| | - Cassius, Gaius
- one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. After the death of Caesar he joined the party of Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus (the more famous Cassius and prime ...
- Cassivellaunus
- powerful British chieftain who was defeated by Julius Caesar during his second raiding expedition into Britain (54 BC).
- cassock
- long garment worn by Roman Catholic and other clergy both as ordinary dress and under liturgical garments. The cassock, with button closure, has long sleeves and fits the body closely. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Cassola, Carlo
- Italian Neorealist novelist who portrayed the landscapes and the ordinary people of rural Tuscany in simple prose. The lack of action and the emphasis on detail in his books caused ... [2 Related Articles]
- Casson, Alfred Joseph
- Canadian painter who was a member of the Group of Seven, a group of painters that forged a national identity through the visual arts with their paintings of the Canadian ...
- cassone
- Italian chest, usually used as a marriage chest, and the most elaborately decorated piece of furniture of the Renaissance. Cassoni traditionally were made in pairs and sometimes bore the respective ... [3 Related Articles]
- cassoulet
- French dish of white beans baked with meats; it takes its name from its cooking pot, the cassole d'Issel. Originating in Languedoc in southwest France, cassoulet was once simple farmhouse ...
- cassowary
- any of several species of large flightless birds of the Australo-Papuan region. Cassowaries are the only members of the family Casuariidae and belong to the order Casuariiformes, which also includes ... [3 Related Articles]
- Cassytha
- (from the article "Laurales") Cassytha, a rootless vinelike stem parasite with vestigial scalelike leaves, is the most unusual member of the family; the genus contains 15-20 species native to the Old World. Laurus (laurel) ...
- cast
- (from the article "falconiform") Before the day's flight, a raptor usually preens, casts, and defecates. Castings are indigestible balls of fur, feathers, insect parts, etc., that are regurgitated. Preening is performed mainly with the ...
- cast alloy
- (from the article "machine tool") A number of cast-alloy cutting-tool materials have been developed; these nonferrous alloys contain cobalt, chromium, and tungsten and are particularly effective in penetrating the hard skin on cast iron and ...
- cast iron
- an alloy of iron that contains 2 to 4 percent carbon, along with varying amounts of silicon and manganese and traces of impurities such as sulfur and phosphorus. It is ... [15 Related Articles]
- Cast Iron Building
- (from the article "skyscraper") ...architects soon turned to the use of a cast-iron and wrought-iron framework to support the weight of the upper floors, allowing for more floor space on the lower stories. James ...
- cast steel
- (from the article "Huntsman, Benjamin") English inventor of crucible, or cast, steel, which was more uniform in composition and more free from impurities than any steel previously produced. His method was the most significant development ...
- cast-iron plant
- (from the article "Aspidistra") genus of ornamental foliage plants in the family Ruscaceae, native to eastern Asia. The only cultivated species is a houseplant commonly known as cast-iron plant (A. elatior, or A. lurida). ...
- casta
- (from the article "Latin America, history of") ...finally, at the time of independence, the system collapsed under its own weight. The new categorizations were all at the intermediary level; despite them, all these people, often simply called ...
- Castagnary, Jules-Antoine
- (from the article "art criticism") ...17th century. The tension between the academics and the independents was epitomized in the dispute between those who supported the cool idealizing Classicism of J.-A.-D. Ingres, whom French critic Jules-Antoine ...
- Castagno, Andrea del
- one of the most influential 15th-century Italian Renaissance painters, best known for the emotional power and naturalistic treatment of figures in his work. [3 Related Articles]
- Castalia
- a source of poetic inspiration. Castalia was the name of a nymph who threw herself into or was transformed into a spring to evade the pursuit of Apollo. The spring ...
- Castana
- (from the article "India") ...Ultimately the Shakas settled in western India and Malava and came into conflict with the kingdoms of the northern Deccan and the Ganges valley-particularly during the reigns of Nahapana, Cashtana, ...
- Castanea
- (from the article "chestnut") any of four species of deciduous ornamental and timber trees of the genus Castanea in the beech family (Fagaceae), native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, the burlike fruits ...
