| | - Catalan Language Congress
- (from the article "Romance languages") ...crowns in 1474 marked the beginning of its decline. After that, mainly grammatical works appeared; the language was to wait for its renaissance until the late 19th century. In 1906 ...
- Catalan literature
- the body of literature written in the Catalan language, a Romance language spoken primarily in the Spanish autonomous regions of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands. [2 Related Articles]
- Catalan Republic
- (from the article "Macia, Francesc") ...of Catalonia, a coalition of the Catalan Republican Party, the Estat Catala, and a third party. After the electoral victory over the Spanish monarchy (April 1931), Macia proclaimed the Catalan ...
- Catalani, Alfredo
- (from the article "opera") The other Italian operatic composers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries included several whose works continue to be performed. Alfredo Catalani's best-known opera is La ...
- Catalanides range
- (from the article "Catalonia") The provinces of Tarragona, Barcelona, and Girona have a Mediterranean shoreline, and the low-lying Catalanides range separates the coastal plain from the Ebro river basin. The Catalanides have historically separated ...
- catalase
- an enzyme that brings about (catalyzes) the reaction by which hydrogen peroxide is decomposed to water and oxygen. Found extensively in mammalian tissues, catalase prevents the accumulation of and protects ... [4 Related Articles]
- Catalaunian Plains, Battle of the
- (from the article "Chalons-en-Champagne") ...the heart of the rolling Champagne country. Small branches of the Marne River flow through the town. Chief town of a Gallic tribe, the Catalauni, it was called Durocatalaunum by ...
- catalexis and acatalexis
- in prosody, an omission or incompleteness in the last foot of a line or other unit in metrical verse and, conversely, the metrical completeness of such a unit.
- Catalhuyuk
- major Neolithic site in the Middle East, located near Konya in south-central Turkey. Excavations (1961-65) by the British archaeologist James Mellaart have shown that Anatolia in Neolithic times was the ... [5 Related Articles]
- Catalina ceanothus
- (from the article "Ceanothus") C. arboreus, called Catalina, or felt-leaf, ceanothus, an evergreen tree occurring on the islands off the coast of California, has leaves with a dark green upper surface and a dense ...
- catalog verse
- verse that presents a list of people, objects, or abstract qualities. Such verse exists in almost all literatures and is of ancient origin. The genealogical lists in the Bible and ...
- Catalonia
- comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) and historic region of Spain, encompassing the northeastern provincias (provinces) of Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, and Lleida. The autonomous community of ... [9 Related Articles]
- Catalonia Museum of Art
- museum in the Palacio Nacional in Barcelona, housing one of the most important collections of medieval paintings in the world and also a fine and complete collection of Spanish ceramics. ...
- catalpa
- any of 11 species of trees in the genus Catalpa (family Bignoniaceae), native to eastern Asia, eastern North America, and the West Indies. Catalpas have large, attractive leaves and showy, ...
- catalysis
- in chemistry, the modification of the rate of a chemical reaction, usually an acceleration, by addition of a substance not consumed during the reaction. The rates of chemical reactions-that is, ... [10 Related Articles]
- catalyst
- in chemistry, any substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being consumed. Enzymes are naturally occurring catalysts responsible for many essential biochemical reactions. [24 Related Articles]
- catalyst poison
- substance that reduces the effectiveness of a catalyst in a chemical reaction. In theory, because catalysts are not consumed in chemical reactions, they can be used repeatedly over an indefinite ...
- catalytic combustion
- (from the article "oxidation-reduction reaction") ...Humphry Davy experimented on combustion, including measurements of flame temperatures, investigations of the effect on flames of rarefied gases, and dilution with various gases; he also discovered catalytic combustion-the oxidation ...
- catalytic converter
- (from the article "Nobel Prizes") Among other processes that Ertl examined was one that takes place in a vehicle's catalytic converter to make the vehicle's exhaust less toxic. In the catalytic converter a platinum catalyst ...
- catalytic cracking
- (from the article "petroleum refining") The use of thermal cracking units to convert gas oils into naphtha dates from before 1920. These units produced small quantities of unstable naphthas and large amounts of by-product coke. ...
