general who completely reorganized Italy's ill-prepared army on the eve of World War I and who was chief of staff during the first 30 months of that conflict. [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "education") ...carry on the work of political organization, agricultural and industrial production, and economic reform, and (3) remolding the behaviour, emotions, attitudes, and outlook of the people. Millions of cadres were ...
(from the article "political party") Cadre parties-i.e., parties dominated by politically elite groups of activists-developed in Europe and America during the 19th century. Except in some of the states of the United States, France from ...
staff carried by Hermes, the messenger of the gods, as a symbol of peace. Among the ancient Greeks and Romans it became the badge of heralds and ambassadors, signifying their ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Merryman, Ex Parte") ...activities. Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, sitting as a federal circuit court judge, issued a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds that Merryman was illegally detained. General ...
British king of Gwynedd (in present north Wales) who, with the Mercian king Penda, invaded Northumbria in 632 or 633, killed the Northumbrian king Edwin in battle in Hatfield Chase ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Hamilton") ...west-central Scotland, situated near the junction of Avon Water and the River Clyde, just southeast of the metropolitan complex of Glasgow. The area has been settled since prehistoric times. Cadzow ...
(from the article "Gymnophiona") Several species of caecilians in the South American genus Caecilia exceed 1 metre (about 3.3 feet) in total length; the largest known caecilian is
(from the article "Donatist") a member of a Christian group in North Africa that broke with the Roman Catholics in 312 over the election of Caecilian as bishop of Carthage; the name derived from ...
(from the article "Gymnophiona") ...copulatory organ in males; aquatic larvae (with gill slits but no external gills), direct development of terrestrial eggs, or viviparous; about 170 species.Paleocene (65.5-55.8 million years ago) to present; ...
(from the article "cave fish") ...is Astyanax mexicanus (previously Anoptichthys jordani), an eyeless, 7.5-centimetre characin (family Characidae) found in Mexico and often kept in home aquariums. Others include Caecobarbus geertsi, an African member of the ...
(from the article "Vulcan") ...as his epithets Quietus and Mulciber (Fire Allayer) suggest. Because he was a deity of destructive fire, his temples were properly located outside the city. In Roman myth Vulcan was ...
first Old English Christian poet, whose fragmentary hymn to the creation remains a symbol of the adaptation of the aristocratic-heroic Anglo-Saxon verse tradition to the expression of Christian themes. His ... [2 Related Articles]
Old English scriptural paraphrases copied about 1000, given in 1651 to the scholar Franciscus Junius by Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh and now in the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. ... [1 Related Articles]
king of the West Saxons, or Wessex (from 685 or 686), who claimed descent from King Ceawlin. In his youth he was driven from Wessex and led the life of ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Rome") Almost half parkland, the Caelian includes the public park of Villa Celimontana, once the garden of the Mattei family, who had another on the Palatine, a clutch of palaces in ...
the last of the medical writers of the Western Roman Empire, usually considered the greatest Greco-Roman physician after Galen. Caelius probably practiced and taught in Rome and is now thought ...
Roman politician and close friend of Cicero. He is possibly also the Rufus whom the poet Catullus accused of stealing his mistress Clodia. At her instigation Caelius, who had deserted ... [1 Related Articles]
city, capital of Calvados departement, Basse-Normandie region, northwestern France, on the Orne River, 9 miles (14 km) from the English Channel, southwest of Le Havre. It first became important under ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Sword Beach") ...coup de main placed both bridges in Allied hands. Howard's company thus became the first attackers of the Normandy Invasion on French soil and the first unit to achieve its ...
(from the article "Caen") ...Saint-Gilles, faces the city's southwest side, and public gardens were planted in the city centre. The university, founded in 1432 by Henry VI of England, was resited and reopened in ...
, American newspaper columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle, 1938-50 and 1958-97, and San Francisco Examiner, 1950-58; his longtime encomiums on San Francisco, characterized by pithy wordplay and, later, nostalgia, ... [1 Related Articles]
in Greek mythology, the son of Elatus, a Lapith from the mountains of Thessaly in what is now northern Greece. At the marriage of Pirithous, king of the Lapiths, the ...
