the children of the poor. They became the foundation of 19th-century English elementary education. Supported by ...
Charity, Sisters of
any of numerous Roman Catholic congregations of noncloistered women who are engaged in a wide variety of active works, especially teaching and nursing. Many of these congregations follow a rule ...
Charlemagne
king of the Franks (768-814), king of the Lombards (774-814), and emperor (800-814).
Charleroi
municipality, Hainaut province, south central Belgium, on the north bank of the Sambre River, south of Brussels.
Charles
rival duke of Brittany, a son of the French king Philip VI's sister Margaret.
Charles
third son of the Frankish emperor Lothair I. Upon his father's death (855) he inherited Provence. He was the first king of Provence, but he died without issue, and Provence ...
Charles
county, southern Maryland, U.S., bounded by the Potomac River to the south and west, Mattawoman Creek to the north, and the Patuxent and Wicomico rivers to the east. It is ...
Charles
emperor (Kaiser) of Austria and, as Charles IV, king of Hungary, the last ruler of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (Nov. 21, 1916-Nov. 11, 1918).
Charles
king of a troubled Portugal that was beset by colonial disputes, grave economic difficulties, and political unrest during his reign (1889-1908).
Charles
last of the great dukes of Burgundy (1467 to 1477).
Charles
count of Flanders (1119-27), only son of St. Canute, or Canute IV of Denmark, by Adela, daughter of Robert I the Frisian, count of Flanders. After the assassination of Canute ...
Charles Albert
king of Sardinia-Piedmont (1831-49) during the turbulent period of the Risorgimento, the movement for the unification of Italy. His political vacillations make him an enigmatic personality.
Charles Augustus
Grossherzog (grand duke) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, an enlightened ruler, and patron of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. He made his court and the University of Jena leading intellectual centres of Germany during ...
Charles City
county, eastern Virginia, U.S., occupying an area of 204 sq mi (528 sq km) in the Tidewater region, southeast of Richmond, between the Chickahominy and James rivers which unite at ...
Charles City
city, seat (1854) of Floyd county, northern Iowa, U.S., on the Cedar River, about 30 miles (50 km) east-southeast of Mason City. The site was a campground for the Winnebago ...
Charles Edward, the Young Pretender
last serious Stuart claimant to the British throne and leader of the unsuccessful Jacobite rebellion of 1745-46.
Charles Emmanuel I
duke of Savoy who alternated alliances with France and Spain, taking advantage of the European power struggle in order to further his expansionist policy. A skilled soldier and shrewd politician, ...
Charles Emmanuel II
duke of Savoy from 1638 to 1675, during a period of restoration and consolidation in the whole of Piedmont.
Charles Emmanuel III
king of Sardinia-Piedmont and an extremely skilled soldier whose aid other European countries often solicited for the many wars of his time.
Charles Emmanuel IV
weak but religious king of Sardinia-Piedmont who was forced to abdicate to the French after ruling for only six years.
Charles Felix
duke of Savoy and king of Sardinia-Piedmont (1821-31).
Charles Frederick
grand duke of Baden, a conscientious and liberal ruler who made his territories into a model of prosperity and effective government through his reforms based on the ideas of the ...
Charles I
duke of Lower Lorraine, head of the only surviving legitimate line of the Carolingian dynasty by 987, and an unsuccessful claimant for the French throne.
Charles I
courtly, pious king of Hungary who restored his kingdom to the status of a great power and enriched and civilized it.
Charles I
king of Great Britain and Ireland (1625-49), whose authoritarian rule and quarrels with Parliament provoked a civil war that led to his execution.
Charles I
king of Naples and Sicily (1266-85), the first of the Angevin dynasty, and creator of a great but short-lived Mediterranean empire.
Charles I
duke of Lorraine and an ally of the Burgundian faction in the internal strife that divided France during the Hundred Years' War. He succeeded in uniting Lorraine with the duchy ...
Charles II
king of France (i.e., Francia Occidentalis, the West Frankish kingdom) from 843 to 877 and Western emperor from 875 to 877. (He is reckoned as Charles II both of the ...
Charles II
king of Naples and ruler of numerous other territories, who concluded the war to regain Sicily started by his father, Charles I. By making astute alliances and treaties, he greatly ...
Charles II
king of Spain from 1665 to 1700 and the last monarch of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty.
Charles II
duke of Lorraine from 1545, whose reign is noted for its progress and prosperity.
Charles II
king of Great Britain and Ireland (1660-85), who was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. The years of his reign are known in English ...
Charles II
king of Navarre from 1349, who made various short-lived attempts to expand Navarrese power in both France and Spain.
Charles III
king of France (893-922), whose authority came to be accepted by Lorraine and who settled the Northmen in Normandy but who became the first Carolingian ruler of the western kingdom ...