- catalytic reforming
- (from the article "hydrocarbon") ...with the second half of the 20th century, petroleum replaced coal as the principal source of aromatic hydrocarbons. The stability of the benzene ring makes possible processes, known generally as ...
- catamaran
- twin-hulled sailing and powered boat developed for sport and recreation in the second half of the 20th century. Its design is based on a raft of two logs bridged by ... [1 Related Articles]
- Catamarca
- provincia (province), northwestern Argentina, separated from Chile by the Andes Mountains. The province is generally mountainous with intermontane tablelands and valleys (some fertile, others completely arid). The ...
- Catamarca
- city, capital of Catamarca provincia (province), northwestern Argentina, on the Rio del Valle de Catamarca, a river between the two south-pointing spurs of the Andean peaks of ...
- Catana
- (from the article "coin") ...at the thermal spring for which Himera was noted; or Pelops (a grandson of Zeus) in his chariot, referring to a victory of a Himeran at the Olympic Games, which ...
- Catanar
- (from the article "South Asian arts") Manimekalai (the heroine's name, "Girdle of Gems"), the second, "twin," epic (the last part of which is missing), by Catanar, continues the story of the Cilappatikaram; the heroine is Matavi's ...
- Catanduanes
- island, east-central Philippines, in the Philippine Sea, separated from southeastern Luzon (Rungus Point) by the shallow Maqueda Channel. Farming is diversified (rice, corn [maize], copra, abaca) on the hilly, rolling ...
- Catanduva
- city, in the highlands of north-central Sao Paulo estado (state) Brazil, on the Sao Domingos River at 1,630 feet (497 metres) above sea level. Originally called Vila ...
- Catania
- city, eastern Sicily, Italy, in the broad plain of Catania on the Ionian seacoast, south of Mount Etna. The city was founded in 729 BC by Chalcidians (settlers from Chalcis ... [1 Related Articles]
- Catania, Gulf of
- inlet of the Ionian Sea on the eastern coast of Sicily. About 20 miles (32 km) long and 5 miles (8 km) wide, it lies between Cape Campolato (south) and ...
- Catanzaro
- city, capital of Calabria regione (region), southern Italy, at an elevation of 1,125 feet (343 metres) overlooking the Gulf of Squillace, southeast of Cosenza. Founded about the ...
- cataphract
- (from the article "military technology") ...7th centuries developed an effective provincial militia based on the institution of pronoia, the award of nonhereditary grants of land capable of supporting an armoured horse archer called a cataphract. ...
- cataplana
- (from the article "Portugal") ...the dried salted codfish known as bacalhau, now often imported, is considered the national dish. A seafood stew known as cataplana (for the hammered ...
- cataplexy
- (from the article "narcolepsy") ...Most narcoleptics reveal rapid eye movement (REM) at the onset of sleep, in contrast to normal sleep, in which REM occurs about 90 minutes after the onset of sleep. Associated ...
- catapult
- mechanism for forcefully propelling stones, spears, or other projectiles, in use mainly as a military weapon since ancient times. The ancient Greeks and Romans used a heavy crossbowlike weapon known ... [3 Related Articles]
- catapult
- (from the article "catapult") ...military weapon since ancient times. The ancient Greeks and Romans used a heavy crossbowlike weapon known as a ballista to shoot arrows and darts as well as stones at enemy ...
- cataract
- opacity of the crystalline lens of the eye. Cataracts occur in 50 percent of people between the ages of 65 and 74 and in 70 percent of people over the ... [6 Related Articles]
- cataract
- (from the article "cataract") a waterfall (q.v.), especially one containing great volumes of water rushing over a precipice.for more general content related to this topicwaterfall
- Catarchic astrology
- (from the article "astrology") Catarchic (pertaining to beginnings or sources) astrology determines whether or not a chosen moment is astrologically conducive to the success of a course of action begun in it. Basically in ...
- Catargiu, Lascar
- Romanian statesman, four times prime minister (1866, 1871-76, 1889, 1891-95), who played a leading role in national affairs through the country's early years of independence.