- Castaneda, Carlos
- Peruvian-born anthropologist and writer (b. Dec. 25, 1925/31?, Cajamarca, Peru--d. April 27, 1998, Westwood, Calif.), was considered a father of the New Age movement for his series of books based ...
- castanets
- percussion instrument of the clapper family, consisting of two hollowed-out pear-shaped pieces of hardwood, ivory, or other substance hinged together by a cord. Castanets are usually held in the hand ... [2 Related Articles]
- Castanopsis
- (from the article "chinquapin") any of several species of deciduous trees of the genus Castanea and evergreen trees and shrubs of the genus Castanopsis, both in the beech family (Fagaceae).distribution
- castas, sociedad de
- (from the article "race") ...person," commonly used to denote a person of African and European descent). Spanish colonists attempted to systematize a hierarchy of socio-racial classes, known as a sociedad de ...
- caste
- in biology, a subset of individuals within a colony (society) of social animals that is specialized in the function it performs and distinguished by anatomical or morphological differences from other ... [5 Related Articles]
- caste
- any of the ranked, hereditary, endogamous occupational groups that together constitute traditional societies in South Asia, particularly among Hindus in India. Although sometimes used to designate similar groups in other ... [28 Related Articles]
- caste painting
- (from the article "Latin American art") ...genres to emerge from the period was the portrait that examined ethnic "types." About 1725 Juan Rodriguez Juarez had created the first documented set of so-called "caste paintings," which used ...
- Caste War
- (from the article "Belize") ...of Carib Indians and Africans exiled from British colonies in the eastern Caribbean (formerly called Black Caribs, now referred to as Garifuna) settled on the southern coast of Belize. The ...
- Casteels, Peter
- (from the article "floral decoration") ...was not in use. These arrangements were referred to as "bough pots." The best known English illustrations of Georgian flower arrangements are those designed by the Flemish artist Peter Casteels ...
- Casteggio
- (from the article "Insubres") the most powerful Celtic people of Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpine Gaul), in northern Italy. Despite their defeat at Clastidium (modern Casteggio) by Roman forces in 222 BC, they continued to be ...
- Castel Durante ware
- (from the article "pottery") ...Faenza (Emilia) in about 1500. One of the earliest and most important centres of production, it had been manufacturing maiolica since before 1450. Almost as early are some examples from ...
- Castel Gandolfo
- village and castle, Rome provincia, Lazio regione, central Italy. It lies on the edge of Lake Albano, in the Alban Hills just south of ...
- Castel Gandolfo
- (from the article "Castel Gandolfo") ...is derived from a castle belonging to the ducal Gandolfi family in the 12th century. It became the inalienable domain of the Holy See in 1608 and, after the construction ...
- Castel Sant'Angelo
- structure in Rome, Italy, that was originally the mausoleum of the Roman emperor Hadrian and became the burial place of the Antonine emperors until Caracalla. It was built in AD ... [4 Related Articles]
- Castela emoryi
- (from the article "Simaroubaceae") ...colourful, twisted fruits and coloured leafstalks. Bark of species of the genera Quassia and Picrasma yields quassia, a bitter substance used in medicines. The crucifixion thorn (Castela emoryi) is native ...
- Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio
- statesman and author, one of the most powerful champions of Spanish republicanism in the latter half of the 19th century. He was president of the first Spanish Republic from September ... [2 Related Articles]
- Castelfranco Veneto
- town, Veneto regione, northern Italy. It lies west of Treviso. Founded in 1199 by Treviso city as a bulwark against the Paduans, it is surrounded by medieval walls enclosing the ...
- Castell-Dinas-Bran
- (from the article "Llangollen") ...as it is on a main route into the mountains of North Wales. Historic local features include Valle Crucis Abbey (established c. 1200), Eliseg's Pillar (a remarkable 9th-century stone cross), ...
- Castellammare di Stabia
- city and episcopal see, Campania regione, southern Italy. It lies in the southeast angle of the Bay of Naples southeast of Naples. Its name is derived from the Roman resort ...