(from the article "Vespasian") ...who bore his sons Titus and Domitian and a daughter, Flavia Domitilla (later deified). Both his wife and daughter died before he became emperor. He then returned to an earlier ...
(from the article "Mello, Craig C.") ...graduate studies in biology at the University of Colorado in Boulder, where he worked in the laboratory of American molecular biologist David Hirsh, who was investigating the nematode
ancient city of Etruria, about 30 miles (50 km) northwest of Rome. Through its port, Pyrgi (present-day Santa Severa), the city became an important trading centre in close contact with ... [3 Related Articles]
town, archaeological site, and residential suburb of Newport, Newport county borough, historic county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), Wales, on the River Usk. It was important as the Roman fortress of ... [1 Related Articles]
town, Gwynedd county, historic county of Caernarvonshire (Sir Gaernarfon), Wales, near the west end of the Menai Strait separating the mainland from Anglesey.
(from the article "Caernarfon") ...around the motte and a walled borough adjacent to it, with a grid pattern of streets. The borough, to which he granted a charter in 1284, was made the capital ...
historic county of northwestern Wales, bordered on the north by the Irish Sea, on the east by Denbighshire, on the south by the county of Merioneth and Cardigan Bay, and ... [1 Related Articles]
county borough, southeastern Wales. The area west of the River Rhymney forms part of the historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), and the area east of the river belongs to the ...
castle town, Caerphilly county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), Wales. The town grew up outside a 13th-century castle. The still-incomplete structure was destroyed in 1270 by the Welsh prince ...
(from the article "Caerphilly") castle town, Caerphilly county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), Wales. The town grew up outside a 13th-century castle. The still-incomplete structure was destroyed in 1270 by the Welsh prince ...
(from the article "Fabales") The subfamily Caesalpinioideae (classified as a family, Caesalpiniaceae, by some authorities) is a heterogeneous group of plants with about 160 genera and some 2,000 species. The latest classifications show that ...
(from the article "Fabales") Molecular evidence confirms the hypothesis that Caesalpinioideae includes the earliest diverging lineages among the legumes. This was also the prevailing theory prior to molecular studies, based on the group's high ...
(from the article "cryptology") The simplest of all substitution ciphers are those in which the cipher alphabet is merely a cyclical shift of the plaintext alphabet. Of these, the best-known is the Caesar cipher, ...
(from the article "salad") ...onions, cucumbers, peppers, beets, and so on-may garnish the green salad. In France a piece of dry bread rubbed with garlic, a chapon, is sometimes tossed with the salad to ...
(from the article "1934: Other Winners") Original Story: Arthur Caesar for Manhattan MelodramaAdaptation: Robert Riskin for It Happened One NightCinematography: Victor Milner for CleopatraArt Direction: Cedric Gibbons and Frederic Hope for...
grandson of the Roman emperor Augustus (reigned 27 BC-AD 14), who would probably, had he survived Augustus, have succeeded to the imperial throne. [1 Related Articles]
U.S. lyricist for such U.S. standards as "Swanee" and "Tea for Two," one of the most frequently sung and recorded tunes ever written (b. July 4, 1895--d. Dec. 17, 1996).
(from the article "bushranger") ...bandit or highwayman followed the usual pattern of robbery, rape, and murder. They specialized in robbing, or "bailing up," stagecoaches, banks, and small settlements. From 1789, when John Caesar (called ...
celebrated Roman general and statesman, the conqueror of Gaul (58-50 BC), victor in the Civil War of 49-45 BC, and dictator (46-44 BC), who was launching a series of political ... [92 Related Articles]
Roman general and statesman in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. Shakespeare's portrayal of the celebrated Roman ruler is an ambiguous one, stressing Caesar's weaknesses as well as his noble ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Hadrian") ...succession, and he wanted it resolved in his own way. With Fuscus eliminated, Hadrian adopted the profligate Lucius Ceionius Commodus, aged about 36. The extravagant life of Ceionius, later renamed ...
(from the article "Augustus") ...seemed to be indicating his views regarding his ultimate successor when he adopted the two sons of his daughter Julia, boys aged three and one, who were henceforward known as ...