- catarrhine
- (from the article "monkey") ...are arranged into two main groups: Old World and New World. Old World monkeys all belong to one family, Cercopithecidae, which is related to apes and humans, and together they ...
- catastasis
- the dramatic complication that immediately precedes the climax of a play or that occurs during the climax of a play. Compare catastrophe.
- catastrophe
- in literature, the final action that completes the unraveling of the plot in a play, especially in a tragedy. Catastrophe is a synonym of denouement. The term is sometimes applied ...
- catastrophe coverage
- (from the article "insurance") Perhaps the major underwriting problem is the "catastrophic" exposure to loss. The largest passenger aircraft may incur losses of $300,000,000 or more, counting both liability and physical damage exposures. The ...
- catastrophe theory
- (from the article "Bonnet, Charles") ...of extinct species with La Palingenesie philosophique (1769; "The Philosophical Revival"), in which he theorized that the Earth periodically suffers universal catastrophes, destroying most life, and that the survivors move ...
- catastrophe theory
- in mathematics, a set of methods used to study and classify the ways in which a system can undergo sudden large changes in behaviour as one or more of the ... [2 Related Articles]
- catastrophism
- doctrine that explains the differences in fossil forms encountered in successive stratigraphic levels as being the product of repeated cataclysmic occurrences and repeated new creations. This doctrine generally is associated ... [5 Related Articles]
- catastrophism
- (from the article "Milosz, Czeslaw") ...which belonged to Poland between the two world wars. His first book of verse, Poemat o czasie zastyglym (1933; "Poem of Frozen Time"), expressed catastrophic fears of ...
- catatonic schizophrenia
- (from the article "Kraepelin, Emil") ...fell among the endogenous, incurable illnesses. Kraepelin attributed dementia praecox to organic changes in the brain. He further distinguished at least three clinical varieties of the disease: catatonia, in which ...
- Catatumbo River
- river rising in northern Colombia. It flows northeast across the Venezuelan border, crosses rich oil-bearing regions in the Maracaibo Lowland, and empties into Lake Maracaibo after a course of about ... [1 Related Articles]
- Catawba
- North American Indian tribe of Siouan language stock who inhabited the territory around the Catawba River in what are now the U.S. states of North and South Carolina. Their principal ... [2 Related Articles]
- Catawba language
- (from the article "Siouan languages") ...region (including Hidatsa, Crow), the northern plains (including Dakota, or Sioux proper), the central plains (Omaha, Osage, Ponca, Kansa, Quapaw), and the Great Lakes (including Winnebago). The Catawba language of ...
- catawba rhododendron
- (from the article "rhododendron") The catawba rhododendron, or mountain rosebay (R. catawbiense), of the southeastern United States, is plentiful and a great flowering attraction in June in the Great Smoky Mountains ...
- Catawba River
- (from the article "Catawba") North American Indian tribe of Siouan language stock who inhabited the territory around the Catawba River in what are now the U.S. states of North and South Carolina. Their principal ...
- catbird
- any of several bird species named for their mewing calls, which are used in addition to song. The North American catbird (Dumetella carolinensis), of the family Mimidae (order Passeriformes), is ...
- catbrier
- (from the article "Smilax") genus of plants in the family Smilacaceae, consisting of about 300 species of woody or herbaceous vines, variously known as catbriers and greenbriers, native to tropical and temperate parts of ...
- catch
- perpetual canon designed to be sung by three or more unaccompanied male voices, especially popular in 17th- and 18th-century England. Like all rounds, catches are indefinitely repeatable pieces in which ... [3 Related Articles]
- catch
- (from the article "stop") in phonetics, a consonant sound characterized by the momentary blocking (occlusion) of some part of the oral cavity. A completely articulated stop usually has three stages: the catch (implosion), or ...
- catch-and-release fly-fishing
- (from the article "fly-fishing") Catch-and-release fly-fishing, which originated in the United States among trout anglers and was popularized by Wulff and her famous fly-fishing husband, Lee Wulff, continues to gain favour worldwide and is ...
- catch-as-catch-can wrestling
- basic wrestling style in which nearly all holds and tactics are permitted in both upright and ground wrestling. Rules usually forbid only actions that may injure an opponent, such as ... [1 Related Articles]
- catch-hold wrestling
- (from the article "wrestling") ...the principal means of taking a grip on the opponent. In many cases this is no more than a special belt worn by both wrestlers, while in others a special ...