- Castellammare War
- (from the article "Maranzano, Salvatore") ...of Sicilians with interests in bootlegging, gambling, and other rackets in New York City. In 1930-31 his gang and others headed by Castellammare-born mafiosi engaged in a bloody war-the Castellammare ...
- castellan
- (from the article "France") ...for competence than for fidelity; these servants, however, were men who tended to think of themselves as lords rather than agents. This tendency was especially marked among the masters of ...
- Castellano, Paul
- (from the article "Gotti, John") Before he died in 1976, Gambino named his brother-in-law, Paul Castellano, as his successor, though Gotti's mentor, Aniello Dellacroce, was rightly next in line. Under the tutelage of Dellacroce, who ...
- Castellanos, Rosario
- novelist, short-story writer, poet, essayist, and diplomat who was probably the most important Mexican woman writer of the 20th century. Her 1950 master's thesis, Sobre cultura femenina ("On Feminine Culture"), ...
- Castelli ware
- (from the article "pottery") Of the later potteries, that of Castelli, near Naples, did excellent work from the 16th century onward, although its later wares tend to become pedestrian. Istoriato painting was revived there ...
- Castelli, Leo
- Italian-born American art dealer whose promotion of such important American painters as Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, and Frank Stella helped contemporary American art gain acceptance in Europe (b. 1907, Trieste, ...
- Castellio, Sebastian
- (from the article "Unitarianism and Universalism") ...Restitution of Christianity") the Spanish physician and theologian Michael Servetus provided important stimulus for the emergence of Unitarianism. Servetus' execution for heresy in 1553 led Sebastian Castellio, a liberal humanist, ...
- Castello del Buon Consiglio
- (from the article "Trento") ...1145) and the churches of Sant' Apollinare and San Lorenzo are in the Romanesque style. Notable Renaissance buildings include numerous mansions, the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore (1520), and the ...
- Castello del Monte
- (from the article "Frederick II") ...around him are the content and style of his great legal codices and manifestos, many of them serving as examples to later generations; the edifices he erected, particularly the classic ...
- Castello, Dario
- (from the article "concerto") ...with significant implications of a new style-that of the virtuoso soloist-is the Sonate concertate in stilo moderno (Concerted Sonatas in the Modern Style), by an Italian, Dario Castello, a collection ...
- Castellon
- provincia (province) in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain, and northernmost of the three provinces corresponding to the ancient kingdom of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Castellon de la Plana
- city, capital of Castellon provincia (province) in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Valencia, eastern Spain. Castellon de la Plana is situated north ...
- Castells, Manuel
- (from the article "urban culture") Beginning in the 1970s, David Harvey (Social Justice and the City, 1973), Manuel Castells (The Urban Question, 1977), and other scholars influenced by Marxism caused a major shift in the ...
- Castelluccio Reale
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...the 18th century in many parts of what was still an agglomeration of independent states. Early tendencies toward Neoclassicism appear in the late work of Luigi Vanvitelli; for example, the ...
- Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur De La Mauvissiere
- French diplomat and soldier, noted for his Memoires of the beginnings of the Wars of Religion (1562-98).
- Castelnavia
- (from the article "Podostemaceae") ...(17 species, worldwide tropics and subtropics), Dicraea (12 species, tropics of Asia and Africa), Hydrobryum (10 species, eastern Nepal, Assam, and southern Japan), Castelnavia (9 species, Brazil), Mourera (6 species, ...
- Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Mario
- Italian-born composer in the Neoromantic style. [1 Related Articles]
- Castelo Branco
- city, central Portugal, near the border with Spain. The surrounding region was occupied by Roman legions and has many Roman ruins, but the city itself originated as an old frontier ...
- Castelo Branco, Camilo
- Portuguese novelist whose 58 novels range from Romantic melodramas to works of realism. He is sometimes known as the Portuguese Balzac. [1 Related Articles]
- Castelo Branco, Humberto de Alencar
- (from the article "Brazil") ...that Goulart was planning a leftist dictatorship, began counterplotting in 1963 in different parts of the country. Governor Jose de Magalhaes Pinto of Minas Gerais state and Marshal Humberto de ...