Charles III
king of Navarre (1387-1425), eldest son of Charles II the Bad. Unlike his father, he pursued a consistent policy of peace both with Castile (which in gratitude restored certain districts ...
Charles III
Frankish king and emperor, whose fall in 887 marked the final disintegration of the empire of Charlemagne. (Although he controlled France briefly, he is usually not reckoned among the kings ...
Charles III
king of Naples (1381-86) and king (as Charles II) of Hungary (1385-86). A leading figure of the Hungarian branch of the Angevin dynasty, he was an astute politician who won ...
Charles III
duke of Lorraine whose resentment against encroaching French power led to a lifelong fight against France.
Charles III
king of Spain (1759-88) and king of Naples (as Charles VII, 1734-59), one of the "enlightened despots" of the 18th century, who helped lead Spain to a brief cultural and ...
Charles III
count of Valois from 1285 and of Anjou and Maine from 1290. He was son of a king, brother of a king, uncle of three kings, and a father of ...
Charles IV
king of France and of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322, the last of the direct line of the Capetian dynasty; his inglorious reign was marked by his invasion of ...
Charles IV
king of Spain (1788-1808) during the turbulent period of the French Revolution, who succeeded his father Charles III.
Charles IV
German king and king of Bohemia (as Charles) from 1346 to 1378 and Holy Roman emperor from 1355 to 1378, one of the most learned and diplomatically skillful sovereigns of ...
Charles IV Leopold
duke of Lorraine and Bar, Austrian field marshal who commanded the forces defeating the Turks before the gates of Vienna in 1683 and subsequently expelled them from most of Hungary.
Charles IX
king of France from 1560, remembered for authorizing the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 23-24, 1572, on the advice of his mother, Catherine de Medicis.
Charles IX
virtual ruler of Sweden (1599-1604) and king (1604-11) who reaffirmed Lutheranism as the national religion and pursued an aggressive foreign policy leading to war with Poland (1605) and Denmark (1611).
Charles Martel
mayor of the palace of Austrasia (the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom) from 715 to 741. He reunited and ruled the entire Frankish realm and stemmed the Muslim invasion ...
Charles Of France
duke of Berry, of Normandy, and of Guyenne, who fought in the coalitions against his brother King Louis XI of France.
Charles River
river, eastern Massachusetts, U.S. It is the longest river wholly within the state, meandering slightly more than 80 miles (130 km) from its source in Hopkinton, southern Middlesex county, to ...
Charles Theodore
elector (1742-77) of the Palatinate branch of the House of Wittelsbach and thereafter (1777-99) of the united Palatinate lands after inheriting Bavaria. The latter inheritance touched off the battleless War ...
Charles Town
city, seat (1801) of Jefferson county, in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia, U.S. The city lies 16 miles (26 km) southeast of Martinsburg. Laid out in 1786 by George ...
Charles University
state-controlled institution of higher learning in Prague, Czech Republic. The school was founded in 1348 by the Holy Roman emperor Charles IV, from whom it takes its name. It was ...
Charles V
king of France from 1364 who led the country in a miraculous recovery from the devastation of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), reversing the disastrous Anglo-French ...
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-56), king of Spain (as Charles I, 1516-56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I, 1519-21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from ...
Charles VI
Holy Roman emperor from 1711 and, as Charles III, archduke of Austria and king of Hungary. As pretender to the throne of Spain (as Charles III), he attempted unsuccessfully to ...
Charles VI
king of France who throughout his long reign (1380-1422) remained largely a figurehead, first because he was still a boy when he took the throne and later because of his ...
Charles VII
king of France from 1422 to 1461, who succeeded-partly with the aid of Joan of Arc-in driving the English from French soil and in solidifying the administration of the monarchy. ...
Charles VII
elector of Bavaria (1726-45), who was elected Holy Roman emperor (1742-45) in opposition to the Habsburg Maria Theresa's husband, Francis, grand duke of Tuscany.
Charles VIII
king of France from 1483, known for beginning the French expeditions into Italy that lasted until the middle of the next century.
Charles VIII Knutsson
king of Sweden (1448-57, 1464-65, 1467-70), who represented the interests of the commercially oriented, anti-Danish Swedish nobility against the older landowning class of nobles who favoured a union with Denmark. ...
Charles William Ferdinand
duke of Brunswick-Luneburg-Wolfenbuttel, Prussian field marshal, and an enlightened ruler. Though he was Frederick II the Great's favourite disciple, Charles proved to be less than successful in his military career, ...
Charles X
king of France from 1824 to 1830. His reign dramatized the failure of the Bourbons, after their restoration, to reconcile the tradition of the monarchy by divine right with the ...