- catcher
- (from the article "baseball") Baseball was originally played bare-handed. Beginning in 1860, catchers, who attempt to catch every pitch not hit, became the first to adopt gloves. First basemen, who take many throws for ...
- catcher cavity
- (from the article "electron tube") The first grid next to the cathode controls the number of electrons in the electron beam and focuses the beam. The voltage between the cathode and the cavity resonators (the ...
- catcher's mitt
- (from the article "baseball") ...adopt gloves. First basemen, who take many throws for putouts from the infielders, soon followed, and finally all players adopted gloves. All gloves are constructed of leather with some padding. ...
- Cateau-Cambresis, Peace of
- (April 3, 1559), agreement marking the end of the 65-year (1494-1559) struggle between France and Spain for the control of Italy, leaving Habsburg Spain the dominant power there for the ... [7 Related Articles]
- catechesis
- (from the article "kerygma and catechesis") in Christian theology, respectively, the initial proclamation of the gospel message and the oral instruction given before baptism to those who have accepted the message. Kerygma refers primarily to the ...
- catechetical school
- in early Christianity, a type of educational institution with a curriculum directed toward inquirers (especially those trained in the Greek paideia, or educational system) whose aim was to gain a ... [2 Related Articles]
- catechism
- a manual of religious instruction usually arranged in the form of questions and answers used to instruct the young, to win converts, and to testify to the faith. Although many ... [4 Related Articles]
- catechol-O-methyltransferase
- (from the article "preeclampsia and eclampsia") ...include genetic defects, autoimmune disorders, and diet. One gene believed to be susceptible to defects that predispose some women to preeclampsia is catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which produces an ...
- catecholamine
- any of various naturally occurring amines that function as neurotransmitters and hormones within the body. Catecholamines are characterized by a catechol group (a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups) to ... [1 Related Articles]
- catechu
- (from the article "Davy, Sir Humphry, Baronet") ...became important social functions and added greatly to the prestige of science and the institution. In 1802 he became professor of chemistry. His duties included a special study of tanning: ...
- catechumen
- a person who receives instruction in the Christian religion in order to be baptized. According to the New Testament, the apostles instructed converts after baptism (Acts 2:41-42), and Christian instruction ...
- Catechumens, Liturgy of the
- the instructional part of the Christian worship service, consisting of hymns, prayers, scriptural readings, and homilies, which precedes the Eucharist (i.e., the Liturgy of the Faithful). In the early church ... [2 Related Articles]
- categorical imperative
- in the ethics of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, founder of critical philosophy, a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of ... [8 Related Articles]
- categorical inference
- (from the article "thought") In a categorical inference, one makes a judgment about whether something is, or is likely to be, a member of a certain category. For example, upon seeing an animal one ...
- categorical proposition
- in syllogistic or traditional logic, a proposition or statement, in which the predicate is, without qualification, affirmed or denied of all or part of the subject. Thus, categorical propositions are ... [3 Related Articles]
- categorical syllogism
- (from the article "logic") The next more complex form of argument is one with two categorical propositions as premises and one categorical proposition as conclusion. When arguments of this type have exactly three terms ...
- categorical system
- (from the article "metalogic") As another example, the question whether a system is categorical-that is, whether it determines essentially a unique interpretation in the sense that any two interpretations are isomorphic-may be explored. This ...
- categoricity in cardinality
- (from the article "metalogic") ...than beta, the theory has a model of cardinality alpha. (2) If a theory has a model of infinite cardinality beta, then, for each infinite cardinal alpha less than beta, ...
- category
- in logic, a term used to denote the several most general or highest types of thought forms or entities, or to denote any distinction such that, if a form or ... [9 Related Articles]
- category
- (from the article "mathematics") ...Mac Lane, also of the United States, and Eilenberg extended this axiomatic approach until many types of mathematical structures were presented in families, called categories. Hence there was a category ...