- Castelo Melhor, Luiz de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3o conde de, 6o Conde Da Calheta
- Portuguese royal favourite who, as effective governor of Portugal from 1662 to 1667 during the reign of Afonso VI, was responsible for the successful prosecution of the war against Spain, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Castelo Rodrigo, Battle of
- (from the article "Afonso VI") Afonso succeeded his father, John IV, in 1656, but his mother acted as regent until 1662. His reign saw a series of victories against Spain, including the battles of Ameixal ...
- Castelvetrano
- town, western Sicily, Italy, southeast of Marsala. Historic monuments include the churches of S. Domenico (1470) and of the Madre (16th century). In the town hall there is a 5th-century ...
- Castelvetro, Lodovico
- a dominant literary critic of the Italian Renaissance, particularly noted for his translation of and independently rendered conclusions from Aristotle's Poetics, in which he defended the dramatic unities of time, ... [4 Related Articles]
- Casti, Giovanni Battista
- Italian poet, satirist, and author of comic opera librettos, chiefly remembered for the verse satires Poema tartaro (1787; "Tartar Poem") and Gli animali parlanti (1802, "The Talking Animals"; Eng. trans. ...
- casticismo
- (from the article "Christianity") ...was allowed to marry another Christian of any race. In contrast to this practice, the Catholic mission of the Spaniards introduced the separation of races under the term
- Castiglione, Baldassare
- Italian courtier, diplomat, and writer, best known for his dialogue Il cortegiano (The Courtier). [9 Related Articles]
- Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto
- Italian painter and one of the most important technical innovators in the history of printmaking. Beginning in the highly artificial style of Mannerism, Castiglione was a productive painter who left ... [2 Related Articles]
- Castiglione, Giuseppe
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...number of official and palace buildings, to which the Ch'ien-lung Emperor moved his court semipermanently. In the northern corners of the Yuan-ming Yuan, the Jesuit missionary and artist Giuseppe Castiglione ...
- Castiglione, Virginia Oldoini Verasis, Countess di
- Tuscan noblewoman who occupied a predominant position in the courts of both Turin and Paris and influenced Franco-Italian political relations.
- Castiglioni, Achille
- Italian architect and interior designer (b. Feb. 16, 1918, Milan, Italy-d. Dec. 2, 2002, Milan), produced modern furnishings and accessories that were noted for their functional nature and witty styling. ...
- Castile
- traditional central region constituting more than one-quarter of the area of peninsular Spain. Castile's northern part is called Old Castile and the southern part is called New Castile. The region ... [22 Related Articles]
- Castile Formation
- (from the article "geochronology") Varves arise in response to seasonal changes. New Mexico's Castile Formation, for example, consists of alternating layers of gypsum and calcite that may reflect an annual temperature cycle in the ...
- Castile, Council of
- (from the article "Spain") Reorganizations of the machinery of central government made for greater executive efficiency, but complete rationalization was never achieved; the old machinery of the councils persisted, with the Council of Castile ...
- Castile, Sea of
- (from the article "Tagus River") ...(Guadalajara province) it runs more peacefully, and just before the town of Bolarque it is held back by the dams of Entrepenas and Buendia, forming an artificial lake known as ...
- Castile-La Mancha
- comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) and historic region of Spain, encompassing the provincias (provinces) of Toledo, Ciudad Real, Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Albacete. Castile-La Mancha is ...
- Castile-Leon
- comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) and historic region of northwestern Spain, encompassing the provincias (provinces) of Valladolid, Burgos, Leon, Salamanca, Zamora, Palencia, Avila, Soria, and ...
- Castilho, Antonio Feliciano de
- poet and translator, a central figure in the Portuguese Romantic movement. [1 Related Articles]
- Castilian dialect
- a dialect of the Spanish language (q.v.), the basis of modern standard Spanish. Originally the local dialect of Cantabria in north central Spain, Castilian spread to Castile. After the merger ... [7 Related Articles]
- Castilla, Diego de
- (from the article "Greco, El") ...who spent some time in Rome at this period-Luis de Castilla-became El Greco's intimate friend and was eventually named one of the two executors of his last testament. Luis' brother, ...