("Ruins of Caesarea"), ancient port and administrative city of Palestine, on the Mediterranean coast of present-day Israel south of Haifa. It is often referred to as Caesarea Palaestinae, or Caesarea ... [3 Related Articles]
leading prelate of Gaul and a celebrated preacher whose opposition to the heresy of Semi-Pelagianism (q.v.) was one of the chief influences on its decline in the 6th century. [2 Related Articles]
political system in which the head of the state is also the head of the church and supreme judge in religious matters. The term is most frequently associated with the ... [5 Related Articles]
(from the article "Las Vegas") ...became a model for those that followed it, the basic concept being a nondescript building festooned with ever-larger, brighter, and gaudier electric signs. An exception to this model at the ...
(from the article "boxing") ...Greeks used padded gloves for practice, not dissimilar from the modern boxing glove, these gloves had no role in actual contests. The Romans developed a glove called the
in modern prosody, a pause within a poetic line that breaks the regularity of the metrical pattern. It is represented in scansion by the sign &dblvert;. The caesura sometimes is ... [3 Related Articles]
noble family of medieval origin, the so-called Anagni branch of which won political power and financial success with the election of Benedetto Caetani (c. 1235-1303) as Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303; ...
(from the article "Cafaggiolo majolica") Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading ...
Italian tin-glazed earthenware produced during the early 16th century under Medici patronage in the castle of Cafaggiolo, in Tuscany. The decoration of Cafaggiolo ware is mostly derived from other leading ... [1 Related Articles]
small eating and drinking establishment, historically a coffeehouse, usually featuring a limited menu; originally these establishments served only coffee. The English term cafe, borrowed from the French, derives ultimately from ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "restaurant") The most illustrious of all 19th-century Paris restaurants was the Cafe Anglais, on the Boulevard des Italiens at the corner of the rue Marivaux, where the chef, Adolphe Duglere, created ...
(from the article "Starck, Philippe") ...to refurbish the private apartments in the Elysee Palace (1983-84) in Paris for French President Francois Mitterrand. He went on to design restaurant interiors for the Cafe Costes (1984) in ...
(from the article "restaurant") ...Foy, later called Chez Bignon, a favourite dining place of the English novelist William Makepeace Thackeray and of the Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini, who lived in the same building. The ...
(from the article "Brazil") Vice President Joao Cafe Filho served out most of the remainder of Vargas's term and carried out preparations for the presidential election of October 1955. The major political parties did ...
(from the article "restaurant") ...This restaurant was still in business in the mid-1990s and was regarded as one of the finest eating places in France. Another outstanding Paris establishment of the 19th century was ...
self-service restaurant in which customers select various dishes from an open-counter display. The food is usually placed on a tray, paid for at a cashier's station, and carried to a ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Borghese Family") ...the father of Camillo Borghese, the future Pope Paul V. (See Paul V under Paul [Papacy].) Paul V bestowed privileges upon family members, first naming as cardinal his nephew Scipione ...
Genoese soldier, statesman, diplomat, and crusader who wrote chronicles that are important sources for the history of the First Crusade and of 12th-century Genoa.
(from the article "Italy") ...movement. In 1761-62, however, an important group of young reformist noblemen formed around Pietro Verri (1728-97) and took the name of his militant journal, Il caffe (published ...
nitrogenous organic compound of the alkaloid group, substances that have marked physiological effects. Caffeine occurs in tea, coffee, guarana, mate, kola nuts, and cacao. [10 Related Articles]
a hereditary disease of infants, characterized by swellings of the periosteum (the bone layer where new bone is produced) and the bone cortex of the upper arms, shoulder girdle, and ...
(from the article "Caffieri family") The first prominent member of the family in France was Filippo Caffieri (b. 1634, Rome [Italy]-d. Sept. 7, 1716, Paris, Fr.), an Italian-born sculptor in the service of Louis XIV. ...
(from the article "Caffieri family") Philippe's younger brother, Jean-Jacques Caffieri (b. April 29, 1725, Paris-d. June 21, 1792, Paris), became the most famous sculptor of the family. Jean-Jacques trained under his father and won the ...