- category mistake
- (from the article "mind, philosophy of") Those who have put the private events of subjective experience at the centre of the mental have committed what Ryle calls a "category-mistake . . . represent[ing] the facts of ...
- category of sets
- (from the article "mathematics, foundations of") ...an abstract category have no windows, like the monads of Leibniz. To infer the interior of an object A one need only look at all the arrows from other objects ...
- category theory
- (from the article "mathematics, foundations of") Category theoryhistory of algebraalgebraCategory theoryThe second attempt to formalize the notion of structure developed within category theory. The first paper ...
- Catelin, Prosper
- (from the article "Latin American architecture") In Buenos Aires the influence of the French and the English helped fuel anticolonial tendencies, and immigrant architects from France-including Pierre Benoit, Prosper Catelin, Charles Enrique Pellegrini, and Jose Pons-implemented ...
- catenaccio system
- (from the article "football (soccer)") ...them as a "security bolt" behind the other three. Counterattacking football was adopted by top Italian clubs, notably Internazionale of Milan. Subsequently, the catenaccio system developed by ...
- catenae
- (from the article "Origen") ...are the sole witnesses for the Greek original of books 10-17 of his commentary on St. Matthew. Greek fragments of this, as of most of Origen's exegetical works, survive in ...
- catenary
- in mathematics, a curve that describes the shape of a flexible hanging chain or cable-the name derives from the Latin catenaria ("chain"). Any freely hanging cable or ... [3 Related Articles]
- catenation
- chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same element, occurring only among the atoms of an element that has a valence of at least two and that forms relatively ... [2 Related Articles]
- catenoid
- (from the article "catenary") ...by the focus of a parabola as it rolls along a straight line is a catenary. The surface of revolution generated when an upward-opening catenary is revolved around the horizontal ...
- catepan
- (from the article "Italy") ...the political boundaries, the south was much more peaceful in the 10th century than it had been in the 9th. The Byzantines dominated the south through a local ruler, or ...
- caterpillar
- larva of a butterfly or moth (Lepidoptera). Caterpillars have cylindrical bodies consisting of 13 segments, with three pairs of true legs on the thorax and several pairs of short, fleshy ... [11 Related Articles]
- caterpillar fungus
- (from the article "Ascomycota") Cordyceps, a genus of about 100 species within the order Hypocreales, are commonly known as vegetable caterpillars, or caterpillar fungi. C. militaris parasitizes insects. It forms a small, 3-4-centimetre (about ...
- caterpillar hunter
- (from the article "ground beetle") The searcher, or caterpillar hunter (Calosoma scrutator), is a common, brightly coloured North American ground beetle about 35 mm (1.5 inches) long. Its green or violet wings are edged in ...
- Caterpillar Inc.
- major American manufacturer of earth-moving, construction, agricultural, and materials-handling equipment. Its headquarters are in Peoria, Illinois.
- caterpillar tractor
- (from the article "Caterpillar Inc.") ...wheeled tractors and harvesters to replace horse-drawn harvesting machines on large farms. Benjamin Holt, one of several brothers in the Holt Manufacturing Company, invented the familiar "caterpillar" tractor in about ...
- Catesby, Robert
- chief instigator of the Gunpowder Plot, a Roman Catholic conspiracy to blow up King James I and the English Parliament on Nov. 5, 1605. [2 Related Articles]
- catfish
- any of the fishes of the order Siluriformes. Catfishes are related to the characins, carp, and minnows (order Cypriniformes) and may be placed with them in the superorder Ostariophysi. Some ... [6 Related Articles]
- catgut
- tough cord made from the intestines of certain animals, particularly sheep, and used for surgical ligatures and sutures, for the strings of violins and related instruments, and for the strings ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cathari
- (from Greek katharos, "pure"), also spelled Cathars, heretical Christian sect that flourished in western Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Cathari professed a neo-Manichaean dualism-that there are ... [18 Related Articles]
- Catharina-Amalia Beatrix Carmen Victoria, Princess
- (from the article "Netherlands, The") ...Obituaries.) Prince Johan Friso, Queen Beatrix's second son, married Mabel Wisse Smit on April 24 in Delft and relinquished his claim to the throne. The christening on June 12 of ...
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