- Castilla, Luis de
- (from the article "Greco, El") ...Spanish churchmen in Rome through Fulvio Orsini, a humanist and librarian of the Palazzo Farnese. It is known that at least one Spanish ecclesiastic who spent some time in Rome ...
- Castilla, Ramon
- soldier and statesman who, as president or as the power behind the scene, dominated Peruvian politics for nearly 20 years. A conservative himself, he wisely offered concessions to all sectors ... [1 Related Articles]
- Castillejo, Cristobal de
- poet who was the foremost critic of the Italianate innovations of the Spanish poet Garcilaso de la Vega and the Catalan poet Juan Boscan.
- Castillo
- (from the article "Mayapan") ...especially in the use of colonnades. The city was walled and built around a large well (cenote). About 3,600 buildings have been uncovered, most of them dwellings. There is a ...
- Castillo Armas, Carlos
- (from the article "Guatemala") ...of the Arbenz regime. The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) began efforts to destabilize the regime and recruited a force of Guatemalan exiles in Honduras, which was led by the ...
- Castillo de San Marcos National Monument
- site of the oldest masonry fort in the United States, built by the Spaniards on Matanzas Bay between 1672 and 1695 to protect the city of St. Augustine, in northeastern ... [1 Related Articles]
- Castillo Martinez, Heberto
- Mexican political leader of the leftist opposition to the long-entrenched Institutional Revolutionary Party; he was imprisoned for more than two years for his support of the 1968 student movement and ...
- Castillo Solorzano, Alonso de
- Spanish novelist and playwright whose ingenuity expressed itself best in his short stories.
- Castillo y Guevara, Mother Francisca Josefa de la Concepcion
- (from the article "Latin American literature") Lyrical and spiritual poems have survived, although they are of uneven quality. Mother Francisca Josefa de la Concepcion de Castillo y Guevara, who wrote a prose autobiography,
- Castillo, Ana
- American poet and author whose work explores themes of race, sexuality, and gender, especially as they relate to issues of power.
- Castillo, Antonio del
- (from the article "painting, Western") ...of Zurbaran, but after he moved to Madrid in 1638 his paintings took on a new elegance and gracefulness. (Cano was also active as a sculptor and architect in Granada ...
- Castillo, El
- (from the article "Chichen Itza") In any event, the invaders were responsible for the construction of such major buildings as El Castillo ("The Castle"), a pyramid that rises 79 feet (24 metres) above the Main ...
- Castillo, Jose Luis
- (from the article "Boxing") By far the most spectacular fight of the year was the lightweight title bout between WBC titleholder Jose Luis Castillo (Mex.) and Diego Corrales (U.S.) on May 7 in Las ...
- Castillo, Michel del
- Spanish-born novelist writing in French, who became famous at 24 for a short novel, Tanguy (1957; A Child of Our Time). Though written as ...
- Castillo, Ramon S.
- (from the article "Argentina") ...calling for federal intervention in the province of Buenos Aires, where a corrupt conservative machine had been in control. Ortiz's poor health obliged him to resign in 1940, and his ...
- Castillo, Teofilo
- (from the article "Latin American art") ...the beginning of the 20th century, the Impressionist technique had become so accepted in Latin America that it was used by stylish society painters, such as the Peruvian artists Carlos ...
- Castillon, Battle of
- (July 17, 1453), the concluding battle of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. [1 Related Articles]
- Castine
- historic resort town, Hancock county, southern Maine, U.S., on a promontory in Penobscot Bay, across the water from Belfast (west). For 200 years the place held a key position in ...
- casting
- (from the article "fishing") ...Barker were describing new tackle and methods of fishing. About this time some unknown angler attached a wire loop or ring at the tip end of the rod, which allowed ...
- casting
- (from the article "casting") in the metal and plastics industry, the process whereby molten material is poured or forced into a mold and allowed to harden. See founding.
major treatment
- casting
- (from the article "directing") There is a crucial responsibility at the other end of the production schedule, before rehearsals even begin. It is the casting process, which is often regarded as an art in ...
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