(from the article "Caffieri family") ...Paris-d. 1755, Paris) became a notable metalworker. He completed many works for the palace at Versailles and other royal residences from 1736 up to the time of his death. Both ...
man's full-length garment of ancient Mesopotamian origin, worn throughout the Middle East. It is usually made of cotton or silk or a combination of the two. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Huntington disease") ...in certain regions of the brain, as well as other tissues of the body. Mutated forms of the HD gene contain abnormally repeated segments of deoxyribonucleic acid ...
South American Indian group living on the northern and southern slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia. Speakers of an Arhuacan language, the Cagaba have lived in ... [1 Related Articles]
city, northern Mindanao, southern Philippines. It lies along the Cagayan River near the head of Macajalar Bay. After its establishment as a mission station in the 17th century, it was ...
longest stream in Luzon, Philippines. It begins its 220-mile (350-kilometre) course in a twisting pattern in the Sierra Madre in northeastern Luzon. It then flows north into a 50-mile- (80-kilometre-) ...
island, southwestern Sulu Sea, Philippines. Low-lying and surrounded by 13 small islets and coral reefs, Cagayan Sulu was a centre of pirate activity by Muslims (Moros) in the 19th century. ...
(from the article "dress") ...was, like its predecessors the farthingale and the hoop, a heavy underskirt reinforced by circular hoops, in this case of whalebone. By 1856 the weight of the petticoats became intolerable, ...
(from the article "glassware") ...is the Portland vase, in the British Museum, London. The capacity of the Italian glass craftsman to surpass all earlier masters in work of the most complex character is seen ...
American actor, perhaps best known for his performances in action films and large-budget summer blockbusters. He received an Academy Award for his work in Leaving Las Vegas ... [1 Related Articles]
city, capital of the island regione of Sardinia, Italy. It lies at the northern extremity of the Gulf of Cagliari, on the south coast of the island. Although it was ...
charlatan, magician, and adventurer who enjoyed enormous success in Parisian high society in the years preceding the French Revolution. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "siren") ...a piercing sound of definite pitch. Used as a warning signal, it was invented in the late 18th century by the Scottish natural philosopher John Robison. The name was given ...
(from the article "Western architecture") Neoclassical buildings after 1800 were more numerous, and a few examples illustrate the character and range of the movement. Peter von Nobile's Sant'Antonio, Trieste (1826-49); Luigi Cagnola's Rotunda, Ghisalba (1834); ...
(from the article "fascism") ...Barres, a former member of the Faisceau, crossed the channel in 1940 to serve under Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French movement. Eugene Deloncle, one of the leaders ...
town, east-central Puerto Rico. Caguas lies in the fertile Caguas valley, the largest interior valley of the island. It is linked to San Juan, the capital, by a divided highway. ...
(from the article "Puerto Rico") ...There is a continuous but narrow lowland along the north coast, where most people live, and smaller bands along the south and west coasts that also include densely populated areas. ...
historic village, Dallas county, southwest-central Alabama, U.S. It lies at the confluence of the Cahaba and Alabama rivers, 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Selma. Founded in 1819 as the ...
(from the article "Alabama River") ...winds westward to Selma, and then flows southward. Its navigable length is 305 miles (491 km), and the river drains 22,800 square miles (59,050 square km). It receives its chief ...
journalist, reformer, and novelist who for more than 40 years served as editor of the New York Yiddish-language daily newspaper the Jewish Daily Forward (Yiddish title Forverts), which helped newly ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "WPA Federal Art Project") ...sponsored a more varied and experimental body of art, and had a far greater influence on subsequent American movements. This was chiefly the result of the leadership of its national ...
Irish paramilitary organization leader (b. May 19, 1920, Belfast, Ire.-d. July 23, 2004, Belfast, N.Ire.), dedicated his life to the cause of ending British rule in Northern Ireland and reuniting ...
(from the article "electronic music") The first major effort to generate musical sounds electrically was carried out over many years by an American, Thaddeus Cahill, who built a formidable assembly of rotary generators and telephone ...
